✍️ 上期打卡答案
上期我们留的表达是：
be vulnerable to 容易受到……的伤害
参考答案：
Small businesses are vulnerable to sudden changes in demand.
小企业容易受到需求突然变化的冲击。
常见错误：
❌ are vulnerable for sudden changes
✅ are vulnerable to sudden changes
📖 今日真题
The Costs of Brand Loyalty｜品牌忠诚的代价
Reading Passage 3｜（考场真题）
Questions 27–30：单选题
Questions 31–35：判断题
Questions 36–40：有选项summary填空题
建议：先限时20m完成整篇，再回来一起逐段精读。
逐段精读
Paragraph A｜离开家乡，口味却留了下来
A Londoner with a sudden urge for giant African snails could do worse than head to the bustling marketplace in Brixton, a part of south London that is home to many people from Africa. Markets like Brixton Market that cater to migrants are a testament to the fact that people often retain very strong preferences for the kinds of food they grew up eating. Just ask the expatriate Britons who flock to ‘Tea and Sympathy’ in New York’s Greenwich Village for pots of Marmite, a yeast-based spread whose delights baffle other nationalities (and many of their own compatriots).
段落大意｜伦敦的非洲移民和纽约的英国侨民仍在寻找熟悉的食物，说明童年形成的口味会延续到成年。
an urge for 对……的强烈欲望。
could do worse than 不妨……，……是个不错的选择；不是劝人做得更糟。
bustling 熙熙攘攘的、繁忙热闹的。
be home to 是……的居住地。
cater to 满足……的需求、迎合……的口味。
a testament to ……的明证。
retain strong preferences for 保持对……的强烈偏好。
expatriate 居住在国外的；这里修饰Britons。
flock to 成群地前往。
baffle 使困惑、使难以理解。
compatriots 同胞。
第一句主干：A Londoner ... could do worse than head to the bustling marketplace。 with a sudden urge for ... 修饰Londoner，交代想吃什么；a part of south London ... 补充介绍Brixton。could do worse than是一种委婉推荐。
Markets ... are a testament to the fact that ...。 主干是“这些市场证明一个事实”；that cater to migrants修饰Markets，the fact后的that从句说明事实内容：人们保留了对从小吃的食物的偏爱。
两个例子服务同一个观点。 伦敦的非洲食物与纽约的Marmite，地点、群体不同，却都体现成年后仍想吃童年熟悉的食物。最后whose delights ... 修饰spread，带有幽默意味：有人觉得美味，其他人却不理解。
Q27 → D
定位：people often retain very strong preferences for the kinds of food they grew up eating。两个移民饮食例子都是为了illustrate the way adults enjoy eating food from their childhood。
A： 伦敦的多元文化只是场景，不能概括纽约英国侨民的例子。
B： grew up eating说的是从小吃某种食物，不是从小在市场买食物。
C： 文章并非罗列英国可买到多少种食物；第二个例子发生在纽约。
D： 同时覆盖两个例子和段中明确概括的童年食物偏好，符合作者目的。
如果一个伦敦人突然很想吃巨型非洲蜗牛，不妨去布里克斯顿熙熙攘攘的市场看看。布里克斯顿位于伦敦南部，居住着许多来自非洲的人。像布里克斯顿市场这样满足移民需求的市场，印证了一个事实：人们往往会对自己从小吃的食物保留十分强烈的偏好。只要问问那些蜂拥前往纽约格林尼治村“Tea and Sympathy”的英国侨民就知道了。他们去那里购买一罐罐Marmite——一种以酵母为原料的涂抹酱；它究竟美味在哪里，其他国家的人，甚至许多英国人自己，都难以理解。
Paragraph B｜熟悉的品牌，为什么难以替代
Past research has shown that people are often willing to pay much more for a favoured brand than for seemingly identical alternatives. It is not always obvious why. However, there is ample evidence to support the theory that certain food preferences form in childhood. Children have a predisposition to fear new foods, which is only overcome when they are repeatedly presented with, and encouraged to consume, a particular food. Evidence shows that children’s instinctive wariness of new foods dates back to the times when humans had to forage for food, and it was important that they learnt which foods were safe to eat. In the modern world, people routinely express a strong liking for a brand even though they are unable to tell the brand apart from rival brands in blind tests, and many studies have found that advertising alone cannot explain the strength of brand loyalty.
段落大意｜品牌偏好往往始于童年。人们即使盲测时分不清品牌，也愿意为熟悉的品牌多付钱，广告不足以解释这种忠诚。
be willing to pay 愿意支付。
seemingly identical alternatives 看起来完全相同的替代品。
ample evidence 充分的证据。
a predisposition to ……的倾向；此处后接动词fear。
be presented with 被提供、被摆到面前。
instinctive wariness 本能的警惕。
date back to 追溯到。
forage for food 搜寻、采集食物。
tell ... apart from ... 把……与……区分开来。
blind tests 盲测，即不知道品牌等身份信息时进行的测试。
Children have a predisposition to fear new foods, which is only overcome when ...。 which在语义上承接“害怕新食物的倾向”；is overcome与when从句共同解释这种倾向何时被克服。presented with与encouraged to consume共用a particular food这一对象。
追溯过去，是为解释现在。 本能警惕曾帮助人类辨认安全食物；现代环境变化后，对熟悉食物的依恋仍然存在。不要将文中的进化解释读成儿童现在仍需自己采集食物。
even though揭示偏好与辨别能力的反差。 人们很喜欢一个品牌，却未必能在盲测中把它与竞品区分。advertising alone cannot explain ... 是“仅靠广告解释不完”，不是“广告毫无作用”，也不是“品牌优势必须由广告维持”。
以往研究表明，与看似完全相同的替代品相比，人们往往愿意为自己偏爱的品牌支付高得多的价格。原因并不总是显而易见。不过，有充分证据支持这样一种理论：某些食物偏好在童年就已形成。儿童有害怕新食物的倾向，只有在某种食物反复出现在他们面前、并且有人鼓励他们食用时，这种倾向才会被克服。证据表明，儿童对新食物的本能警惕可以追溯到人类必须搜寻食物的时代；那时，学会判断哪些食物可以安全食用十分重要。在现代社会，人们常常表现出对某个品牌的强烈喜爱，尽管在盲测中他们无法将这个品牌与竞争品牌区分开来。许多研究还发现，仅靠广告无法解释品牌忠诚度为何如此强烈。
Paragraph C｜搬家之后，品牌偏好能持续多久
A new study by economists from the universities of Tilburg and Chicago tracks the consumption patterns of 38,000 US households over two years, and confirms the theory that such brand loyalty is widespread, deep and long-lasting. There were clear local patterns in consumption, although the same brands were available everywhere. But 16% of people studied were migrants: they had grown up in one state and moved to another. These migrants had the same options, in terms of what was on offer and at what price, as everyone else in their adopted home, but although they consumed local favourites, they bought fewer than longtime residents. This gap between purchases of migrants and those of the locally born was quite stubborn: although it faded the longer a person lived in their new state, it still took 20 years to halve in magnitude. Even 50 years on, it was still large enough to show up in the data. This could mean that the benefits of being the first brand into a market could last longer than might be assumed.
段落大意｜跨州迁移者会购买新居住地的热门食品，但数量少于本地长期居民；这种差异消退缓慢，显示品牌偏好的持久性。
track consumption patterns 追踪消费模式。
widespread, deep and long-lasting 广泛、深厚且持久的。
in terms of 就……而言。
on offer 可供购买的、供应中的。
adopted home 迁居后安家的地方。
longtime residents 长期居民。
stubborn 顽固的、难以消除的；此处形容消费差异。
halve in magnitude 在程度或规模上减半。
show up in the data 在数据中显现。
might be assumed 人们可能原本以为的。
比较的前提：选项与价格相同。 These migrants had the same options ... as everyone else ...；in terms of what was on offer and at what price解释options的两方面。条件相同，购买行为仍不同，才突出既有偏好的影响。
although they consumed local favourites, they bought fewer ...。 让步从句承认迁移者也买当地受欢迎的食品，主句强调购买量更少。fewer比较的是购买数量，不能直接推导品牌种类更少。
the longer ...表示“随着……时间越久”。 差异逐渐缩小，但it still took 20 years to halve in magnitude：用了20年才减半。50年后仍能检测到差异，进一步强调long-lasting，而不是差异先增大。
Q28 → C
证据：although they consumed local favourites, they bought fewer than longtime residents。迁移者也消费当地热门食品，但购买量较少，选C是四项中与此相符的概括。
措辞要读准： 原文明确支持“买得较少”，C项bought only some of the brands表述较宽，不能反过来当成“品牌种类较少”的精确证据。A“更贫穷”、B“返乡购买”、D“对涨价特别敏感”，原文均未提供。
Q31 → NOT GIVEN
There were clear local patterns in consumption只说明不同地方有不同的消费模式。题干增加了brand loyalty is greater ... than ...，比较各州忠诚度强弱；文章没有给出这种比较。不能因地区偏好不同就选YES，也没有相反证据支持NO。
Q32 → NO
题干说差异在前20年increased；原文说it faded ... took 20 years to halve in magnitude，方向相反：20年后减半。
Q33 → NOT GIVEN
本段末句只说先进入市场的品牌可能受益更久，没有提出“只有得到广告支持才保有优势”的条件。上一段advertising alone cannot explain ...也没有讨论这种必要条件，不能据此推成NO。
蒂尔堡大学和芝加哥大学的经济学家开展了一项新研究，追踪了三万八千个美国家庭两年间的消费模式，证实这种品牌忠诚广泛存在、根深蒂固且持续时间很长。尽管各地都能买到相同的品牌，消费行为仍有明显的地方模式。但研究对象中有百分之十六是迁移者：他们在一个州长大，后来搬到了另一个州。就可以买到什么以及价格如何而言，这些迁移者与新居住地的其他人拥有相同的选择。然而，虽然他们也消费当地人喜爱的食品，购买量却少于长期居民。迁移者与本地出生居民之间的购买差距相当顽固：虽然在新州居住的时间越久，差距就越小，但仍需要二十年才会缩小一半。即使五十年后，差距仍大到足以在数据中显现。这可能意味着，最早进入一个市场的品牌所获得的利益，会比人们原先设想的持续更久。
Paragraph D｜食物偏好改变了贸易收益的计算
David Atkin of Yale University has identified some important implications of local food favourites. He suggests in a recent paper that the effects of people being loyal to known brands may also lead economists to rethink the way they calculate the benefits resulting from trade. This is because opening up to trade is in some ways very similar to migrating, as it changes the composition and prices of the foods that are available to a person. In particular, trade can cause local foods to become relatively more expensive. Atkin’s data show something many economists do not take into account: when a traditional food has to compete with imported foods, it may no longer be the cheapest food available for people to choose to eat. Atkin decided to look at this situation in the context of developing countries.
段落大意｜开放贸易会改变可买到的食物及其相对价格。人们仍偏爱本地食品这一点，可能使经济学家重新评估贸易收益。
implications 影响、含义；这里指研究结果带来的后续意义。
be loyal to 忠于、持续选择。
rethink 重新思考、重新评估。
resulting from 由……产生的。
open up to trade 向贸易开放。
composition 构成、组成。
relatively more expensive 相对更贵。
take ... into account 把……考虑在内。
compete with 与……竞争。
in the context of 在……背景下。
长句主干：He suggests ... that the effects ... may ... lead economists to rethink ...。 that引出建议或观点；the way they calculate ...表示他们计算收益的方式；resulting from trade修饰benefits。主张是“可能需要重新计算”，不是否定一切贸易收益。
把迁移和贸易联系起来的共同点。 as it changes ...解释两者为何相似：都会改变个人面对的食品构成与价格。不是说贸易会导致人口迁移增加。
冒号后解释被忽略的因素。 something many economists do not take into account后面紧跟传统食品与进口食品竞争、未必仍最便宜的情况。relatively more expensive不等于绝对价格一定上涨，更不等于本地食品买不到。
Q29 → D
定位：may also lead economists to rethink the way they calculate the benefits resulting from trade，以及something many economists do not take into account。两处共同支持经济学家没有充分考虑贸易增加的全部影响。
A 排除： 原文说本地食品可能相对更贵，并未说难以找到。
B 排除： opening up to trade ... similar to migrating是类比，不是贸易导致迁移的因果关系。
C 排除： 文中比较价格，没有比较进口与本地食品的质量高低。
D 正确： 未纳入计算的因素，对应fail to understand all the effects；all是关键，不能误读成经济学家完全不懂贸易。
耶鲁大学的David Atkin指出了本地食物偏好所具有的一些重要影响。他在最近的一篇论文中提出，人们忠于熟悉品牌所带来的影响，可能还会促使经济学家重新思考他们计算贸易收益的方式。这是因为向贸易开放在某些方面与迁移十分相似：它会改变一个人可以买到的食品构成及价格。尤其是，贸易可能使本地食品变得相对更贵。Atkin的数据揭示了许多经济学家未纳入考虑的一点：当传统食品不得不与进口食品竞争时，它可能不再是人们可以选择的最便宜食品。Atkin决定在发展中国家的背景下考察这种情况。
Paragraph E｜为什么选择印度作为研究对象
To illustrate his point, Atkin uses detailed data about people’s food choices in India. India is a good choice because it covers a large number of climatic zones where different specialised crops are grown. Despite being part of the same country, the prevalence of internal barriers to trade means that its regions are best thought of as being only partially open to trade. Atkin’s data show that the foods a region specialises in producing are instead cheaper in that region.
段落大意｜印度气候多样，各地种植不同的特色作物；国内贸易壁垒使地区市场只部分开放，当地专门生产的食品往往在当地更便宜。
illustrate his point 阐明、说明他的观点。
climatic zones 气候带。
specialised crops 各地专门种植的作物。
the prevalence of ……的普遍存在。
internal barriers to trade 国内贸易壁垒。
be best thought of as 最好被理解为、最适合被看作。
partially open 部分开放的。
specialise in producing 专门生产……；介词in后接动名词。
because直接给出选印度的理由。 India is a good choice because it covers a large number of climatic zones where different specialised crops are grown。where修饰climatic zones，串起“气候多样—区域作物不同”。
Despite being part of the same country ...。 尽管属于同一国家，各地区却仍受内部贸易壁垒影响，因此只是partially open。让步结构反驳了“同一国家就一定完全自由贸易”的想当然。
末句拆解：the foods [a region specialises in producing] are ... cheaper in that region。 方括号部分修饰foods，主干是食品在该地区更便宜。原材料使用instead，保留原词；确定答案所需的核心是specialises in producing与cheaper的对应关系。
Q30 → D
证据：a large number of climatic zones where different specialised crops are grown。varying weather patterns对应climatic zones，regional crop types对应different specialised crops。
A： 壁垒确实出现，但没有说由此造成地区之间的粮食短缺。
B： 没有拿印度食品价格与发达国家比较。
C： 文中选址理由是气候及作物的地区差异，不是文化差异造成的口味多样。
D： 与because后的明确理由一致。
Q34 → NO
题干说国内贸易unrestricted；原文说internal barriers to trade普遍存在，各地区only partially open。受到限制与不受限制直接矛盾。
Q35 → YES
证据：the foods a region specialises in producing are instead cheaper in that region。focuses on certain foods对应specialises in producing；cost ... comparatively low对应cheaper in that region。题干与原文都说当地专门生产的食品在当地相对便宜。
为说明自己的观点，Atkin使用了关于印度居民食物选择的详细数据。印度是一个合适的研究对象，因为它横跨许多气候带，各地种植着不同的特色作物。虽然这些地区属于同一个国家，但由于国内贸易壁垒普遍存在，最好将它们视为只对贸易部分开放的地区。Atkin的数据表明，一个地区专门生产的食品，反而在该地区更便宜。
Paragraph F｜选择更多，吃进的热量却未必更多
However, there has been some opening up of internal trade in India in recent years, and this has revealed that for every rupee spent on food, people’s intake of calories declined most in regions where prices of local favourite foods had risen. In theory, when there is a greater choice of types of food, people should adjust their food habits and purchase the cheapest option so that they boost their calorie intake. However, in practice, food habits mean that consumers keep buying the things they know and like even though these foods have become relatively expensive. Atkin calculates that if all barriers to internal trade in India were abolished, the average Indian household would have to generate a rise of 3.3 percent in income to maintain their calorie intake.
段落大意｜贸易开放后，人们没有总是改买更便宜的食物，而是继续购买熟悉的食品；当这些食品相对变贵时，同样的支出可能换来更少热量。
for every rupee spent on food 每花一卢比购买食物；rupee为卢比。
intake of calories / calorie intake 热量摄入。
in theory / in practice 理论上／实际上。
adjust their food habits 调整饮食习惯。
boost 提高、增加。
keep buying 持续购买；keep后接动名词。
abolish barriers 废除壁垒、取消障碍。
generate a rise in income 实现收入增长。
maintain 维持，使保持在原有水平。
先确定数据的分母。 for every rupee spent on food说明这里比较每卢比支出换来的热量，不是直接说所有人的热量摄入总量都下降。declined most ... where ...锁定下降最多的地区：当地偏爱食品价格上涨的地区。
In theory → However, in practice。 理论上，人们可选择更便宜的食品来提高热量摄入；实际上，习惯让他们继续购买熟悉的食品。so that表示理论选择的目的，even though突出现实中面对相对高价仍坚持购买的反差。
if ... were abolished, ... would have to ...。 最后一句是假设取消全部国内贸易壁垒后的测算。3.3%是为了维持热量摄入而需要增加的收入，并非已经实现的收入增长，也不是食品价格一律上涨3.3%。
Q36 → B（range）
a wider ... of foods需要能与of foods搭配的名词。原文a greater choice of types of food对应a wider range of foods，表示食品种类与选择范围扩大。
Q37 → F（increase）
摘要does not necessarily result in a corresponding ...表示“未必带来相应的……”。原文理论上应boost their calorie intake，实际上每卢比换来的热量却可能下降，因此填increase。不要忽略题干中的not necessarily，也不要因为原文出现declined就去寻找“下降”选项。
Q38 → I（insistence）
原文keep buying the things they know and like对应insistence on continuing to eat ...：坚持继续食用熟悉的食物。搭配是insistence on doing。D dislike与持续购买相矛盾；E incentive偏向促使行动的激励，也不如insistence贴合习惯驱动的坚持。
不过，近年来印度国内贸易已经有了一定程度的开放。由此显现出的情况是：在本地偏爱食品价格上涨的地区，每花一卢比购买食物所获得的热量下降得最多。理论上，当可选择的食物种类更多时，人们应当调整饮食习惯，购买最便宜的选择，从而提高热量摄入。然而在现实中，饮食习惯使消费者继续购买自己熟悉并喜爱的食品，即使这些食品已经变得相对昂贵。Atkin计算，如果印度国内的所有贸易壁垒都被取消，印度普通家庭的收入就需要提高百分之三点三，才能维持原有的热量摄入。
Paragraph G｜童年的营养缺口，会延续到成年
In developing countries where there is a high prevalence of undernutrition, such as in sub-Saharan Africa, the habit of continuing to eat favourite foods could have a serious effect on development. There is clear evidence that nutritional shortfalls in children can affect their ability to work and earn as adults, and also have detrimental effects on their long-term health.
段落大意｜在营养不足已经普遍存在的地区，坚持购买熟悉食品可能加重发展问题；儿童期营养不足会影响成年后的劳动、收入与健康。
a high prevalence of ……高度普遍。
undernutrition 营养不足，强调摄入不足。
sub-Saharan Africa 撒哈拉以南非洲。
have a serious effect on 对……产生严重影响。
nutritional shortfalls 营养摄入不足、营养缺口。
earn as adults 成年后挣钱、获得收入。
have detrimental effects on 对……产生有害影响。
long-term health 长期健康状况。
where从句限定讨论范围。 In developing countries where there is a high prevalence of undernutrition ...，讨论的是营养不足较普遍的发展中国家，不能扩大成所有国家或所有消费者。
第一句主干：the habit ... could have a serious effect on development。 of continuing to eat favourite foods解释habit的内容；could保留可能性，而非断言每次坚持口味都一定损害发展。
并列后果：can affect ... and also have detrimental effects ...。 主语都为nutritional shortfalls in children：既影响成年后的工作与挣钱能力，又损害长期健康。读完本段，经济后果已不局限于买东西多花多少钱。
Q39 → A（nutrition）
定位：countries where there is a high prevalence of undernutrition。摘要改成adequate ... is already a problem，表达的是“获得充足营养已经是一个问题”。
对应关系： undernutrition普遍存在 ↔ adequate nutrition存在不足。题目通过肯定词adequate加problem改写营养不足，不能只按单词表面正负判断。
这里需要名词nutrition，与充分、适足之意的adequate组成搭配。
在营养不足高度普遍的发展中国家，例如撒哈拉以南非洲的国家，继续食用偏爱食品的习惯可能对发展产生严重影响。有明确证据表明，儿童时期的营养不足会影响他们成年后的工作和挣钱能力，也会对他们的长期健康产生不利影响。
Paragraph H｜个人的饮食习惯，怎样影响国家发展
Consequently, the nutritional declines that can occur as a result of the opening up of trade are of serious concern, because an entire generation that is malnourished as children will continue to suffer irreversible consequences for the rest of their lives, which could hinder the development of their country due to a lack of a quality workforce.
段落大意｜贸易开放可能引发的营养下降值得重视，因为儿童期的损害可能终生不可逆，并通过劳动力质量影响国家发展。
consequently 因此、所以，承接前文结果。
as a result of 由于、作为……的结果。
be of serious concern 令人严重关切。
an entire generation 整整一代人。
malnourished 营养不良的。
irreversible consequences 不可逆转的后果。
for the rest of their lives 在其余生中。
hinder the development of 阻碍……的发展。
a quality workforce 高素质劳动力队伍。
主干：the nutritional declines ... are of serious concern。 第一个that从句修饰declines，说明这种营养下降可能因贸易开放而出现。of + 名词可表达性质，of concern相当于令人担忧。
because后是完整因果链。 儿童期一代人营养不良 → 终生承受不可逆后果 → 劳动力质量受损 → 国家发展受阻。which承接前面整件事及后果，不是说“余生”本身阻碍发展。
can、could不能丢。 作者提出的是可能出现的严重后果；本段没有说所有贸易开放都会导致营养下降。读结论既要看到风险，也要保留原文限定。
Q40 → C（progress）
证据：hinder the development of their country due to a lack of a quality workforce。摘要将阻碍国家发展改写为unable to contribute fully to their country’s progress。
关键对应： development ↔ progress；a lack of a quality workforce与前段affect their ability to work and earn as adults共同解释“无法充分作出贡献”。
H production指产出或生产，范围比国家发展窄；G independence指独立，文中没有这一政治或自主性主题。此处选C。
因此，贸易开放可能带来的营养水平下降值得严肃关注。因为如果整整一代人在儿童时期营养不良，他们此后的余生都会继续承受不可逆转的后果；这可能使国家因缺乏高素质劳动力而发展受阻。
答案汇总
单项选择27 D 28 C 29 D 30 D
判断题31 NOT GIVEN32 NO33 NOT GIVEN34 NO35 YES
选词摘要填空36 B（range）37 F（increase）38 I（insistence）39 A（nutrition）40 C（progress）
同义替换
Q27 food from their childhood↔ the kinds of food they grew up eating
Q29 fail to understand all the effects↔ do not take into account
Q30 varying weather patterns / regional crop types↔ climatic zones / different specialised crops
Q35 focuses on certain foods↔ specialises in producing
Q35 the cost ... remains comparatively low↔ cheaper in that region
Q36 a wider range of foods↔ a greater choice of types of food
Q37 increase↔ boost their calorie intake
Q38 insistence on continuing to eat↔ keep buying the things they know and like
Q39 adequate nutrition is already a problem↔ a high prevalence of undernutrition
Q40 their country’s progress↔ the development of their country
10 个值得带走的词 / 短语
01 cater to 满足……的需求
02 a testament to ……的明证
03 ample evidence 充分的证据
04 date back to 追溯到
05 tell ... apart from ... 将……与……区分开来
06 in terms of 就……而言
07 take ... into account 把……考虑在内
08 in the context of 在……背景下
09 have detrimental effects on 对……产生有害影响
10 irreversible consequences 不可逆转的后果
✍️ 今日打卡
今天用下面这个表达造一句：
take ... into account把……考虑在内
把你的句子留在评论区，明天我们会放参考答案和常见错误。
📚 雅思阅读想提分？
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关注公众号发送“阅读”两个字，看看你到底卡在哪里。
这里是「将来时」
每天用真实雅思材料一起练：
阅读精读 ｜ 听力精听 ｜ 写作拆解 ｜ 口语表达
不只是知道答案。
更重要的是：
读懂原文，也看懂雅思怎么从原文变成题目的。
将来时，从现在开始。
