备考2027:中考英语时文阅读理解专练(10月第一周,对标浙江中考,难度系数0.6)

四季读书网 2026-10-07 02:21:28 6 0

Passage 1（C篇 · 医学科普）

Can doctors make better cancer treatment decisions if they consult fish? Previous studies have shown that zebrafish avatars could help identify cancer treatments. Rita Fior, a developmental biologist and her colleagues now want to determine whether that ability can benefit patients.

Zebrafish avatars are tiny, fast-growing models of individual cancer patients created by transplanting the patient’s own tumor（肿瘤）cells into 2-day-old zebrafish embryos（胚胎). These tiny fish then act as living substitutes for the patient, allowing researchers to test multiple cancer drugs or radiation on the patient’s tumor cells within 4-7 days—far quicker than traditional mouse models.

In a 2024 report in Nature Communications, the scientists generated avatars for 55 patients and putting the fish on the same type of chemo-therapy the people received. For 50 of the patients, the fish “predicted” the outcome of treatment. An added benefit, Fior says, is that avatars can reveal key characteristics of tumors such as whether they are likely to spread.

Zebrafish are more similar to humans than cell cultures and far cheaper to raise than mice. The small, transparent embryos are also easier to analyze, says Sofia de Oliveira, a biologist at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. “You can visualize the whole animal under the microscope,” she explains, “and easily determine the spread of cancer cells.”

In the clinical trial, Fior and her team will test that promise by separating cancer cells from the fluid that builds up in the stomach of people whose cancer cells have spread outside the original site and is usually drained as part of treatment. “We are not doing an extra procedure on the patients,” she says. The cells will then be implanted into the fish embryos. Instead of testing experimental drugs, as many other clinical trials do, the study will determine which combination of treatments works best. Most of the patients will receive medications suggested by the zebrafish results.

1. What are zebrafish avatars?

A. Models of mouse embryos.

B. Radiation on the tumor cells.

C. Drugs for multiple cancers.

D. Replacements for cancer patients.

2. How do zebrafish avatars help doctors with cancer treatments?

A. By forecasting treatment results.

B. By predicting where tumors will spread.

C. By killing tumor cells in cancer patients.

D. By transplanting zebrafish cells into humans.

3. What makes zebrafish an ideal species for cancer research?

A. Their similarity to cell cultures.

B. Their small sizes and dark embryos.

C. Their low cost and ease of analysis.

D. Their complex appearance and structure.

4. What is the primary goal of the clinical trial led by Fior and her team?

A. To develop new experimental drugs for cancers.

B. To test the safety of chemo-therapy on zebrafish.

C. To identify the ideal combination of cancer therapies.

D. To separate cancer cells from the fluid of cancer patients.

【答案速查】DACC

【解析】

1. D根据第二段第一句“Zebrafish avatars are tiny, fast-growing models of individual cancer patients created by transplanting the patient’s own tumor cells into 2-day-old zebrafish embryos”以及第二句“These tiny fish then act as living substitutes for the patient”可知，斑马鱼“替身”是把病人自身的肿瘤细胞移植到斑马鱼胚胎中培育出的、充当病人“活体替代品”的模型，故D项“癌症病人的替代模型”正确；A项（老鼠胚胎模型）、B项（对肿瘤细胞的放疗）、C项（治疗多种癌症的药物）均与原文给出的定义不符。

2. A第三段介绍2024年《自然·通讯》的报告：科学家为55位病人培育avatar，并让鱼接受与病人相同的化疗，结果“For 50 of the patients, the fish ‘predicted’ the outcome of treatment”，55人中50人的治疗结果被鱼成功“预测”，这说明avatar能帮助医生预测治疗效果，故选A。B项干扰性较强：原文第三段末句说avatar能揭示肿瘤“whether they are likely to spread”（是否可能扩散），而非预测肿瘤“扩散到哪里（where）”，故B错误；C、D两项在原文中均无依据。

3. C第四段Sofia de Oliveira指出“Zebrafish are more similar to humans than cell cultures and far cheaper to raise than mice. The small, transparent embryos are also easier to analyze”，并说“You can visualize the whole animal under the microscope”，可见斑马鱼比细胞培养更接近人体、比老鼠饲养成本低，且胚胎小而透明、易于分析，C项“低成本与易于分析”正确；A项错在把“比细胞培养更接近人类”偷换成“与细胞培养相似”；B项中的dark embryos与原文transparent（透明的）相反；D项属于无中生有。

4. C第五段说明临床试验的做法：“Instead of testing experimental drugs, as many other clinical trials do, the study will determine which combination of treatments works best”，即该研究不像其他试验那样测试实验性新药，而是确定哪种治疗组合效果最好，故其主要目标是C项“确定癌症疗法的理想组合”；A项与instead of之后的内容相反；B项原文未提及；D项“从病人体液中分离癌细胞”只是试验中的一个步骤，并非研究的最终目标。

【部分长难句解析】

■ Zebrafish avatars are tiny, fast-growing models of individual cancer patients created by transplanting the patient’s own tumor cells into 2-day-old zebrafish embryos.

这是一个主系表结构的简单句，主干为Zebrafish avatars are models（斑马鱼替身是模型）；tiny和fast-growing是并列的前置定语，of individual cancer patients作后置定语修饰models；created by...是过去分词短语作后置定语，相当于定语从句which are created by...，by后接动名词transplanting表示“通过移植……的方式”，transplant A into B意为“把A移植到B中”。

全句意为：斑马鱼“替身”是为个别癌症病人建立的微小、生长迅速的模型，通过把病人自己的肿瘤细胞移植到出生仅两天的斑马鱼胚胎中而培育出来。

■ These tiny fish then act as living substitutes for the patient, allowing researchers to test multiple cancer drugs or radiation on the patient’s tumor cells within 4-7 days—far quicker than traditional mouse models.

主句为These tiny fish act as living substitutes（这些小鱼充当活体替代品），act as意为“充当”；allowing researchers to test...是现在分词短语作伴随/结果状语，构成allow sb. to do sth.结构；破折号后的far quicker than traditional mouse models是形容词比较级短语作补充说明（可理解为省略了which is），对“4到7天”这一速度进行比较。全句意为：这些小鱼随后充当病人的活体替代品，使研究人员能在4到7天内对病人的肿瘤细胞测试多种抗癌药物或放疗——比传统的老鼠模型快得多。

■An added benefit, Fior says, is that avatars can reveal key characteristics of tumors such as whether they are likely to spread.

主句为An added benefit is that...，其中Fior says是插入语；that引导表语从句，从句主干为avatars can reveal characteristics；such as后接whether引导的名词性从句（作as的宾语），be likely to do表示“可能做某事”。全句意为：菲奥尔说，另一个好处是，这些替身能揭示肿瘤的关键特征，比如它们是否可能扩散。

■ Instead of testing experimental drugs, as many other clinical trials do, the study will determine which combination of treatments works best.

句首Instead of testing...为介词短语作状语，表示“不是去测试……”；as many other clinical trials do是as引导的非限制性定语从句，as指代“测试实验性药物”这件事，意为“正如许多其他临床试验所做的那样”；主句the study will determine后接which引导的宾语从句，which combination在从句中作主语，works best为谓语。全句意为：该研究不像许多其他临床试验那样测试实验性药物，而是要确定哪种治疗组合效果最好。