📖 原文
(1) Panel painting, common in thirteenth- and fourteenth- century Europe, involved a (2) painstaking, laborious process. Wooden planks were joined, covered with gesso to prepare the surface for painting, and then polished smooth with special tools. On this (3) perfect surface, the artist would sketch a composition with chalk, refine it with inks, (4) and then begin the deliberate process of applying thin layers of egg tempera paint (egg (5) yolk in which pigments are suspended) with small brushes. The successive layering of these meticulously applied paints produced the final, translucent colors. (6) Backgrounds of gold were made by carefully applying sheets of gold leaf, and then (7) embellishing or decorating the gold leaf by punching it with a metal rod on which a (8) pattern had been embossed. Every step in the process was slow and deliberate. The quick-drying tempera demanded that the artist know exactly where each stroke be (9) placed before the brush met the panel, and it required the use of fine brushes. It was, (10) therefore, an ideal technique for emphasizing the hard linear edges and pure, fine areas (11) of color that were so much a part of the overall aesthetic of the time. The notion that an (12) artist could or would dash off an idea in a fit of spontaneous inspiration was completely (13) alien to these deliberately produced works. (14) Furthermore, making these paintings was so time-consuming that it demanded assistance. All such work was done by collective enterprise in the workshops. The (15) painter or master who is credited with having created the painting may have designed (16) the work and overseen its production, but it is highly unlikely that the artist's hand (17) applied every stroke of the brush. More likely, numerous assistants, who had been (18) trained to imitate the artist's style, applied the paint. The carpenter's shop probably (19) provided the frame and perhaps supplied the panel, and yet another shop supplied the gold. Thus, not only many hands, but also many shops were involved in the final (20) product. (21) In spite of problems with their condition, restoration, and preservation, many panel paintings have survived, and today many of them are housed in museum collections.
❓ 试题解析
问题 11： What aspect of panel paintings does the passage mainly discuss?
A. Famous examples
B. Different styles
C. Restoration
D. Production
✅ 正确答案： D）Production
📝 解析： 全文讨论板面画的制作过程：木板准备、底料、绘画、金箔、作坊合作等。
💡 解题技巧： 主旨题看各段描述的制作步骤。
问题 12： According to the passage, what was the first step in making a panel painting?
A. Mixing the paint</
B. Preparing the panel
C. Buying the gold leaf
D. Making ink drawings
✅ 正确答案： B）Preparing the panel
📝 解析： “Wooden planks were joined, covered with gesso to prepare the surface for painting” — 第一步是准备木板。
💡 解题技巧： 细节题定位顺序（first step）。
问题 13： The word “it” in line 4 refers to
A. chalk
B. composition
C. artist
D. surface
✅ 正确答案： B）composition
📝 解析： “On this perfect surface, the artist would sketch a composition with chalk, refine it with inks” — 此处 it 指代紧邻的宾语 composition（草图）。
💡 解题技巧： 代词题找 refine 的宾语。
问题 14： The word “deliberate” in line 5 is closest in meaning to
A. decisive
B. careful
C. natural
D. unusual
✅ 正确答案： B）careful
📝 解析： “the deliberate process of applying thin layers” — deliberate = 审慎的/仔细的。
💡 解题技巧： 词汇题：deliberate = careful = intentional。
问题 15： Which of the following processes produced the translucent colors found on panel paintings?
A. Joining wooden planks to form large sheets
B. Polishing the gesso
C. Applying many layers of paint
D. Covering the background with gold leaf
✅ 正确答案： C）Applying many layers of paint
📝 解析： “The successive layering of these meticulously applied paints produced the final, translucent colors” — 多层颜料产生半透明颜色。
💡 解题技巧： 细节题定位“successive layering”。
问题 16： What characteristic of tempera paint is mentioned in the passage?
A. It dries quickly.
B. It is difficult to make.
C. It dissolves easily.
D. It has to be applied directly to wood.
✅ 正确答案： A）It dries quickly.
📝 解析： “The quick-drying tempera demanded that the artist know exactly where each stroke be placed” — 快干。
💡 解题技巧： 细节题定位“quick-drying”。
问题 17： The word “demanded” in line 17 is closest in meaning to
A. ordered
B. reported
C. required
D. questioned
✅ 正确答案： C）required
📝 解析： “making these paintings was so time-consuming that it demanded assistance” — demanded = 需要。
💡 解题技巧： 词汇题：demand = require = need。
问题 18： The “collective enterprise” mentioned in line 18 includes all of the following EXCEPT
A. supplying the gold leaf
B. building the panels
C. applying the paint
D. selling the painting
✅ 正确答案： D）selling the painting
📝 解析： 文中提到木匠店提供画框和面板、另一家店提供金箔、助手们上色 — 未提到销售。
💡 解题技巧： “EXCEPT”题逐项核对 collective enterprise 的参与方。
问题 19： The word “imitate” in line 21 is closest in meaning to
A. copy
B. illustrate
C. promote
D. believe in
✅ 正确答案： A）copy
📝 解析： “assistants, who had been trained to imitate the artist's style” — imitate = 模仿。
💡 解题技巧： 词汇题：imitate = copy = mimic。
问题 20： The author mentions all of the following as problems with the survival of panel paintings EXCEPT
A. condition
B. theft
C. preservation
D. restoration
✅ 正确答案： B）theft
📝 解析： 最后一段提到 problems with their condition, restoration, and preservation — 未提到 theft。
💡 解题技巧： “EXCEPT”题定位最后一段列举的问题。
问题 21： The word “them” in line 26 refers to
A. problems
B. condition, restoration, preservation
C. panel paintings
D. museum collections
✅ 正确答案： C）panel paintings
📝 解析： “many panel paintings have survived, and today many of them are housed in museum collections” — them 指 panel paintings。
💡 解题技巧： 代词题找前一个名词（panel paintings）。
🌐 中文翻译
板面画盛行于13和14世纪的欧洲，涉及一个 painstaking、laborious 的过程。木板被接合，涂上石膏底料（gesso）为表面作画做准备，然后用 special tools 抛光 smooth。在这个完美的表面上，艺术家用 chalk 勾勒 composition，用墨水 refine，然后开始用细毛笔小心翼翼地涂上薄薄的蛋彩画颜料（悬浮着颜料的蛋黄）。这些 meticulous 涂抹的颜料的 successive layering 产生了最终的 translucent 颜色。 金色背景是通过仔细地贴上金箔，然后用 embossed 图案的金属 rod 在金箔上 punching 来 embellish or decorate 制成的。过程中的每一步都是 slow and deliberate。快干的蛋彩画要求艺术家在 brush 接触画板之前确切知道每一笔的位置，并且需要使用细毛笔。因此，这是强调硬朗的线性边缘和纯正的精细 color areas 的理想技术——这些是当时整体审美的重要组成部分。艺术家可能或将会在一阵 spontaneous 灵感中匆匆完成一个想法的 notion 对这些 deliberately 制作的作品来说是完全 alien 的。 此外，制作这些画非常 time-consuming，以至于需要需要 assistance。所有这类工作都由 workshop 中的 collective enterprise 完成。credit 创作该画的画家或大师可能设计了作品并监督其制作，但艺术家亲手涂抹每一笔是 highly unlikely 的。更可能的是，许多受过训练模仿艺术家风格的 assistants 来上色。木匠店可能提供画框并可能提供面板，另一家店提供黄金。因此，最终产品不仅涉及许多双手，还涉及许多 shops。 尽管在 condition、restoration 和 preservation 方面存在问题，许多板面画仍然 survived，今天其中许多被 housed in museum collections。
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