外刊里藏着多少高考真题之词汇精讲篇

用外刊对比高考英语真题的词汇应用

列举真实的考题中的实例对照说明

帮同学快速扩充词汇量和阅读能力

使高考应试和英语阅读理解的水平同步提高

今天整理ted 里的经典的演讲对照高考真题和大家分享

The first 20 hours -- how to learn anything

Speaker：Josh Kaufman

Two years ago, my life changed forever. My wife Kelsey and I welcomed our daughter Lela into the world. Now, becoming a parent is an amazing experience. Your whole world changes overnight. And all of your priorities（优先事项） change immediately. So fast that it makes it really difficult to process（理解；消化） sometimes. Now, you also have to learn a tremendous（巨大的） amount about being a parent — like, for example, how to dress your child. This was new to me. This was a brand new skill set（技能组合）. And like a lot of new parents, I was reading every book, every blog, everything I could to figure out what to do. And I was studying, and studying, and studying. But what I found out very quickly was this: knowing about something is not the same as doing something. Reading about child care is not the same as being able to care for a child. And that distinction（区别）, that gap between knowing and doing, is the place where a lot of us get stuck（卡住，停滞不前）.

两年前，我的人生彻底改变了。我和妻子凯尔西迎来了我们的女儿莱拉。成为父母是一段奇妙的经历，你的整个世界一夜之间发生转变，你所有要优先考虑的事情也立刻随之改变。变化来得太快，有时候让人很难消化适应。同时，你还需要学习海量的育儿知识，举个例子：怎么给孩子穿衣服。这对我来说是全新的内容，一套完全陌生的技能。和很多新手父母一样，我翻阅每一本书、每一篇博客，想尽办法搞清楚该怎么做。我不停地学习、学习、再学习。但我很快就发现一个事实：了解一件事，和亲手去做一件事完全是两码事。阅读育儿知识，不等于你会照顾孩子。这种差别，也就是“知道”和“做到”之间的鸿沟，正是很多人停滞不前的地方。

Around that same time, I had another realization（领悟，认识）. I had spent years and years reading books about skill acquisition（习得）, about learning, about how the human brain works. And there’s this very popular idea floating around culture called the 10,000-hour rule. The 10,000-hour rule says that it takes roughly（大约） 10,000 hours of deliberate（刻意的） practice to achieve elite-level（顶尖水平的） mastery（精通） of a complex skill. Now, there’s a lot of research that backs this up. The original study looked at violinists（小提琴手） at a music academy（学院） in Berlin. The top violinists, the ones who were going to become international soloists（独奏家）, had accumulated（积累）, on average, 10,000 hours of practice by the time they were twenty. The good violinists had accumulated around 8,000 hours. The violinists who wanted to be music teachers had accumulated around 4,000 hours. So there is a correlation（相关性） between time spent practicing and level of skill.

差不多在同一时期，我又有了另一个领悟。多年以来，我读过大量关于技能习得、学习方法以及人脑运作原理的书籍。在大众认知里，流传着一个非常出名的概念：一万小时定律。一万小时定律认为，想要精通一项复杂技能、达到顶尖水准，大约需要一万小时的刻意练习。有很多研究可以支撑这个结论。这项最初的研究，调研了柏林一所音乐学院里的小提琴学习者。那些顶尖的、有望成为国际独奏家的小提琴手，在二十岁的时候平均已经积累了一万小时的练习时长；水平不错的小提琴手积累了大约八千小时；立志做音乐老师的小提琴手积累了大约四千小时。由此可见，练习时长和技能水平之间存在相关性。

But here’s the thing: most of us don’t want to be world-class masters. We don’t want to be concert violinists or Olympic athletes（运动员）. We just want to be good enough. We want to learn a new language well enough to have a conversation. We want to learn to play an instrument（乐器） well enough to play a song we love. We want to learn how to cook well enough to make delicious meals for the people we care about. We want to learn a new software tool well enough to get our work done faster. For all of these practical goals, 10,000 hours is way too much. It’s intimidating（令人望而生畏的）. It stops us from starting at all.

但问题是：我们大多数人并不想成为世界级大师。我们不想成为音乐会小提琴手，或是奥运运动员。我们只是想学到够用的程度。我们想学一门新语言，能正常对话就够；想学一门乐器，可以弹奏自己喜欢的曲子就够；想学做饭，能给在意的人做出可口的饭菜就够；想学一款新软件，能提高我们的工作效率就够。对于这些现实的目标来说，一万小时的门槛实在太高了，它让人望而却步，直接打消我们开始尝试的念头。

So I started asking a different question: what is the minimum amount of practice required to go from knowing nothing about a skill to being reasonably（相当地） good at it? After digging through research and testing this myself, the answer surprised me: roughly 20 hours. Twenty hours of focused, deliberate practice. Not 10,000. Twenty. That’s about 45 minutes a day, for a month. That is accessible（容易实现的）. That is something almost anyone can fit into their schedule（日程表）, if they choose to prioritize it.

于是我开始思考另一个问题：想要从零入门一项技能，达到还算不错的水平，最少需要多少练习时长？在查阅大量研究并且亲身测试之后，答案出乎我的意料：大约二十小时。二十小时专注、刻意的练习，不是一万小时，仅仅二十小时。分摊下来，每天45分钟，坚持一个月。这个目标是触手可及的。只要愿意把这件事排在优先位置，几乎所有人都可以在日程里挤出这个时间。

Now, there is a method to this. It is not just mindless（不动脑的） repetition. There are four core steps to learn any skill quickly. The first step is to deconstruct（拆解） the skill. Most skills are not one single thing; they are bundles（组合） of smaller sub-skills. If you want to learn to play the ukulele（尤克里里）, you don’t need to master music theory, advanced chord progressions（和弦进行）, and every strumming pattern（扫弦节奏型） all at once. You pick the parts of the skill that help you reach your target performance, and ignore everything else until later. Define exactly what “good enough” looks like for you. That is your target performance level.

当然，这是有方法的，不是机械无脑的重复。快速学会任何一项技能，一共有四个核心步骤。第一步：拆解技能。绝大多数技能并不是单一整体，而是由许多更小的子技能组合而成。如果你想学尤克里里，你不需要同时吃透乐理知识、高阶和弦走向，还有所有扫弦节奏。你只挑选那些可以帮你达成目标的内容，其余内容先放到一边。你要明确，对你来说“够用”到底是什么标准，这就是你的目标水平。

The second step is to learn enough to self-correct（自我纠错）. Find a few resources — books, tutorials（教程）, courses — that teach you the basics. You don’t need to collect hundreds of resources. Collecting resources becomes a form of procrastination（拖延）. You learn just enough to know when you are making a mistake, so you can fix it as you practice.

第二步：学到足以自我纠错的程度。找少量学习资源，比如书籍、视频教程、课程，用来学习基础内容。你不需要囤积上百份资料，搜集资料本身，很容易变成一种拖延行为。你学到刚好可以识别自己错误的程度，这样练习的时候，你就能及时修正问题。

The third step is to remove barriers（阻碍） to practice. Distractions（干扰物） are the enemy of focused practice. Turn off your phone, close unnecessary browser tabs, get rid of anything that pulls your attention away. The harder it is to start practicing, the less likely you are to do it. Make practicing as easy as possible to begin.

第三步：扫清练习的阻碍。分心事物是专注练习的大敌。关掉手机，关掉浏览器里无关的页面，移除所有会抢走你注意力的东西。开始练习的门槛越高，你越难行动。要让“开始练习”这件事变得越简单越好。

The fourth step is to commit to practicing for at least 20 hours. Most skills have what I call a frustration barrier（挫败门槛）. At the very beginning, you are grossly（极度地） incompetent（不擅长的）, and you know it. That feeling of being bad at something, of feeling stupid, is uncomfortable. It is the biggest reason people quit. If you pre-commit to putting in those 20 hours before you judge whether you are “good” or not, you push past that initial frustration. You get over that hump（难关）.

第四步：承诺自己至少练习二十小时。绝大多数技能都存在一个我称之为“挫败门槛”的阶段。刚开始的时候，你完全不擅长这件事，而且你心里清楚。这种做不好、感觉笨拙的感受很难受，这也是大多数人放弃的首要原因。如果你提前下定决心，先完成这二十小时练习，再来评判自己“好不好”，你就能跨过最初的挫败感，闯过这个难关。

I tested this framework（框架） myself. I decided to learn to play the ukulele. I had never played a stringed instrument（弦乐器） before. I broke the skill down: learn basic open chords, simple strum patterns, a few songs I liked. I watched a few short tutorials. I put my phone in another room. I practiced for 20 hours, spread out over a month. By the end, I could play several songs all the way through. I was not a master, but I could do it. That 20-hour threshold（门槛） changed everything. It turned a scary, overwhelming（令人难以承受的） goal into something achievable.

我亲自测试了这套方法。我决定学习尤克里里，在此之前，我从来没有弹奏过任何弦乐器。我拆解这项技能：学习基础开放和弦、简单扫弦节奏，还有几首我喜欢的曲子。我看了一些简短教程，把手机放到别的房间。我用一个月的时间，分散完成了二十小时练习。最后，我可以完整弹奏好几首曲子。我算不上大师，但我确实学会了。这个二十小时的门槛，改变了一切。它把一个让人畏惧、压力巨大的目标，变成一件可以实现的事。

This works for every kind of skill. It works for learning a new language, programming, drawing, cooking, sports. The 10,000-hour rule is for mastery. The 20-hour rule is for competence（胜任，具备能力）. Competence is enough to enjoy the skill, to get value from it, to use it in your life. You do not need to be elite to benefit from learning something new. You just need to show up, break the skill down, fix your mistakes, stay focused, and put in those first twenty hours. That is all it takes.

这套方法适用于所有类型的技能：学外语、编程、绘画、烹饪、运动都可以。一万小时定律，面向的是精通；二十小时法则，面向的是具备基础能力。拥有基础能力，就足以享受这项技能、从中获益，并且在生活里运用它。想要从新技能里收获好处，你不必做到顶尖。你只需要行动起来，拆解技能、修正错误、保持专注，投入最初的二十小时。做到这些，就足够了。

英英释义：very great in amount, scale, or intensity

英汉释义：巨大的；极大的；重大的

同义词：enormous, massive, immense, huge, vast

真题溯源：2019江苏卷阅读理解B篇，原文复现词，未作为完形填空选项设空。本词在阅读语篇用于修饰抽象名词，考查形容词修饰不可数名词的语境理解，阅读中常用来描述数量、难度、压力。

真题例句：The project requires tremendous patience and continuous efforts.

英英释义：a difference between two similar things

英汉释义：差别，区别；区分

同义词：difference, contrast, separation, divergence, discrimination

真题溯源：2020全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解C篇，原文复现词；2017江苏完形填空备选辨析词，属于完形考点词。完形中核心考查搭配 distinction between A and B，辨析“事物之间的差异”，区分distinction/difference两个近义词，是高频词义辨析考点。

真题例句：There is a clear distinction between knowing and doing.

英英释义：the process of gaining knowledge or skills

英汉释义：（知识、技能的）习得，获得；收购

同义词：gain, attainment, learning, procurement, obtaining

真题溯源：2012湖南卷阅读理解，原文复现词；衍生动词acquire在2014北京阅读作为阅读核心词。本词属于学术类阅读高频词，专门用于描述语言、技能习得，考查名词作主语的书面表达用法。

真题例句：Language acquisition takes consistent practice over time.

英英释义：done consciously and intentionally

英汉释义：刻意的，有意的；深思熟虑的

同义词：intentional, conscious, planned, purposeful, calculated

真题溯源：2021上海卷阅读理解C篇，原文复现词，学术议论文高频形容词；衍生副词deliberately多次在全国卷完形作为选项考点。阅读中常修饰practice/action，描述有计划、有目标的行为。

真题例句：Deliberate practice matters more than simple repetition.

英英释义：the best or most skilled members of a group

英汉释义：adj.精英的；顶尖的；n.精英，杰出群体

同义词：top, superior, premium, exclusive, high-class

真题溯源：2022新高考Ⅰ卷阅读理解D篇，原文复现词，议论文观点类文章高频词。阅读考查形容词修饰名词elite-level（精英级别的）复合形容词结构，多用于介绍高水平人群。

真题例句：Only a few athletes reach elite performance level.

英英释义：to collect or gather something gradually over time

英汉释义：积累，积聚，累积

同义词：gather, collect, amass, pile, build up

真题溯源：2018江苏高考完形填空，完形设空考点词。完形重点考查不及物+及物两种用法，accumulate sth（积累某物），强调循序渐进慢慢积累，命题经常辨析accumulate与collect的细微差异。

真题例句：He accumulated enough experience after years of practice.

英英释义：a connection or relationship between two facts or events

英汉释义：相互关系，关联，相关性

同义词：connection, link, association, relation, bond

真题溯源：2023全国乙卷阅读理解D篇，原文复现词，科普类阅读高频名词。多用于科研实验类文章，考查固定搭配correlation between A and B，表示A、B二者之间的关联。

真题例句：The study found a correlation between sleep and learning efficiency.

英英释义：making one feel nervous or frightened

英汉释义：令人望而生畏的；吓人的

同义词：frightening, daunting, scary, threatening, overwhelming

真题溯源：2020上海卷阅读理解B篇，原文复现词。阅读情感形容词，用来描述任务、目标带来的心理压力，考查读者根据上下文推断情感色彩。

真题例句：A huge goal can feel intimidating at first glance.

英英释义：to break down something into smaller parts to analyze

英汉释义：拆解；剖析；解构

同义词：disassemble, break down, dissect, analyse, unpack

真题溯源：2024新高考Ⅰ卷阅读理解C篇，原文复现词。科普与方法论类文章动词，考查“拆分复杂事物为小模块”的语义，书面议论文高频动词。

真题例句：We deconstruct the big skill into several small sub-skills.

英英释义：the habit of delaying tasks until later

英汉释义：拖延，耽搁

同义词：delay, postponement, sloth, dawdling, putting-off

真题溯源：2022江苏卷阅读理解C篇，原文复现词，心理学主题阅读高频名词。考查抽象名词作主语，描述行为习惯类话题，读后续写写作可复用。

真题例句：Collecting too many learning resources becomes a form of procrastination.

英英释义：something that takes your attention away

英汉释义：干扰物；分心的事物；分心

同义词：interruption, disturbance, diversion, disruption, interference

真题溯源：2019全国Ⅱ卷完形填空，完形考点词。完形高频辨析名词，固定搭配distraction from sth，指对某事的干扰，常和attention配套考查注意力类主题。

真题例句：Phones are the biggest distraction during focused practice.

英英释义：not having the skill to do something successfully

英汉释义：不熟练的，无能力的，不能胜任的

同义词：unskilled, incapable, unqualified, ineffective, unfit

真题溯源：2021全国甲卷阅读理解B篇，原文复现词。带有否定前缀in-形容词，高考常考查否定前缀构词法，用来描述能力不足。

真题例句：At the beginning, you will feel grossly incompetent.

英英释义：the level or point at which something starts to happen

英汉释义：门槛；临界点；起点

同义词：boundary, limit, turning point, brink, starting point

真题溯源：2023上海卷阅读理解A篇，原文复现词，科普说明文高频名词。固定搭配the threshold of sth，指某事的临界点，属于阅读难点抽象名词。

真题例句：20 hours is the threshold to gain basic competence.

英英释义：the ability to do something well

英汉释义：能力，胜任力；熟练度

同义词：ability, proficiency, skill, capability, qualification

真题溯源：2017江苏卷阅读理解D篇，原文复现词；形容词competent多次出现在全国完形选项。考查名词表达“基础胜任能力”，区分competence（基础能力）与mastery（精通）语义层级。

真题例句：Competence is enough to enjoy using the skill.

英英释义：a set of ideas or rules used to plan something

英汉释义：框架，体系，构架

同义词：structure, system, outline, skeleton, foundation

真题溯源：2024全国甲卷阅读理解C篇，原文复现词，议论文方法论高频名词。用于描述一套完整方法体系，书面写作高级替换词。

真题例句：He built a simple framework for fast skill learning.