被动语态 · 中考全解
be + 过去分词，五种时态结构全掌握
中考必考重点 · 五种时态· 附真题
一、什么是被动语态
当主语是动作的承受者（而不是执行者）时，谓语动词就要用被动语态。核心结构是 be + 过去分词。
主动语态（主语做动作） We plant trees every year. 我们每年种树。（主语 we 是“种”的执行者） | 被动语态（主语被动作） Trees are planted every year. 树每年被种植。（主语 trees 是“种”的承受者） |
be（随时态变化） are am/is/are/was… | 过去分词（不变） planted done | by + 执行者（可省） by us 被我们 |
一句话理解
被动语态 = “be + 过去分词” 的组合。时态变化全在 be 上，过去分词永远不变。中考考查的核心就是：判断语态（主动还是被动）+ 判断时态（选哪个 be）。
二、主动语态变被动语态的三步法
第一步 宾语变主语
把主动句的宾语提到句首作主语。Tom cleaned the room. → The room…
第二步 动词变 be + 过去分词
谓语动词改成被动结构，be 的时态与主动句一致。…cleaned… → …was cleaned…
第三步 主语变 by + 宾语
原主语变成 by 短语，放在句末（可省略）。…by Tom.
Tom cleaned the room. → The room was cleaned by Tom.
（汤姆打扫了房间。→ 房间被汤姆打扫了。）
by 短语什么时候省略？
动作执行者不知道或不重要：My bike was stolen last night.（不知谁偷的）
动作执行者显而易见：Trees are planted every year.（显然是人种的）
三、五种时态的被动结构（必背）
时态 | 被动结构 | 例句 |
一般现在时 | am / is / are + done | Chinese is spoken by many people. |
一般过去时 | was / were + done | The bridge was built in 1990. |
一般将来时 | will be + done | The meeting will be held tomorrow. |
现在完成时 | have / has been + done | The work has been finished. |
含情态动词 | 情态动词 + be + done | Homework must be finished on time. |
过去分词要记牢（不规则动词）
be 后面的过去分词必须准确：do→done、write→written、build→built、buy→bought、make→made、see→seen…
不规则的过去分词是中考丢分重灾区，建议结合不规则动词表反复记忆。
四、被动语态的特殊结构（重点！！！）
1. 双宾语动词的被动（give/send/show/teach…）
主动：He gave me a book. 被动①（间接宾语作主语）：I was given a book. 被动②（直接宾语作主语）：A book was given to me.
2. 使役/感官动词的被动（make/let/see/hear/watch…）
主动：The teacher made Tom stand up. 被动：Tom was made to stand up. 注意：主动句省 to，被动句要“还”回 to！
3. 短语动词的被动（介词不能丢）
主动：We look after the old. 被动：The old are looked after. 注意：look after 变为被动时，介词 after 必须保留。
4. 不及物动词没有被动
happen, take place, appear, break out, last, belong to 无被动：Great changes have taken place in my hometown.（不用被动）；The book belongs to Tom.（不用被动）
中考最常考的“to 还原”
make / let / have + 宾 + 动词原形（省 to），变被动后必须加 to：
The boss made the workers work 10 hours. → The workers were made to work 10 hours.
I saw him cross the street. → He was seen to cross the street.
五、主动形式表被动意义（中考高频）
有些动词在“物作主语 + 行为动词 + 副词”的句式里，虽然意思是被动，却用主动形式。
常用动词 | 例句 |
sell（卖） | The book sells well.（这本书卖得好） |
wash（洗） | This coat washes easily.（这件外套好洗） |
write（写） | This pen writes well.（这支笔好写） |
open / close | The door won't open.（门打不开） |
read（读） | The article reads smoothly.（文章读起来流畅） |
判断标志
这些动词常与 well / easily 等副词连用，主语是物品，强调物品自身的特性，用主动形式表被动意义。中考常把 sells well 作为固定考点。
六、中考解题三步法
第一步：判断语态
主语和动词是主动还是被动关系？主语是动作承受者 → 被动。
第二步：找时间标志
next week → 将来；yesterday / ago → 过去；these days / every year → 现在。
第三步：对号入座
按表格选 be 的时态形式：will be done / was done / is done…
常见时间标志词
一般现在时：every day/year, these days, always, usually
一般过去时：yesterday, last week, ago, in 1990, just now
一般将来时：tomorrow, next week, in the future, soon
现在完成时：already, yet, since, for + 时间段
情态动词：must / can / should / may（句中直接出现）
七、易错点 TOP 8 汇总
# | 易错点 | 正确做法 |
1 | 没判断语态，直接选了主动形式 | 主语是承受者就用 be done，先看主被动关系 |
2 | 一般将来时被动写成 will done / be do | 固定结构 will be + 过去分词 |
3 | make sb do 变被动丢了 to | 被动必须还原 to：be made to do |
4 | happen / take place 等误用被动 | 不及物动词无被动，永远用主动 |
5 | 短语动词被动丢介词 | look after → be looked after（after 保留） |
6 | 不规则过去分词记错 | wrote/written、built/built、bought/bought 需背牢 |
7 | sells well 误用被动 | 主动表被动：The book sells well.（不是 is sold well） |
8 | 双宾语被动结构混淆 | 两种都对：I was given a book / A book was given to me |
八、近年中考真题实战
【2024·北京中考】
Chinese ______ by more and more people around the world these days.
A. speaks B. spoke C. is spoken D. was spoken
答案：C. is spoken。Chinese 与 speak 是被动关系；these days 表一般现在时 → is spoken。
【2024·安徽中考】
The 2024 Paris Olympic Games ______ this July. Don't miss it!
A. holds B. will hold C. is held D. will be held
答案：D. will be held。奥运会与 hold 是被动关系；this July 表将来 → 一般将来时被动 will be held。
【2023·湖南株洲中考】
Panda Ya Ya ______ back to Beijing about three weeks ago.
A. was brought B. is brought C. brought
答案：A. was brought。熊猫丫丫是 bring 的承受者；three weeks ago 表过去 → 一般过去时被动。
【2024·连云港中考】
Robot dogs ______ as volunteers for the first time during the 2023 Asian Games.
A. use B. used C. are used D. were used
答案：D. were used。机器狗是 use 的承受者；2023 Asian Games 表过去 → were used。
【2024·江西中考】
Ted preferred pop music when he ______ about his favorite music in the interview.
A. was asked B. asked C. is asked D. asks
答案：A. was asked。Ted 是 ask 的承受者（被问）；主句 preferred 是过去时 → 从句用一般过去时被动。
【2024·河北中考】
Emma got excited when her writing ______ as a model in class.
A. reads B. read C. is read D. was read
答案：D. was read。写作作品是 read 的承受者；Emma got excited 表过去 → 一般过去时被动。
【2024·天津中考】
Lao She wrote many plays and he ______ "the People's Artist".
A. names B. named C. was named D. has named
答案：C. was named。老舍是 name 的承受者（被称为）；语境表过去 → 一般过去时被动。
【2024·宿迁中考】
— A fashion show ______ in our school hall next week. — Great! I'm looking forward to it!
A. holds B. is held C. was held D. will be held
答案：D. will be held。时装秀与 hold 被动；next week 表将来 → will be held。
【2024·四川广元中考】
— May I have a plate of dumplings, please? — Sorry. Dumplings ______ only at dinner.
A. serve B. are served C. are serving D. will serve
答案：B. are served。饺子是 serve 的承受者；陈述一般事实用一般现在时被动。
【2024·山东菏泽中考】
It's said that most of the Chinese traditional clothes ______ in Heze, Shandong.
A. are producing B. will produce C. are produced
答案：C. are produced。衣服是 produce 的承受者；“据说”表一般事实 → 一般现在时被动。
九、考点速记口诀
被动结构 be done，时态变化全在 be。
一般现在 am/is/are，过去 was/were 别忘记。
将来 will be done，完成 have been done。
情态动词 + be done，一步到位记心间。
make sb do 变被动，还原 to 来才正确。
happen take place 无被动，sells well 主动表被动。
