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北京高考英语CD篇攻坚:2024北京真题D篇详细拆解----道德准则
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北京高考英语CD篇攻坚:2024北京真题D篇详细拆解----道德准则解题关键 第32题：答案出处：第一段最后一句。With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit's practical approach to morality made good sense.（在加拿大北部这种严苛的环境下，因纽特人这种务实的道德观是合理的。） 第33题：答案出处：第二段中间：These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs...（这些普遍的道德准则远早于任何教化宗教或成文法的概念，相反，它们根植于人类基本需求的共性……） 第34题：答案出处：第一段第一句：Franz Boas's description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. （弗兰茨·博厄斯对19世纪因纽特人生活的描述，展现了早期人类可能存在的道德准则。） 原文：【With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding】, the Inuit's practical approach to morality made good sense. 句子骨架：approach made good sense. 结构分析： - With 独立主格结构作原因状语：With life being demanding - 主干主语：the Inuit's practical approach to morality - 谓语：made good sense 合乎情理 原文：The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, 【even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary (with a social group's history and environment)】. 句子骨架：The similarity is striking 结构分析： - 主句主系表结构 - even though 引导让步状语从句 - 从句主干：ranking may vary - 搭配：vary with 随……而变化 原文：These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. 句子骨架：norms pre-date the concept; they are rooted in the similarity and mechanisms 结构分析： - 第一句主谓宾：norms pre-date the concept - 第二句被动：be rooted in 根植于 - 并列宾语：the similarity … and our shared mechanisms 原文：These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language,【which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways】. 句子骨架：These abilities are strengthened 结构分析： - 被动语态主干 - which 引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为 capacity for language - 从句结构：which allows practices to develop 原文 Franz Boas's description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, theInuit's practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group's history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. 32.What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit's moral code? A. Living conditions were the drive. B. Unwritten rules were the target. C. Social tradition was the basis. D. Honesty was the key. 33.What can we learn from this passage? A. Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies. B. Basic human needs lead to universal norms. C. Language capacity is limited by self-control. D. Written laws have great influence on virtues. 34.Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B. The Values of Self-discipline C. Brains: Walls Against Chaos D. The Roots of Morality 弗兰茨·博厄斯对19世纪因纽特人生活的描述，展现了早期人类可能存在的道德准则。在他们的社会中，规范没有成文规定，也很少被清晰地表述出来，却被人们深刻理解并铭记于心。不诚实和暴力行为会遭到反对；领导权、婚姻以及与其他群体的交往，都由传统松散地约束。冲突往往通过“音乐对决”来解决。由于愤怒争吵会引发混乱，这种行为被强烈劝阻。在加拿大北部严酷的环境中，生存条件极为苛刻，因纽特人这种务实的道德观念是十分合理的。 不同文化间的道德美德存在惊人的共性，尽管不同社会群体的历史与环境，会影响这些美德的相对重要性排序。通常来说，残忍与欺骗会被抵制，而合作、谦逊与勇气则会被赞扬。这些普遍的道德规范，远早于任何教化性宗教或成文法的出现。相反，它们根植于人类基本需求的共性，以及我们共有的学习与解决问题的机制。我们的社会本能，包含强烈的归属感。他人的认可会带来满足感，而他人的反对则会令人极度不适。这些社会情绪会促使我们的大脑，根据家庭与社群的规范和价值观来塑造我们的行为。更广泛地说，社会本能会驱使我们学习如何在复杂的社会中行事。 这种机制，源自原本用于养成自我保护习惯的奖励系统。我们的大脑会利用这一系统，习得关于安全回家路线、高效采集食物、规避危险的行为模式。良好的习惯能节省时间、精力，有时甚至能挽救生命。良好的社会习惯在社会环境中也发挥着类似的作用。即使说谎对自己有利，我们也会学着说真话；即使不方便，我们也会帮助长辈。我们由此形成了所谓的是非观。 社会利益的获取，也伴随着社会要求：我们需要与人和谐相处，但也不能一味地过度忍让。因此，自律是十分有益的。对于人类而言，高度发达的大脑提升了我们的自控力，正如它提升了我们在社会与现实世界中的问题解决能力一样。语言能力进一步强化了这些能力，让社会习俗得以以极其微妙的方式发展演变。 32.关于因纽特人道德准则的形成，我们可以推断出什么？ A. 生存环境是其驱动力。 B. 不成文的规则是其目标。 C. 社会传统是其基础。 D. 诚实是其核心。 33.我们能从这篇文章中了解到什么？ A. 不便的处境是人们说谎的原因。 B. 人类的基本需求催生了普遍的道德规范。 C. 语言能力受限于自控力。 D. 成文法对美德有巨大影响。 34.以下哪个是本文的最佳标题？ A. 美德：跨文化的桥梁 B. 自律的价值 C. 大脑：抵御混乱的屏障 D. 道德的根源 - moral 道德的；道德准则 - code 准则；规范 - norm 规范；标准 - unwritten 不成文的 - disapprove 不赞成；反对 - violent 暴力的 - govern 管理；支配 - tradition 传统 - conflict 冲突 - resolve 解决 - chaos 混乱 - discourage 阻止；不鼓励 - demanding 严苛的；要求高的 - practical 实用的；务实的 - virtue 美德；品德 - similarity 相似性 - relative 相对的 - rank 等级；排序 - cruelty 残忍；残酷 - cheat 欺骗；欺诈 - cooperation 合作 - humbleness 谦逊 - courage 勇气 - universal 普遍的；通用的 - pre-date 早于；先于 - concept 概念 - root 根源；起源 - mechanism 机制；方式 - instinct 本能 - belong 归属；属于 - approval 认可；赞同 - disapproval 不赞同；反对 - rewarding 有益的；有回报的 - shape 塑造；影响 - complex 复杂的 - motivate 激励；促使 - repurpose 重新利用；改造 - reward 奖励；回报 - acquire 习得；获得 - behavioural 行为的 - route 路线；路径 - gather 收集；采集 - avoid 避免；避开 - self-serving 自私自利的 - inconvenient 不方便的 - discipline 自律；纪律 - advantageous 有利的；有益的 - enlarge 扩大；增大 - boost 增强；促进 - self-control 自控力 - capacity 能力；容量 - unobvious 不明显的；不易察觉的 - illustrate the probable moral code 阐释了可能的道德准则 - taken to heart 铭记于心；认真对待 - loosely governed by traditions 受传统松散约束 - resolved in musical battles 通过“音乐对决”解决 - arguing angrily leads to chaos 愤怒争吵会导致混乱 - made good sense 合乎情理；很有道理 - the similarity of moral virtues across cultures 不同文化间道德美德的共性 - vary with a social group's history and environment 随社会群体的历史和环境而变化 - far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion 远早于任何教化宗教的概念 - rooted in the similarity of basic human needs 根植于人类基本需求的共性 - shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving 共同的学习和解决问题的机制 - the intense desire to belong 强烈的归属感 - shape our behaviour according to the norms and values 根据规范和价值观塑造我们的行为 - learn how to behave in a socially complex world 学习如何在复杂的社会中行事 - repurposed reward system 被改造的奖励系统 - develop habits important for self-care 养成对自我保护重要的习惯 - acquire behavioural patterns 习得行为模式 - efficient food gathering 高效的食物采集 - dangers to avoid 需要避开的危险 - social habits 社会习惯 - a sense of right and wrong 是非观 - social benefits are accompanied by social demands 社会利益伴随着社会要求 - put up with too much 过度容忍 - greatly enlarged brain 高度发达的大脑 - boost self-control 增强自控力 - strengthened by our capacity for language 被我们的语言能力所强化
