诺奖人物成长故事与高考实战(Day 05)

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每日一篇｜诺奖人物成长故事与高考实战（Day 05）

Day 05 · 亨利·B·卡甘 Henri B. Kagan · 2026 年诺贝尔化学奖

NOBEL LAUREATE · 每日一篇

学生版· Student Edition

一、导语

From a hidden wartime child to a quiet pioneer of 'handed' molecules — how patience built a science of chirality.

从隐姓埋名的战时孩童，到「手性分子」的从容先驱——一门手性科学，如何由耐心筑成。

二、英文成长故事· The Story

Henri B. Kagan, 2026 Nobel laureate in Chemistry, was born in 1930 near Paris. During the Second World War his family fled to a village in southern France and lived under assumed names. After the war he returned to school, yet was no star pupil. He first chose a literary path that ill-suited him, then turned to science — captivated by hands-on experiments, especially at the Palais de la Découverte in Paris.

2026 年诺贝尔化学奖得主亨利·B·卡甘，1930 年生于巴黎近郊。第二次世界大战期间，全家逃往法国南部一座村庄，隐姓埋名以求生。战后他重返校园，起初却并非优等生。他先选了并不适合自己的文科道路，后转向科学——被亲手做实验的奇妙所吸引，尤其着迷于巴黎「发现宫」的演示。

Kagan studied at the Sorbonne and the École de chimie in Paris, then earned his doctorate in 1960 under Jacques at the Collège de France. A research stint with the chemist Horeau followed. In 1967 he joined the new Université Paris-Sud at Orsay and built a steady research group there. Appointed full professor in 1973, he mentored generations of chemists until his emeritus status in 1999, all within one institution.

卡甘先后就读于索邦大学与巴黎化学高等学校，1960 年在法兰西公学院的雅克指导下获博士学位，随后在奥罗门下从事研究。1967 年，他加入新建的巴黎南大学（奥赛），并逐步建立起稳定的研究团队。1973 年晋升正教授，在此培养了一代代化学家，直至 1999 年荣休，一生未曾离开这所大学。

In 1971 Kagan introduced DIOP, a C2-symmetric chiral ligand, paired with a rhodium catalyst to hydrogenate alkenes with remarkably high enantiomeric excess. The result transformed ligand symmetry into a workable design principle for asymmetric catalysis and inspired a wave of C2-symmetric ligands. For the first time, pharmaceutical makers could reliably produce molecules of a single, controlled "hand" — a breakthrough that reshaped modern drug synthesis.

1971 年，卡甘提出 DIOP——一种 C2 对称手性配体，与铑催化剂配合，使烯烃氢化的对映体过量大幅提高。这一结果把配体对称性变成了不对称催化中可操作的设计原则，催生了一大批 C2 对称配体。制药界自此首次能可靠地制备「单一构型」的分子——一项重塑现代药物合成的突破。

In 1986 Kagan uncovered nonlinear effects: how a catalyst's purity can disproportionately steer a product's chirality. Later linked to autocatalysis and the origin of life, the insight became a field of its own. When the 2001 Nobel omitted him under its three-person rule, French chemists protested; Kagan responded with quiet calm. In 2026 the prize finally honoured exactly that discovery, shared with Kensō Soai.

1986 年，卡甘揭示了非线性效应：催化剂的纯度如何不成比例地决定产物的手性。这一洞察后来与自催化及生命起源相连，自成一门学科。2001 年诺奖因「最多三人」的规则将他遗漏，法国化学界为之抗议，卡甘却以平静回应。2026 年，诺奖终于表彰这一发现，并与硖合宪三共享。

三、高考实战· Gaokao Practice

1. What did Kagan's family do during the Second World War?

A. They hid in southern France under false names.	B. They moved to the United States.
C. They stayed in Paris throughout the war.	D. They worked for the resistance.

2. What can be inferred about Kagan's early school years?

A. He was a top student from the start.

B. He always preferred chemistry.

C. A literary path initially ill-suited him before he turned to science.

D. He skipped school during the war.

3. The phrase "enantiomeric excess" in the passage most nearly refers to _____.

A. the speed of a chemical reaction	B. how much one chiral form outweighs the other
C. the temperature of a catalyst	D. the size of a molecule

4. Which of the following best describes Kagan's story?

A. A child prodigy who won early fame.

B. A wartime refugee who gave up science.

C. A chemist who only studied literature.

D. From a hidden wartime child to a pioneer of asymmetric catalysis, with quiet grace.

四、词汇积累· Word Bank

Word	Meaning	Example
captivate	(v.) 使着迷；吸引	captivated by hands-on experiments 被亲手实验深深吸引
stint	(n.) 一段（工作）经历；短期任务	A research stint with the chemist Horeau 在奥罗门下的一段研究经历
disproportionately	(adv.) 不成比例地；不相称地	disproportionately steer a product's chirality 不成比例地影响产物手性
reshape	(v.) 重塑；改变的格局	reshaped modern drug synthesis 重塑了现代药物合成

教师版· Teacher Edition

一、文本分析与主题学习全貌

主题成长与坚持——战时隐姓埋名的少年，因亲手实验的吸引转向科学，终以「手性催化」改写药物合成；折射乱世中求学的韧性与从容面对荣誉得失的科学品格。

体裁人物传记 / 成长叙事（biographical narrative），夹叙夹议，时间线索清晰、可读性强，信息性与故事性兼顾。

语言特色语言特色：叙事以一般过去时为主，结尾以现在时收束评价；多用分词与介词结构（captivated by…; paired with a rhodium catalyst…）；学术词汇（enantiomeric excess, chirality, asymmetric catalysis）与平实叙述交织，信息密度高。

结构结构：『战时童年→ 求学训练 → DIOP 突破 → 非线性效应与诺奖迟到』四段递进，首尾以「hidden child / pioneer」与「calm」呼应，形成闭环。

主题学习全貌：本篇可串联「科学家的另一面」「战乱中的求学」「荣誉与从容」等单元，引导学生建立「人物—精神—方法」的阅读图式，并积累科普叙事中的高频词块（captivate / stint / reshape）。

二、高考考核能力分析与解题

高考考核能力：本篇对应阅读理解四大常考能力——细节理解、推理判断、词义推断、主旨大意，与新高考 I 卷 C/D 篇命题取向一致。

1. 答案【A】　考核能力：细节理解

解题：抓住题干关键词 during the Second World War 与 family，定位第一段 his family fled to a village in southern France and lived under assumed names，即「隐姓埋名躲到法国南部村庄」，故选 A。B/C/D 均无原文依据。细节题要领：先锁关键词 → 回原文精准定位 → 排除无依据项。

2. 答案【C】　考核能力：推理判断

解题：第一段讲他「起初并非优等生，先走不适合的文科道路，后转科学」，C 是原文的同义转述。A 与「no star pupil」相反；B 与「后来才转向科学」矛盾；D 文中只说战时避难，未说辍学。推断题须依原文逻辑推进一步，不可外加信息或反向解读。

3. 答案【B】　考核能力：词义推断

解题：第三段说 DIOP 使氢化获得「high enantiomeric excess」，并紧接着解释为可制备「single, controlled hand」的分子；enantiomeric excess 即「对映体过量」，指两种手性构型中一种多于另一种的程度，故选 B。词义题要在语境中找解释性同位或举例，把术语还原成功能含义再比对选项。

4. 答案【D】　考核能力：主旨大意

解题：全文主线是「战时隐姓埋名的少年→ 转投科学 → DIOP 与不对称催化突破 → 非线性效应与诺奖迟到」，贯穿坚持与从容，D 最贴切。A「神童早慧」、B「放弃科学」、C「只学文学」均与文意相反。主旨题须统观首尾与反复意象（hidden child / pioneer / calm），不被局部细节带偏。

三、模拟题格式范本

以下为本篇四道阅读理解题的标准命题范本（题干—选项—答案—解析），可直接套用于日常命题与讲评。

● 第 1 题 · 细节理解

1. What did Kagan's family do during the Second World War?

A. They hid in southern France under false names.	B. They moved to the United States.
C. They stayed in Paris throughout the war.	D. They worked for the resistance.

答案：【A】

解析：解题：抓住题干关键词 during the Second World War 与 family，定位第一段 his family fled to a village in southern France and lived under assumed names，即「隐姓埋名躲到法国南部村庄」，故选 A。B/C/D 均无原文依据。细节题要领：先锁关键词 → 回原文精准定位 → 排除无依据项。

● 第 2 题 · 推理判断

2. What can be inferred about Kagan's early school years?

A. He was a top student from the start.

B. He always preferred chemistry.

C. A literary path initially ill-suited him before he turned to science.

D. He skipped school during the war.

答案：【C】

解析：解题：第一段讲他「起初并非优等生，先走不适合的文科道路，后转科学」，C 是原文的同义转述。A 与「no star pupil」相反；B 与「后来才转向科学」矛盾；D 文中只说战时避难，未说辍学。推断题须依原文逻辑推进一步，不可外加信息或反向解读。

● 第 3 题 · 词义推断

3. The phrase "enantiomeric excess" in the passage most nearly refers to _____.

A. the speed of a chemical reaction	B. how much one chiral form outweighs the other
C. the temperature of a catalyst	D. the size of a molecule

答案：【B】

解析：解题：第三段说 DIOP 使氢化获得「high enantiomeric excess」，并紧接着解释为可制备「single, controlled hand」的分子；enantiomeric excess 即「对映体过量」，指两种手性构型中一种多于另一种的程度，故选 B。词义题要在语境中找解释性同位或举例，把术语还原成功能含义再比对选项。

● 第 4 题 · 主旨大意

4. Which of the following best describes Kagan's story?

A. A child prodigy who won early fame.

B. A wartime refugee who gave up science.

C. A chemist who only studied literature.

D. From a hidden wartime child to a pioneer of asymmetric catalysis, with quiet grace.

答案：【D】

解析：解题：全文主线是「战时隐姓埋名的少年→ 转投科学 → DIOP 与不对称催化突破 → 非线性效应与诺奖迟到」，贯穿坚持与从容，D 最贴切。A「神童早慧」、B「放弃科学」、C「只学文学」均与文意相反。主旨题须统观首尾与反复意象（hidden child / pioneer / calm），不被局部细节带偏。

四、词汇积累· Word Bank

Word	Meaning	<font face="宋体">文中例句</font> Example
captivate	(v.) 使着迷；吸引	captivated by hands-on experiments <font face="宋体">被亲手实验深深吸引</font>
stint	(n.) 一段（工作）经历；短期任务	A research stint with the chemist Horeau <font face="宋体">在奥罗门下的一段研究经历</font>
disproportionately	(adv.) 不成比例地；不相称地	disproportionately steer a product's chirality <font face="宋体">不成比例地影响产物手性</font>
reshape	(v.) 重塑；改变的格局	reshaped modern drug synthesis <font face="宋体">重塑了现代药物合成</font>

五、教学提示

主线：战时隐姓埋名的少年，因实验的吸引转向科学，以 DIOP 与不对称催化闻名，晚年以从容面对诺奖迟到。可引导学生体会「乱世求学之韧」与「荣誉面前的平静」，并积累 enantiomeric excess / chirality / reshape 等高考高频词块；可延伸讨论「手性药物」与日常用药安全（如『反应停』事件）的关联，建立化学服务生命的价值观。

Sources: Wolf Foundation (wolffund.org.il) · Wikipedia / Wikiwand · 百度百科 · Notable People Project (2026)

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