专题一高考阅读理解说明文 2023年 passage 2 2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷

四季读书网 2024-03-29 07:15:44 3 0

【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】On ¹March 7, 1907, the English ²statisticianFrancis Galton ³published a ⁴paper ⁵which ⁶illustrated what has come to ⁷be known as the “⁸wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of ⁹estimation ¹⁰he conducted showed that in some ¹¹cases, the ¹²average of a large number of ¹³independentestimates could be quite ¹⁴accurate.

注释：1. march n.三月，行军；v.齐步走，游行示威 2. statistician n.统计学家/人员。statistic n.统计数字/数据。statistics n.统计学 3. publish v.出版，发行，发表，公布。publishing n.出版（业），publishing house出版社。publisher n.出版者，发行者，出版商 4. paper n.论文，文件，报纸 5. which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect是which引导的定语从句，先行词是paper。 6. illustrate v.说明，阐明；给…加插图；名词为illustration。illustrator n. 插图画家。illustrious adj. 著名的, 杰出的 7. be known as作为…而被人知道 8. wisdom n.智慧，学问。wise adj. 充满智慧的；明智的 9. estimation n.估计，估算；判断，评价。estimate n. 估计，估价；判断，看法vt. 估计，估量；判断，评价 10. he conducted是省略引导词的定语从句，先行词是the experiment 11. case n.情况，案件，案例，大箱子。in case of以免，万一 12. average n.平均数，平均值；adj. 平均的；普通的；vt. 算出…的平均数 13. independent adj.独立的。dependent adj.依赖的，依靠的。independence n.独立，自主。depend v.依赖，依靠，depend on 14. accurate adj.准确的，精确的。accuracy n.准确，精确

译文：在1907年3月7日，英国统计学家Francis Galton发表了一篇论文。这篇论文阐述了人们已经熟知的“群体智慧”效应。他做的估算实验表明，在一些情况下，大量独立估算的平均值会相当准确。

This effect ¹capitalizes on the fact ²that when people make ³errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they ⁴cancel each other out, ⁵resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are ⁶similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more ⁷technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If ⁸for whatever reasons, people’s errors become ⁹correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.

注释：1. capitalize v.把首字母大写，资产变现；capitalize on充分利用。capital n.首都，大写字母，资金；adj.大写的，极好的 2. that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same是that引导的同位语从句，对fact进行解释说明；when people make errors是从句内部的时间状语从句 3. error n.错误；trail and error反复试验，不断探索；近义词：mistake/blunder/fault/slip 4. cancel v.取消，撤销；cancel out取消；抵消。名词为cancellation 5. resulting in a more accurate estimate是现在分词短语做状语，其逻辑主语为they cancel each other out 6. similar v.相似的，be similar to与…相似。similarity n.相似性 7. technical term专业术语。term n. 学期；术语；条款；in the long/short term从长远/短期来看 8. for whatever reasons不管出于什么原因 9. correlated adj.相互联系的。correlate v. 相互关联影响

译文：这个效应利用了这样一个事实：当人们犯错误时，那些错误并不总是相同的。一些人会估计过高，一些人会估计过低。当把足够多的这些错误平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消掉，从而产生一个更准确的估计。如果人们是相似的并且倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误就不会相互抵消。用更专业的术语来说，群体的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果无论出于何种原因，人们的错误变得相互联系或依赖，估计的准确度会下降。

But a new study ¹led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic ²phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups ³that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than ⁴those from an equal number of independent ⁵individuals. ⁶For instance, the average ⁷obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was ⁸significantly more accurate than the average ⁹obtained from 20 independent individuals.

注释：1. led by Joaquin Navajas是过去分词短语做定语修饰a new study。lead-led-led 带领，领导 2. phenomenon n.现象，复数为phenomena 3. that were allowed to have a discussion是that引导的定语从句，先行词是smaller groups 4. those指代the averages，指代同类中特指的另一些时用 5. individual n.个人；adj. 单独的，供一人用的 6. for instance/example例如 7. obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five是过去分词短语做定语修饰the average 8. significantly adv. 显著地；明显地 9. obtained from 20 independent individuals是过去分词短语做定语修饰the average。obtain v.得到，获得

译文：但是，Joaquin Navajas领导的一项新研究使这个经典现象出现了一个有趣的转折。这项研究的关键发现是：与来自人数相同的独立个体的平均数相比，当人群被进一步分为允许讨论的小组时，来自这些小组的平均数更准确。例如，有四个讨论小组，每组五人，那么，四个小组的估计的平均数明显要比20个独立个体的估计的平均数更准确。

In a ¹follow-up study with 100 university students，the researchers tried to get a better ²sense of what the group members ³actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to ⁴go withthose most ⁵confident about their estimates? Did they follow those ⁶least⁷willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the ⁸dominantresponse. Most ⁹frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and ¹⁰reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning ¹¹resulted in a ¹²globalreduction in error. Although the studies ¹³led by Navajas have ¹⁴limitations and many questions ¹⁵remain，the ¹⁶potential ¹⁷implications for group discussion and decision-making are ¹⁸enormous.

注释：1. follow-up 后续的，接下来的。follow suit照着做 2. sense n. 意义；含义。make sense有道理；有意义。make sense of理解，弄懂。a sense of humor幽默感。sensitive adj.体贴的，敏感的。sensible adj.明智的，理智的 3. actually 事实上，相当于in fact 4. go with跟随，和…相配 5. be confident about对…有自信 6. little-less-least。at least至少 7. be willing to do愿意做某事。unwilling adj.不愿意。will n. 意志；遗嘱 8. dominant adj.支配的，明显的，占优势的 9. frequently adj.频繁地，屡次地。frequency n. 经常发生，频繁，频率 10. reason v.推理，思考。reasonable adj.合理的，可以接受的 11. result in导致，result from因为 12. global 全面的，全球的，地球的 13. led by Navajas是过去分词短语做定语修饰the studies 14. limitation n.限制，局限。restriction n.限制，约束 15. remain v. 继续存在，仍然是；n.残骸 16. potential adj.潜在的，有可能的；n.可能性，潜力 17. implication n.影响，含意，暗示。imply v.暗示，意味 18. enormous adj.巨大的，庞大的

译文：在接下来对100个大学生的研究中，研究者试图更好的了解小组成员在讨论中实际上做了什么。他们是否倾向于跟着那些对自己的估计最自信的人？他们是否跟着那些最不愿改变自己想法的人？这种情况有时候会发生，但它不是主要的反应。大多数情况下，小组报告说他们分享论据并一起推理。不管怎样，这些论据和推理导致了错误的全面减少。尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性且存在许多问题，但是它对小组讨论和作决定的潜在影响是巨大的。

12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?

A. The methods of estimation.

B. The underlying logic of the effect.

C. The causes of people’s errors.

D. The design of Galton’s experiment.

13. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.

A. the crowds were relatively small

B. there were occasional underestimates

C. individuals did not communicate

D. estimates were not fully independent

14. What did the follow-up study focus on?

A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.