阅读理解（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）
Passage:
It’s widely accepted that following a balanced diet is one of the best things we can do for our health. But certain foods are more important at different life stages.
During World War Two, sugar was rationed in the UK. Individuals were allowed about 8oz (227g) per week, but children under two got none. When rationing ended in 1953, adult sugar intake doubled. A 2025 study of 63,000 people born between 1951 and 1956 found that those with less sugar exposure in the womb and first 1,000 days had 20% lower risk of cardiovascular disease (心血管疾病), 25% lower for heart failure (心力衰竭), and 31% lower for stroke (中风) later in life.
In childhood, high energy needs mean children require nutrient-packed foods to build the body and brain. They need iron, iodine, vitamins, calcium, and vitamin D for immunity, brain development, muscle growth, and peak bone mass (峰值骨量) to reduce later osteoporosis (骨质疏松症) risk. Experts recommend fruits, vegetables, wholegrains, beans, nuts, seeds, dairy or fortified alternatives, and minimal ultra-processed foods.
In teens and 20s, the body finishes building bones and muscles while lifestyle demands increase needs for calcium, vitamin D, iron (especially for those who menstruate), protein, and B vitamins. A largely plant-based, Mediterranean-style diet (地中海式饮食)—rich in fruits, vegetables, wholegrains, legumes (豆类), nuts, and olive oil—is advised to protect heart, brain, and mental health, and support fertility (生育能力).
In middle age, especially around menopause (更年期) for women, priorities shift to heart health and preventing bone/muscle loss. A healthy diet with fruits, vegetables, whole grains, unsaturated fats, nuts, legumes (豆类), low-fat dairy, omega-3s (欧米伽-3脂肪酸) from oily fish, and slightly more protein can offset (抵消/减轻) risks of obesity, heart disease, and diabetes, promoting healthy aging.
In later life, calorie needs drop, but nutrient density remains key. Focus on calcium and vitamin D to prevent fractures, quality protein to fight sarcopenia (肌少症，年龄相关肌肉丢失), and fiber/polyphenols from plants for a healthy gut microbiome (肠道微生物群), which may help produce vitamins and reduce disease risks. Centenarians (百岁老人) often have diverse, protective microbiomes.
Ultimately, a varied, plant-rich, Mediterranean-style diet (地中海式饮食) with limited ultra-processed foods supports lifelong health, adapting to each stage’s needs.
Questions:
21. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Sugar intake should be strictly limited at all ages.
B. Nutritional needs and food benefits change across different life stages.
C. The Mediterranean diet is the best choice for everyone.
D. Childhood diet determines health in old age.
22. According to the 2025 study mentioned in the passage, children with less sugar exposure early in life were less likely to develop ______.
A.obesity and diabetes B. cardiovascular disease , heart failure , and stroke
C. mental health issues like depression
D. bone fractures in old age
23. The word “offset” in the sentence “this risk can be significantly offset by following a good diet” most probably means ______.
A. increased
B. balanced
C. reduced
D. ignored
24. What can we infer from the passage about people in their teens and 20s?
A. They need more fats from dairy than in childhood.
B. Their dietary habits can influence long-term heart and mental health.
C. They should avoid all animal products for better fertility.
D. Growth is faster than in childhood, requiring more calories.
25. What is the author’s attitude towards a plant-rich, Mediterranean-style diet?
A. Doubtful and critical.
B.Neutral and descriptive.
C.Strongly supportive and positive.
D. Uninterested and objective.
参考答案与简要解析
21. B （主旨大意题）
文章开头点明“certain foods are more important at different life stages”，并按童年、青少年、中年、晚年逐段说明营养需求变化，全文围绕“营养益处随年龄变化”展开。A、C、D均为片面细节。
22. B （细节理解题）
直接来自原文：20% less likely to develop cardiovascular disease, 25% less likely for heart failure, 31% less likely for stroke。
23. C （词义猜测题）
上下文：更年期风险增加，但“好饮食”能“significantly offset”这些风险，意为“抵消/降低”。offset = reduce/compensate for。
24. B （推理判断题）
原文提到：20s是建立保护heart and brain health习惯的关键十年；Mediterranean diet保护mental health和fertility；groundwork for cardiovascular disease laid here。A错误（童年需更多乳脂）；C、D与文意相反。
25. C （观点态度题）
作者多次引用专家推荐plant-rich Mediterranean-style diet，支持其对heart, bone, brain, gut, mental health的好处，并作为全文结尾建议，态度积极支持。
