2024 济南阅读 D 篇中考英语真题

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2024 济南阅读 D 篇中考英语真题

In the early 1900s, Austrian scientist Karl Von Frisch discovered the “waggle dance” of honey bees. They dance to communicate where to find food showing an advanced form of communication. His discovery suggested that bees seem to “think” much like humans. Bees can count up to four and even use knowledge learned in one situation in new ones. This amazing ability they have is similar to that of a few mammals (like dolphins, rats, and some monkeys) -metacognition (元认知).

中文翻译:20 世纪初,奥地利科学家卡尔・冯・弗里施发现了蜜蜂的 “摇摆舞”。蜜蜂通过跳舞来传递食物的位置信息,这是一种高级的交流方式。他的发现表明,蜜蜂的 “思维” 方式与人类十分相似。蜜蜂能够数到四,甚至还能将在一种场景中学到的知识运用到新的场景里。蜜蜂这种惊人的能力与少数哺乳动物(如海豚、老鼠和某些猴子)的能力相似,这种能力被称为元认知。

Studying bees’ brains is challenging, but scientists have found ways. One such scientist is Clint Perry from Queen Mary University of London. He designed experiments (实验) where bees chose between two spots, one above and one below a black bar. If they landed above, they got a sweet drink below a terrible one. Perry made the test easier or harder by moving the landing spots farther from or closer to the black bar. Perry found that bees avoided difficult tests and tried when it was easy, suggesting they can judge (判断) their chances of “passing”.

中文翻译:研究蜜蜂的大脑颇具挑战性,但科学家们已经找到了一些研究方法。伦敦玛丽女王大学的克林特・佩里就是其中一位科学家。他设计了一组实验,让蜜蜂在一个黑条的上方和下方两个落点中做选择。如果蜜蜂落在黑条上方,就能得到甜味饮品,落在下方则会尝到难喝的液体。佩里通过调整落点与黑条之间的距离,来增加或降低实验难度。他发现,蜜蜂会避开难度高的测试,选择尝试难度低的测试,这表明蜜蜂能够判断自己 “通过” 测试的可能性。

This ability to make decisions according to their chances of success before is similar to how humans choose whether to take a test. However, Perry admits we can’t be sure if bees are truly judging by their own knowledge or just avoiding an unpleasant taste.

中文翻译:蜜蜂这种在行动前根据成功概率做决定的能力,和人类选择是否参加一场考试的思考方式很相似。不过佩里也承认,我们无法确定蜜蜂的这种行为,到底是基于自身的认知判断,还是仅仅为了避开难吃的味道。

Although there is much uncertainty, the discovery of metacognition in bees opens up new possibilities. It suggests that bees’ tiny brains may be quite capable (有能力的). It could be that skills such as simple math and navigation take far less actual brainpower than we thought. While bees aren’t as smart as mammals in memory and language, studying their brains could help us understand how our own brains process information.

中文翻译:尽管目前仍存在诸多不确定性,但蜜蜂具备元认知能力这一发现,为相关研究开辟了新的可能性。这表明蜜蜂小小的大脑或许有着很强的能力。像简单运算和导航这类技能,所需要的脑力可能远比我们想象的要少。虽然蜜蜂在记忆力和语言能力上不如哺乳动物,但研究它们的大脑,能够帮助我们理解人类自身的大脑是如何处理信息的。

We may also have to rethink how we view the rest of the insect world. There are an awful lot of small insects flying around in the garden and crawling underground. Who knows what those tiny minds might be capable of?

中文翻译:我们或许也需要重新审视昆虫世界的其他成员。花园里飞舞着、地下爬行着不计其数的小昆虫。谁能知道这些微小的生命体,究竟蕴藏着怎样的能力呢?

蜜蜂元认知主题中考核心词串

1. in the early 1900s

/ɪn ðə ˈɜːli ˈnaɪnˈhʌndrədz/(介词短语)

在20世纪初

2. honey bees

/ˈhʌni biːz/(名词短语)

蜜蜂

3. waggle dance

/ˈwæɡl dɑːns/(名词短语)

摇摆舞

4. communicate with somebody

/kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt wɪð ˈsʌmbədi/(动词短语)

和某人交流;与某人沟通

5. find food

/faɪnd fuːd/(动词短语)

寻找食物

6. show an advanced form of communication

/ʃəʊ ən ədˈvɑːnst fɔːm ɒv kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪʃn/(动词短语)

展现一种高级的交流形式

7. count up to four

/kaʊnt ʌp tuː fɔː/(动词短语)

数到四

8. learn knowledge

/lɜːn ˈnɒlɪdʒ/(动词短语)

学习知识

9. in one situation

/ɪn wʌn ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃn/(介词短语)

在一种情况下

10. in new ones

/ɪn njuː wʌnz/(介词短语)

在新的情况下

11. amazing ability

/əˈmeɪzɪŋ əˈbɪləti/(名词短语)

惊人的能力

12. be similar to

/bi ˈsɪmələ tuː/(形容词短语)

与……相似

13. a few mammals

/ə fjuː ˈmæmlz/(名词短语)

一些哺乳动物

14. study bees’ brains

/ˈstʌdi biːz breɪnz/(动词短语)

研究蜜蜂的大脑

15. be challenging

/bi ˈtʃælɪndʒɪŋ/(形容词短语)

具有挑战性的

16. design experiments

/dɪˈzaɪn ɪkˈsperɪmənts/(动词短语)

设计实验

17. choose between two spots

/tʃuːz bɪˈtwiːn tuː spɒts/(动词短语)

在两个地点之间选择

18. a black bar

/ə blæk bɑː/(名词短语)

一根黑条

19. land above

/lænd əˈbʌv/(动词短语)

落在上方

20. sweet drink

/swiːt drɪŋk/(名词短语)

甜饮

21. terrible one

/ˈterəbl wʌn/(名词短语)

难喝的饮品

22. make the test easier or harder

/meɪk ðə test ˈiːziə ɔː ˈhɑːdə/(动词短语)

使测试更简单或更难

23. landing spots

/ˈlændɪŋ spɒts/(名词短语)

着陆点

24. far from

/fɑː frəm/(介词短语)

远离

25. close to

/kləʊz tuː/(介词短语)

靠近

26. avoid difficult tests

/əˈvɔɪd ˈdɪfɪkəlt tests/(动词短语)

避开困难的测试

27. judge their chances

/dʒʌdʒ ðeə tʃɑːnsɪz/(动词短语)

判断它们的机会

28. make decisions

/meɪk dɪˈsɪʒnz/(动词短语)

做决定

29. according to

/əˈkɔːdɪŋ tuː/(介词短语)

根据

30. chances of success

/tʃɑːnsɪz ɒv səkˈses/(名词短语)

成功的机会

31. take a test

/teɪk ə test/(动词短语)

参加测试

32. admit sth.

/ədˈmɪt ˈsʌmθɪŋ/(动词短语)

承认某事

33. own knowledge

/əʊn ˈnɒlɪdʒ/(名词短语)

自身的知识

34. avoid an unpleasant taste

/əˈvɔɪd ən ənˈpleznt teɪst/(动词短语)

避开令人不适的味道

35. much uncertainty

/mʌtʃ ʌnˈsɜːtnti/(名词短语)

诸多不确定性

36. open up new possibilities

/ˈəʊpən ʌp njuː ˌpɒsəˈbɪlətiz/(动词短语)

开辟新的可能性

37. discover / discovery

/dɪˈskʌvə/(动词)/ /dɪˈskʌvəri/(名词)

发现;发觉

38. tiny brains

/ˈtaɪni breɪnz/(名词短语)

微小的大脑

39. be quite capable

/bi kwaɪt ˈkeɪpəbl/(形容词短语)

相当有能力

40. simple math

/ˈsɪmpl mæθ/(名词短语)

简单的数学

41. navigation

/ˌnævɪˈɡeɪʃn/(名词)

导航;定位

42. brainpower

/ˈbreɪnpaʊə/(名词)

脑力;智力

43. memory and language

/ˈmeməri ənd ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ/(名词短语)

记忆和语言

44. process information

/ˈprəʊses ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn/(动词短语)

处理信息

45. rethink sth.

/ˌriːˈθɪŋk ˈsʌmθɪŋ/(动词短语)

重新思考某事

46. the insect world

/ði ˈɪnsekt wɜːld/(名词短语)

昆虫世界

47. fly around

/flaɪ əˈraʊnd/(动词短语)

四处飞

48. crawl underground

/krɔːl ˌʌndəˈɡraʊnd/(动词短语)

在地下爬

49. tiny minds

/ˈtaɪni maɪndz/(名词短语)

微小的大脑;小脑袋

50. be capable of doing something

/bi ˈkeɪpəbl ɒv ˈduːɪŋ ˈsʌmθɪŋ/(形容词短语)

能够做某事;有能力做某事

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