📖 原文
(1) Even before the turn of the century, movies began to develop in two major directions: (2) the realistic and the formalistic. Realism and formalism are merely general, rather than (3) absolute, terms. When used to suggest a tendency toward either polarity, such labels (4) can be helpful, but in the end they are still just labels. Few films are exclusively formalist in style, and fewer yet are completely realist. There is also an important (6) difference between realism and reality, although this distinction is often forgotten. (7) Realism is a particular style, whereas physical reality is the source of all the raw (8) materials of film, both realistic and formalistic. Virtually all movie directors go to the (9) photographable world for their subject matter, but what they do with this material — (10) how they shape and manipulate it — determines their stylistic emphasis. (11) Generally speaking, realistic films attempt to reproduce the surface of concrete reality with a minimum of distortion. In photographing objects and events, the (13) filmmaker tries to suggest the copiousness of life itself. Both realist and formalist film (14) directors must select (and hence emphasize) certain details from the chaotic sprawl of (15) reality. But the element of selectivity in realistic films is less obvious. Realists, in short, (16) try to preserve the illusion that their film world is unmanipulated, an objective mirror of (17) the actual world. Formalists, on the other hand, make no such pretense. They (18) deliberately stylize and distort their raw materials so that only the very naive would (19) mistake a manipulated image of an object or event for the real thing. (20) We rarely notice the style in a realistic movie; the artist tends to be self-effacing. (21) Some filmmakers are more concerned with what is being shown than how it is (22) manipulated. The camera is used conservatively. It is essentially a recording (23) mechanism that reproduces the surface of tangible objects with as little commentary as (24) possible. A high premium is placed on simplicity, spontaneity, and directness. This is (25) not to suggest that these movies lack artistry, however, for at its best the realistic cinema (26) specializes in art that conceals art.
❓ 试题解析
问题 40： What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. Acting styles
B. Film plots
C. Styles of filmmaking
D. Filmmaking 100 years ago
✅ 正确答案： C）Styles of filmmaking
📝 解析： 全文讨论电影的两种主要风格：现实主义和形式主义。
💡 解题技巧： 主旨题看首段主题句。
问题 41： With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?
A. Realism and formalism are outdated terms.
B. Most films are neither exclusively realistic nor formalistic.
C. Realistic films are more popular than formalistic ones.
D. Formalistic films are less artistic than realistic ones.
✅ 正确答案： B）Most films are neither exclusively realistic nor formalistic.
📝 解析： 文中提到很少有电影是纯粹形式主义的，完全现实主义的就更少，说明绝大多数电影介于两者之间。
💡 解题技巧： 推理题定位“few ... and fewer yet”。
问题 42： The phrase “this distinction” in line 6 refers to the difference between
A. formalists and realists
B. realism and reality
C. general and absolute
D. physical reality and raw materials
✅ 正确答案： B）realism and reality
📝 解析： 前一句提到“现实主义和现实之间有一个重要的区别”，随后用“this distinction”指代这一区别。
💡 解题技巧： 指代题找前一句中的对比项。
问题 43： Whom does the author say is primarily responsible for the style of a film?
A. The director
B. The actors
C. The producer
D. The camera operator
✅ 正确答案： A）The director
📝 解析： 文中提到导演去可拍摄的世界寻找题材，但他们对这些材料的处理方式决定了他们的风格侧重。
💡 解题技巧： 细节题定位“directors”。
问题 44： The word “shape” in line 9 is closest in meaning to
A. specify
B. form
C. understand
D. achieve
✅ 正确答案： B）form
📝 解析： “how they shape and manipulate it”意为他们如何塑造和操控这些材料，shape在此处意为“塑造、形成”。
💡 解题技巧： 词汇题：shape = form = mold。
问题 45： The word “preserve” in lines 15-16 is closest in meaning to
<>A. encourage
B. maintain
C. reflect
D. attain
✅ 正确答案： B）maintain
📝 解析： “try to preserve the illusion”意为试图保持这种幻觉，preserve在此意为“保持、维持”。
💡 解题技巧： 词汇题：preserve = maintain = keep。
问题 46： The word “They” in line 17 refers to
A. films
B. realists
C. formalists
D. raw materials
✅ 正确答案： C）formalists
📝 解析： 前一句主语是“Formalists”，后文“They deliberately stylize and distort”紧承上文，指代形式主义者。
💡 解题技巧： 代词题找前一个名词短语。
问题 47： How can one recognize the formalist style?
A. It uses familiar images.
B. It is very impersonal.
C. It obviously manipulates images.
D. It mirrors the actual world.
✅ 正确答案： C）It obviously manipulates images.
📝 解析： 文中提到形式主义者故意对原材料进行风格化和扭曲，这是一种明显的操控。
💡 解题技巧： 细节题定位“deliberately stylize and distort”。
问题 48： The word “tangible” in line 23 is closest in meaning to
A. concrete
B. complex
C. various
D. comprehensible
✅ 正确答案： A）concrete
📝 解析： “reproduces the surface of tangible objects”意为再现有形物体的表面，tangible意为“有形的、具体的”。
💡 解题技巧： 词汇题：tangible = concrete = physical。
问题 49： Which of the following terms is NOT used to describe realism in filmmaking?
A. Simple
B. Spontaneous
C. Self-effacing
D. Exaggerated
✅ 正确答案： D）Exaggerated
📝 解析： 文中描述现实主义电影使用了简单、自发、直接和自我隐没等词汇，而夸张是形式主义故意扭曲的特点。
💡 解题技巧： “NOT”题区分现实主义与形式主义特征。
问题 50： Which of the following films would most likely use a realist style?
A. A travel documentary
B. A science fiction film
C. A musical drama
D. An animated cartoon
✅ 正确答案： A）A travel documentary
📝 解析： 现实主义电影试图以最小的扭曲再现具体现实的表面，旅行纪录片最符合这一特征。
💡 解题技巧： 推理题结合现实主义定义。
🌐 中文翻译
早在世纪之交之前，电影就开始向两个主要方向发展：现实主义和形式主义。现实主义和形式主义只是一般性的术语，而非绝对的。当用于暗示向任何一种极性的倾向时，这样的标签可能有用，但 ultimately 它们仍然只是标签。很少有电影在风格上是纯粹形式主义的，完全现实主义的电影更是少之又少。现实主义和现实之间还有一个重要的区别，尽管这种区别常常被遗忘。现实主义是一种特定的风格，而 physical reality 是所有电影原材料（both realistic and formalistic）的来源。几乎所有的电影导演都去可拍摄的世界寻找他们的题材，但他们如何处理这些材料——如何 shape and manipulate it——决定了他们的风格 emphasis。 一般来说，现实主义电影试图以最小的 distortion 再现具体现实的表面。在拍摄物体和事件时，电影制作者试图暗示生活本身的 richness。现实主义和形式主义电影导演都必须从现实 chaotic sprawl 中选择（因此也是强调）某些细节。但现实主义电影中的选择性元素不那么明显。简而言之，现实主义者试图 preserve 一种 illusion，即他们的电影世界是未被操纵的，是现实世界的客观 mirror。另一方面，形式主义者不做这样的假装。他们 deliberately 对自己的原材料进行 stylize 和 distort，以至于只有非常 naive 的人才会把被操纵的物体或事件图像误认为是 real thing。 我们很少注意到现实主义电影中的风格；艺术家往往是 self-effacing 的。有些电影制作人更关心 what 被展示，而不是 how 被操纵。摄像机被 conservative 地使用。它本质上是一种 recording mechanism，以尽可能少的评论再现 tangible 物体的表面。simplicity、spontaneity 和 directness 被放在很高的位置。然而，这并不意味着这些电影缺乏 artistry，因为在 best 情况下，现实主义 cinema 擅长的是 art that conceals art。
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