Day 19 · 约翰·M·马蒂尼斯 John M. Martinis · 2025 年诺贝尔物理学奖
NOBEL LAUREATE · 每日一篇
学生版· Student Edition
一、导语
From a Berkeley PhD to 'quantum supremacy' — how one student's thesis became the seed of a new technology.
从伯克利博士到「量子霸权」——一位学生的博士论文，如何成为新技术的种子。
二、英文成长故事· The Story
John M. Martinis, the 2025 Nobel laureate in Physics, was born in 1958 in Los Angeles. He studied at the University of California, Berkeley, earning his bachelor's degree in 1980 and his doctorate in 1987. His PhD work explored the quantum behaviour of a macroscopic variable and the phase difference across a Josephson tunnel junction — the very idea that would later earn him the Nobel Prize.
2025 年诺贝尔物理学奖得主约翰·M·马蒂尼斯，1958 年生于洛杉矶。他就读于加州大学伯克利分校，1980 年获学士学位、1987 年获博士学位。他的博士研究探索了宏观变量的量子行为，以及约瑟夫森隧道结两侧的相位差——正是这一想法，后来为他赢得诺贝尔奖。
After postdoctoral research in France and at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Martinis developed superconducting transition-edge sensors for ultra-precise X-ray measurement. From 2002 he set his sights on a bold goal: building a practical quantum computer from Josephson-junction qubits. In 2004 he joined UC Santa Barbara as the Worster Professor of Experimental Physics.
在法国与美国国家标准与技术研究院做完博士后研究后，马蒂尼斯开发了用于超精密 X 射线测量的超导转变边缘传感器。自 2002 年起，他立下一个大胆目标：用约瑟夫森结量子比特造出一台实用的量子计算机。2004 年他加入加州大学圣巴巴拉分校，任实验物理 Worster 讲席教授。
In 2014 Google brought Martinis and his team into its Quantum AI lab. Five years later, in October 2019, his group published in Nature a programmable 53-qubit processor named "Sycamore" that achieved "quantum supremacy" — performing in minutes a task beyond the reach of classical supercomputers. It was a milestone that Sundar Pichai likened to the Wright brothers' first flight.
2014 年，谷歌将马蒂尼斯及其团队纳入其量子 AI 实验室。五年后的 2019 年 10 月，他的团队在《自然》发表一台名为「悬铃木」（Sycamore）、含 53 个量子比特的可编程处理器，实现了「量子霸权」——几分钟完成经典超级计算机无法企及的任务。这是一座里程碑，桑达尔·皮查伊将其比作莱特兄弟的首次飞行。
Martinis left Google in 2020 and, in 2022, co-founded Qolab, serving as its Chief Technology Officer. A student of Clarke's who helped reveal quantum physics on a chip four decades ago, he now champions scalable, industry-made quantum bits. His path — from a Berkeley thesis to a Silicon Valley breakthrough — shows how a single curious question can ripple across an entire field.
马蒂尼斯 2020 年离开谷歌，并于 2022 年共同创立 Qolab，出任首席技术官。四十年前曾是克拉克的学生、协助在芯片上揭示量子物理的他，如今倡导可由产业规模化制造的量子比特。他的道路——从伯克利论文到硅谷突破——表明：一个好奇的问题，足以在一整个领域激起回响。
三、高考实战· Gaokao Practice
1. What was Martinis's PhD research mainly about?
A. X-ray sensors. | B. Quantum behaviour of a macroscopic variable. |
C. Google's artificial intelligence. | D. The Wright brothers' flight. |
2. What can be inferred about "quantum supremacy" from the passage?
A. It is slower than classical supercomputers. | B. It marks a major milestone in computing. |
C. It was achieved in 1987. | D. It refers to a single qubit. |
3. The phrase "ripple across" in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. disappear from | B. spread through | C. destroy completely | D. measure precisely |
4. Which title best fits the passage?
A. The Sycamore Computer | B. From a Thesis to Quantum Supremacy |
C. How X-rays Are Measured | D. Google's AI Lab |
四、词汇积累· Word Bank
单词 Word | 释义 Meaning | 文中例句 Example |
macroscopic | (adj.) 宏观的 | a macroscopic variable 宏观变量 |
qubit | (n.) 量子比特 | Josephson-junction qubits 约瑟夫森结量子比特 |
supremacy | (n.) 霸权；至高地位 | quantum supremacy 量子霸权 |
scalable | (adj.) 可规模化的 | scalable quantum bits 可规模化制造的量子比特 |
教师版· Teacher Edition
一、文本分析与主题学习全貌
主题 好奇与传承——一位伯克利博士生从博士论文的量子之问出发，四十年后以「量子霸权」把基础发现推向量子计算产业，诠释「好问题」的力量。
体裁 人物传记 / 成长叙事，时间顺序，重「传承与突破」。
语言特色 语言特色：一般过去时叙事；含术语（macroscopic variable, Josephson junction, qubit, quantum supremacy）与比喻（ripple across, Wright brothers' flight）；长句交代因果。
结构 结构：『伯克利求学与博士之问→ 博士后与产业目标 → 谷歌量子霸权 → 创业与精神回响』四段递进。
主题学习全貌：可串联「好问题从何而来」「学术到产业的桥梁」「传承与创新」等单元，积累词块（macroscopic / qubit / supremacy / scalable）。
