1. Section C: Recording
C部分：录音
2. All societies are held together by seven universal moral rules, which include deferring to superiors and respecting the property of others, Oxford University has concluded.
牛津大学得出结论：所有社会都由七条普世的道德规则维系在一起，其中包括服从上级和尊重他人财产。
3. Although many cultures are moving towards more liberal, less hierarchical organizations, the new research suggests that traditional power structures and basic values of charity and brotherhood are the cornerstones of successful societies.
尽管许多文化正朝着更自由、等级制度更弱化的组织形式发展，但这项新研究表明，传统的权力结构以及慈善与博爱的基本价值观，是成功社会的基石。
4. The huge study of 60 different cultures around the world found that all communities operate under seven basic moral codes.
这项针对全球60种不同文化的大型研究发现，所有社群都遵循七条基本道德准则运行。
5. Those universal rules are: help your family, help your group, return favors, be brave, defer to superiors, divide resources fairly and respect the property of others.
这些普世规则是：帮助家人、帮助群体、知恩图报、勇敢无畏、服从上级、公平分配资源以及尊重他人财产。
6. The character traits held for every kind of community, be they traditional hunter-gatherers or advanced civilizations, helping to uphold civilized society and foster social cooperation, researchers found.
研究人员发现，无论是传统的狩猎采集社会还是先进的文明社会，所有社群都具备这些特质，它们有助于维护文明社会并促进社会合作。
7. “Everyone, everywhere, shares a common moral code,” said Dr. Oliver Scott Curry, lead author and senior researcher at Oxford.
牛津大学的首席作者兼高级研究员奥利弗·斯科特·库里博士表示：“无论身处何地，每个人都共享一套共同的道德准则。”
1. These seven moral rules appear to be universal across cultures because people face the same social problems.
这七条道德规则之所以在不同文化中都具有普适性，是因为人们面临着相同的社会问题。
2. Even if some of these traits look right-wing or conservative, for example, deferring to authority, left-wing people will still have a group loyalty and deference to someone or something.
即使其中某些特质看起来偏右翼或保守（例如服从权威），左翼人士也依然会对某个群体保持忠诚，并对某个人或事物表示顺从。
3. This shows there really is more that unites us than divides us.
这表明，真正让我们团结在一起的因素，远比造成我们分裂的因素要多。
4. The study, published in Current Anthropology, is the largest and most comprehensive and widespread survey of morals ever conducted and aimed to find out whether different societies had different versions of morality.
这项发表在《当代人类学》上的研究，是迄今为止规模最大、最全面、覆盖范围最广的道德调查，其目的是探究不同社会是否存在不同版本的道德观。
5. The team accessed the world’s best archives to analyze accounts from more than 600 sources of 60 societies around the world.
研究团队查阅了全球顶尖的档案库，分析了来自全球60个社会、超过600份来源的记录。
6. They found that the seven rules were considered morally good in all societies and were observed across all continents, religions, and politics.
他们发现，这七条规则在所有社会中都被视为道德上的善，并且在各大洲、不同宗教和政治背景下都能被观察到。
7. However, some communities valued certain rules more highly than others.
不过，有些社群会比其他社群更重视其中的某些规则。
8. Dr. Curry hopes that this research helps to promote mutual understanding between people of different cultures and appreciation of what we have in common and how and why we differ.
库里博士希望这项研究能帮助促进不同文化背景的人们之间的相互理解，让人们认识到我们的共同点，以及我们存在差异的方式和原因。
1. Co-author, Professor Harvey Whitehouse, said social scientists should now set about testing the theory in the field rather than relying on old data.
合著者哈维·怀特豪斯教授表示，社会科学家现在应该着手在实地检验这一理论，而不是依赖旧数据。
2. “This study was based on historical descriptions of cultures around the world,” he said.
他说：“这项研究是基于对世界各地文化的历史描述。”
3. “These descriptions were made independent of, and prior to, the theory we’re testing.”
“这些描述是在我们所检验的理论提出之前、独立于该理论完成的。”
4. In future, if social scientists are serious about testing theories of morality, they will need to gather new data more systematically out in the field.
未来，如果社会科学家想要认真检验道德理论，他们就需要在实地更系统地收集新数据。
🔺三个问题：
1. 16. What do we learn from the conclusion of the Oxford University researchers?
16. 我们能从牛津大学研究人员的结论中了解到什么？
2. 17. What did the new study by Oxford researchers aim to do?
17. 牛津大学研究人员的这项新研究旨在做什么？
3. 18. What does Harvey Whitehouse think social scientists should do to test theories of morality?
18. 哈维·怀特豪斯认为社会科学家应该如何检验道德理论？
🔺选项翻译
16、
1. 16. A) All societies are built upon the cornerstones of basic values.
16. A) 所有社会都建立在基本价值观的基石之上。
2. B) Everyone everywhere demonstrates seven character traits.
B) 世界各地的每个人都展现出七种性格特质。
3. C) All societies are kept together by seven basic moral rules.
C) 所有社会都由七条基本道德规则维系在一起。
4. D) Everyone everywhere shares a universal moral standard.
D) 世界各地的每个人都共享一套普世的道德标准。
17、
5. 17. A) Ascertain whether deferring to authority was confined to right-wing people.
17. A) 确定服从权威是否只存在于右翼人士中。
6. B) Find out whether different societies had different versions of morality.
B) 查明不同社会是否存在不同版本的道德观。
7. C) Make clear whether all societies faced the same moral issues.
C) 弄清楚所有社会是否都面临相同的道德问题。
8. D) Find out whether left-wing people still had a group loyalty.
D) 查明左翼人士是否仍然具有群体忠诚度。
18、
9. 18. A) Make independent descriptions of cultures around the world.
18. A) 对世界各地的文化进行独立描述。
10. B) Strive to understand the basic differences between peoples.
B) 努力理解不同民族之间的根本差异。
11. C) Appreciate the foundational value of the existing data.
C) 认识到现有数据的基础价值。
12. D) Carry out systematic field studies to gather new data.
D) 开展系统性的实地研究以收集新数据。
📚 四六级核心词汇汇总
英文单词/短语 音标 中文释义
hold together 使团结；维系
universal /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsl/ adj. 普遍的；通用的；全体的
moral /ˈmɒrəl/ adj. 道德的；道义上的；n. 道德；准则
defer to /dɪˈfɜː(r) tuː/ 服从；遵从；听从
superior /suːˈpɪəriə(r)/ n. 上级；上司；adj. 上级的；优越的
conclude /kənˈkluːd/ v. 得出结论；推断；结束
liberal /ˈlɪbərəl/ adj. 自由的；开明的；n. 自由主义者
hierarchical /ˌhaɪəˈrɑːkɪkl/ adj. 等级制度的；分等级的
cornerstone /ˈkɔːnəstəʊn/ n. 基石；基础；最重要的部分
charity /ˈtʃærəti/ n. 慈善；施舍；仁爱
brotherhood /ˈbrʌðəhʊd/ n. 兄弟情谊；博爱；手足之情
code /kəʊd/ n. 准则；法典；密码
return favors /rɪˈtɜːn ˈfeɪvəz/ 回报恩惠；知恩图报
character trait /ˈkærəktə treɪt/ 性格特质；品格特征
uphold /ʌpˈhəʊld/ v. 维护；支持；维持
foster /ˈfɒstə(r)/ v. 促进；培养；助长
cooperation /kəʊˌɒpəˈreɪʃn/ n. 合作；协作
conservative /kənˈsɜːvətɪv/ adj. 保守的；守旧的；n. 保守派
deference /ˈdefərəns/ n. 顺从；尊重；敬意
loyalty /ˈlɔɪəlti/ n. 忠诚；忠心
unite /juːˈnaɪt/ v. 联合；团结；使统一
divide /dɪˈvaɪd/ v. 分裂；划分；分开
comprehensive /ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv/ adj. 全面的；综合的
conduct /kənˈdʌkt/ v. 实施；进行；组织
archive /ˈɑːkaɪv/ n. 档案；档案馆；v. 存档
account /əˈkaʊnt/ n. 记录；描述；账户
continent /ˈkɒntɪnənt/ n. 大陆；洲
mutual understanding /ˈmjuːtʃuəl ˌʌndəˈstændɪŋ/ 相互理解
appreciation /əˌpriːʃiˈeɪʃn/ n. 认识；欣赏；感激
co-author /kəʊ ˈɔːθə(r)/ n. 合著者
set about /set əˈbaʊt/ 着手；开始做
test the theory /test ðə ˈθɪəri/ 检验理论
field /fiːld/ n. 实地；领域；田野
independent of /ˌɪndɪˈpendənt ɒv/ 独立于；不受…影响
prior to /ˈpraɪə(r) tuː/ 在…之前；先于
gather data /ˈɡæðə(r) ˈdeɪtə/ 收集数据
systematically /ˌsɪstəˈmætɪkli/ adv. 系统地；有条理地
ascertain /ˌæsəˈteɪn/ v. 确定；查明；弄清
confined to /kənˈfaɪnd tuː/ 局限于；限制在
carry out /ˈkæri aʊt/ 开展；执行；实施
🔺本篇同义替换
一、动词/短语类
1. hold together 使团结；维系
◦ stick together, remain cohesive, stay united, maintain cohesion, keep intact
2. defer to 服从；遵从
◦ submit to, yield to, comply with, bow to, respect
3. conclude 得出结论；结束
◦ deduce, infer, determine, finish, end
4. uphold 维护；支持
◦ support, maintain, sustain, defend, back up
5. foster 促进；培养
◦ promote, cultivate, nurture, encourage, boost
6. unite 联合；团结
◦ combine, join, integrate, consolidate, bond
7. divide 分裂；划分
◦ split, separate, segregate, break up, partition
8. conduct 实施；进行
◦ carry out, perform, execute, implement,
9. set about 着手；开始做
◦ embark on, commence, start, begin, undertake
10. test the theory 检验理论
◦ verify the theory, validate the theory, examine the theory
11. gather data 收集数据
◦ collect data, accumulate data, obtain data, compile data
12. carry out 开展；执行
◦ implement, perform, execute, undertake, conduct
二、形容词类
1. universal 普遍的；通用的
◦ widespread, general, common, global, prevalent
2. moral 道德的
◦ ethical, virtuous, righteous, ethical
3. liberal 自由的；开明的
◦ open-minded, tolerant, progressive, broad-minded
4. hierarchical 等级制度的
◦ ranked, graded, stratified, structured
5. conservative 保守的
◦ traditional, conventional, orthodox, reserved
6. comprehensive 全面的；综合的
◦ thorough, extensive, complete, all-round, in-depth
7. systematically 系统地
◦ methodically, orderly, organizedly, structuredly
三、名词类
1. superior 上级；优越者
◦ senior, boss, manager, higher-up
2. cornerstone 基石；基础
◦ foundation, basis, bedrock, groundwork, key
3. charity 慈善；仁爱
◦ benevolence, compassion, generosity, philanthropy
4. brotherhood 博爱；兄弟情谊
◦ solidarity, fellowship, fraternity, unity
5. code 准则；规范
◦ rule, principle, norm, standard, guideline
6. character trait 性格特质
◦ personality trait, quality, attribute, feature
7. cooperation 合作；协作
◦ collaboration, teamwork, partnership, coordination
8. deference 顺从；尊重
◦ obedience, compliance, submission, respect
9. loyalty 忠诚；忠心
◦ faithfulness, devotion, allegiance, fidelity
10. archive 档案；档案馆
◦ records, documents, repository, database
11. account 记录；描述
◦ report, description, record, narrative
12. continent 大陆；洲
◦ mainland, landmass
13. appreciation 认识；欣赏
◦ recognition, awareness, admiration, gratitude
14. field 实地；领域
◦ domain, area, sphere, discipline
四、固定搭配/短语替换
• return favors 知恩图报
→ repay kindness, reciprocate favors
• mutual understanding 相互理解
→ mutual comprehension, shared understanding
• independent of 独立于
→ regardless of, free from, not related to
• prior to 在…之前
→ before, preceding, earlier than
• ascertain 确定
→ confirm, determine, verify, find out
• confined to 局限于
→ limited to, restricted to, bounded by
