1. 【2025 全国 I 卷 阅读 B】

【原句】In my ninth-grade writing class last year, I met a cowboy who saved his town, a strict father who demanded his son earn straight A's, and a modern-day Juliet who died of heartbreak after her parents rejected the love of her young life.

【主干】I met a cowboy, a strict father, and a modern-day Juliet.

【分层】who saved his town 定从修饰 cowboy；who demanded...A's 定从修饰 father；who died...life 定从修饰 Juliet，内含 after 时间状从。

【翻译】去年九年级写作课上，我遇见了一个拯救小镇的牛仔、一个要求儿子门门优秀的严父，以及一个因父母拆散初恋而心碎离世的现代版朱丽叶。

【考点】三并列表语各带who 定从，demand sb do 虚拟省略 should。

2. 【2024 新课标 I 卷 阅读 D】

【原句】This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.

【主干】This makes sense because the people are citizen scientists.

【分层】because 原因状从；who...devices 定从修饰 people；recording...nearby 现在分词作后置定语修饰 scientists。

【翻译】这很合理，因为用移动设备获取生物多样性观察数据的人往往是民间科学家，他们记录的是附近区域遇到的物种。

【考点】because 状从 + 定从 + 分词定语三层嵌套。

3. 【2024 新课标 I 卷 阅读 D】

【原句】Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.

【主干】Daru and his team tested how well these data represent patterns.

【分层】Using...animals 现在分词作方式状语；how 引导宾语从句。

【翻译】Daru 及其团队利用含 19 亿条植物、昆虫、鸟类、动物记录的全球数据集，测试这些数据在多大程度上反映实际的全球生物多样性模式。

【考点】分词状语+ how 宾语从句。

4. 【2023 全国甲卷 阅读 D】

【原句】As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven't been seen in a century or more, they're increasingly being sighted by humans.

【主干】they're being sighted by humans.

【分层】As 引导时间状从；where...more 定从修饰 places；现在进行时被动。

【翻译】随着灰熊活动范围扩展到人们一个多世纪未见其踪迹的地方，它们被人类目击的次数正日益增多。

【考点】As 时间状从 + 定从 + 现在进行被动。

5. 【2023 新课标 II 卷 阅读 B】

【原句】More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.

【主干】artists have used them as the raw material.

【分层】as 原因状从；破折号后 transforming...sculptures 现在分词作伴随状语。

【翻译】近来，随着书籍变得廉价甚至可随手丢弃，艺术家们已把它们当作艺术品原材料——将封面、书页乃至整本书变成绘画与雕塑。

【考点】as 状从 + 破折号分词伴随。

6. 【2023 新课标 I 卷 阅读 D】

【原句】Researchers found that participants who slept less than six hours, compared with those who slept eight hours, showed decreased performance when tested on memory tasks.

【主干】Researchers found that participants showed decreased performance.

【分层】that 宾从；who slept...hours 定从1；compared with... 插入比较；who slept eight hours 定从2；when tested...tasks 时间状从（省略 they were）。

【翻译】研究者发现，与睡八小时者相比，睡眠不足六小时的参与者在记忆任务测试中的表现下降。

【考点】宾从+ 双定从 + 插入比较 + 省略状从。

7. 【2022 新高考 I 卷 阅读 D】

【原句】Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of 'f' and 'v' increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years.

【主干】Analyses confirmed that there was a global change.

【分层】that 宾从；after...age 时间状语；with...increasing 独立主格作伴随状语。

【翻译】对语言数据库的分析也证实，新石器时代之后世界语言发音发生了全球性变化，其中'f'和'v'的使用在近几千年显著增加。

【考点】宾从+ 独立主格结构。

8. 【2022 新高考 I 卷 阅读 D】

【原句】Only when the government introduces stricter regulations and citizens raise awareness can we hope to solve the problem that has plagued the city for years.

【主干】can we hope to solve the problem.

【分层】Only when...awareness 时间状从（部分倒装触发）；that...years 定从修饰 problem。

【翻译】只有当政府出台更严法规且市民提高意识，我们才有希望解决困扰这座城市多年的问题。

【考点】Only 倒装 + 定从。

9. 【2022 全国乙卷 阅读】

【原句】First announced in April 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity.

【主干】the tax was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity.

【分层】First announced...2016 过去分词作时间/背景状语；which...100ml 定从修饰 tax；containing...100ml 现在分词作后置定语修饰 drinks。

【翻译】该税收于2016 年 4 月首次公布，适用于每 100 毫升含糖超 5 克的软饮，旨在帮助降低儿童肥胖率。

【考点】分词状语+ 定从 + 分词定语。

10. 【2021 全国乙卷 阅读】

【原句】The result is a better understanding of the world that is full of chances that we never noticed before.

【主干】The result is a better understanding of the world.

【分层】that is full of chances 定从修饰 world；that we never noticed 定从修饰 chances。

【翻译】结果是对这个世界更深的理解——一个充满我们从前从未注意到的机会的世界。

【考点】双定从连环套。