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The brain is protected by shock-absorbing fluid and, outside that, the skull. In a concussion, the brain bounces around in the skull, accelerating, decelerating or revolving. This creates a series of impacts. The neurons in the brain are disturbed, and between those neurons, the axons – thin fibers that transmit electrical impulses – stretch or break. Inside the brain, it's like an earthquake that has happened. Everything is still standing, but there are cracks in the roads and in building foundations.
大脑由缓冲减震的液体保护，之外还有头骨。发生脑震荡时，大脑在头骨内反复弹撞，加速、减速或旋转，产生一系列撞击。脑内的神经元受到干扰，神经元之间的轴突——传递神经冲动的纤细纤维——会被拉伸甚至断裂。大脑内部就像发生了一场地震：一切看似仍在原位，但道路和地基上已经出现了裂缝。
This extremely small damage has big consequences. But decades ago, the public had a "walk it off" attitude towards concussions. That's changed, thanks in part to an increased awareness about the long-term effects. The 2015 film "Concussion" tells the true story of Dr Bennet Omalu, a forensic pathologist studying chronic traumatic encephalopathy, a brain disorder caused by repeated head injuries.
这种极其微小的损伤会带来重大后果。但几十年前，公众对待脑震荡还是"撑一撑就过去"的态度，如今这一观念已经改变，部分原因在于人们越来越了解其长期影响。2015年的电影《震荡效应》讲述了法医病理学家 Bennet Omalu 医生的真实故事，他研究慢性创伤性脑病，这是一种由反复头部受伤引起的脑部疾病。
Until recently, the dark-room treatment was the standard prescribed by most doctors, involving patients resting in darkness and without any mental stimulation, until their symptoms eased off. This suggestion came out of studies in the 1990s and early 2000s that found when athletes with concussions continued with high levels of activity, they recovered more slowly than those who rested.
直到不久以前，大多数医生规定的标准方案都是"暗室疗法"：让患者待在黑暗中静养，不做任何脑力活动，直到症状缓解。这一建议源于上世纪90年代和2000年代初的研究，研究发现脑震荡运动员若继续高强度活动，恢复会比静养者更慢。
But people who spend more time in a dark room – sometimes called "cocooning" – are also more likely to experience anxiety, depression and sleep problems. Their bodies get weaker due to underuse, as well.
但那些长时间待在黑暗房间里的人——有时被称为"茧居"——也更可能出现焦虑、抑郁和睡眠问题，由于身体缺乏活动，他们的肌肉还会逐渐变弱。
"Science and research have evolved over the past decade, showing that when you stop doing activity altogether, that actually affects your recovery process," says Babul, a sports-injury specialist. The active-rest approach to concussion recovery promotes a slow increase in activity, starting with a day or two of light daily movement, and gradually adding activity, building to a full return to normal, unrestricted activity.
运动损伤专家 Babul 说："过去十年的科学研究已经演变，表明如果完全停止活动，反而会影响恢复进程。"脑震荡康复的"主动休息"方案提倡循序渐进地增加活动：先做一两天轻度日常活动，再逐步加量，最终恢复到正常、不受限制的活动水平。
"People who follow the right guidance and management tend to recover uneventfully, and those who don't and continue to do their activities continue to tax their brain and are likely to have long-term, persisting symptoms," Babul says. "The key is to recognize it immediately and know what to do."
Babul 说："遵循正确指导和管理的患者通常能平稳无意外地康复；而那些不这样做、继续高强度活动的人，会让大脑持续承受负担，很可能留下长期、顽固的症状。关键在于第一时间识别脑震荡，并知道该怎么做。"
生词 & 短语
concussion /kənˈkʌʃn/ n. 脑震荡
高考例句：He suffered a concussion in the football match.
文中语境：In a concussion, the brain bounces around in the skull
neuron /ˈnjʊərɒn/ n. 神经元
高考例句：The brain contains billions of neurons.
文中语境：The neurons in the brain are disturbed
axon /ˈæksɒn/ n. 轴突
高考例句：Axons carry signals between neurons.
文中语境：between those neurons, the axons stretch or break
impulse /ˈɪmpʌls/ n. 冲动；神经冲动
高考例句：Nerves send electrical impulses to the muscles.
文中语境：fibers that transmit electrical impulses
forensic /fəˈrensɪk/ adj. 法医的
高考例句：Forensic scientists examine evidence at crime scenes.
文中语境：a forensic pathologist studying chronic traumatic encephalopathy
chronic /ˈkrɒnɪk/ adj. 慢性的
高考例句：He suffers from chronic back pain.
文中语境：studying chronic traumatic encephalopathy
traumatic /trɔːˈmætɪk/ adj. 创伤性的
高考例句：The accident was a traumatic experience for the child.
文中语境：chronic traumatic encephalopathy
encephalopathy /enˌsefəˈlɒpəθi/ n. 脑病
高考例句：Repeated injuries can lead to traumatic encephalopathy.
文中语境：a brain disorder called chronic traumatic encephalopathy
prescribe /prɪˈskraɪb/ v. 开处方；指定
高考例句：The doctor prescribed some medicine for my cough.
文中语境：the standard prescribed by most doctors
symptom /ˈsɪmptəm/ n. 症状
高考例句：A fever is a common symptom of infection.
文中语境：until their symptoms eased off
underuse /ˌʌndəˈjuːz/ n. 使用不足
高考例句：Muscles weaken from underuse.
文中语境：Their bodies get weaker due to underuse
evolve /ɪˈvɒlv/ v. 演变，发展
高考例句：Technology evolves rapidly in modern times.
文中语境：Science and research have evolved over the past decade
uneventfully /ˌʌnɪˈventfəli/ adv. 顺利地，无意外地
高考例句：The surgery went uneventfully.
文中语境：tend to recover uneventfully
tax /tæks/ v. 使…承受重负
高考例句：Working long hours can tax your health.
文中语境：continue to tax their brain
原文重读
The brain is protected by shock-absorbing fluid and, outside that, the skull. In a concussion, the brain bounces around in the skull, accelerating, decelerating or revolving. This creates a series of impacts. The neurons in the brain are disturbed, and between those neurons, the axons – thin fibers that transmit electrical impulses – stretch or break. Inside the brain, it's like an earthquake that has happened. Everything is still standing, but there are cracks in the roads and in building foundations.
This extremely small damage has big consequences. But decades ago, the public had a "walk it off" attitude towards concussions. That's changed, thanks in part to an increased awareness about the long-term effects. The 2015 film "Concussion" tells the true story of Dr Bennet Omalu, a forensic pathologist studying chronic traumatic encephalopathy, a brain disorder caused by repeated head injuries.
Until recently, the dark-room treatment was the standard prescribed by most doctors, involving patients resting in darkness and without any mental stimulation, until their symptoms eased off. This suggestion came out of studies in the 1990s and early 2000s that found when athletes with concussions continued with high levels of activity, they recovered more slowly than those who rested.
But people who spend more time in a dark room – sometimes called "cocooning" – are also more likely to experience anxiety, depression and sleep problems. Their bodies get weaker due to underuse, as well.
"Science and research have evolved over the past decade, showing that when you stop doing activity altogether, that actually affects your recovery process," says Babul, a sports-injury specialist. The active-rest approach to concussion recovery promotes a slow increase in activity, starting with a day or two of light daily movement, and gradually adding activity, building to a full return to normal, unrestricted activity.
"People who follow the right guidance and management tend to recover uneventfully, and those who don't and continue to do their activities continue to tax their brain and are likely to have long-term, persisting symptoms," Babul says. "The key is to recognize it immediately and know what to do."
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