做题核心两步法:①找先行词(被修饰的词);②分析定语从句内部缺什么成分:缺主 / 宾 / 定语→关系代词;句子完整不缺主宾→关系副词(状语)。 |
一、定语从句基础定义
在复合句当中,用来修饰名词、代词、动名词的从句,作用相当于中文里“…… 的”,放在被修饰词的后面,叫定语从句。
1.先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词 / 代词 / 动名词。
2.关系词:连接主句与定语从句,分为两类:关系代词、关系副词
○关系代词:既做连接,同时在定语从句内部充当主语、宾语、定语。
○关系副词:既做连接,在从句内部充当时间、地点、原因状语,从句主谓宾完整。
3.分类:
○限制性定语从句:无逗号,去掉后主句意思不完整。
○非限制性定语从句:有逗号隔开,只做补充说明,删掉主句含义不受影响;⚠️不能用 that 引导。
二、关系代词总表(that /which/who /whom/whose /as)
重点:关系代词作宾语的时候,限制性定语从句内可以省略关系词;介词提前时,宾语不可省略,不能用 that。 |
关系代词 | 先行词指代 | 从句中所作成分 | 备注要点 |
that | 人、物 | 主语、宾语、表语 | 限制性可用;非限制性绝对不能用 that;作宾语可省略 |
which | 物 | 主语、宾语 | 非限制性可用;介词后只能用 which;作宾语限制性中可省略 |
who | 人 | 主语、宾语 | 多用于指人作主语;限制性作宾语可替换 whom |
whom | 人 | 宾语 | 只能做宾语;介词提前只能用 whom,不能用 who |
whose | 人、物 | 定语(…… 的) | 表所属;whose + n = the +n +of whom / of which |
as | 人 / 物 / 整个主句 | 主语、宾语 | 多用于非限制性,译为“正如”;固定搭配 such…as, the same…as |
1. that 与 which 的特殊规则(高考高频)
✅只能用 that,不能用 which 的 7 种情况
1.先行词是不定代词 all, everything, nothing, much, little 等
2.先行词被最高级、序数词修饰
3.先行词被the only, the very, the last, all, every修饰
4.先行词同时包含人 + 物
5.主句是 who /which 开头的疑问句,避免重复
6.先行词在主句中作表语
7.there be 句型中的先行词
❌不能用 that,只用 which:①非限制性定语从句;②介词提前,介词后面。
2. whose 转换(必考改写)
•指人:This is the girl whose mother is a doctor.=This is the girl, the mother of whom is a doctor.
•指物:This is the house whose roof is red.=This is the house, the roof of which is red.
3. as vs which 引导修饰整句的非限制性定语从句
1.as:正如……,可以放主句前、主句后
As we all know, the earth goes around the sun. 正如我们所知,地球绕太阳转。 |
2.which:这一点、这件事,只能放在主句后面,指代前面整件事,表达结果。
He passed the exam, which made his parents happy. 他通过了考试,这件事让父母很开心。 |
高考真题【2024 全国甲卷】Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, \\_ Rachel Carson wrote in Silent Spring.答案:as;解析:正如 Rachel Carson 在《寂静的春天》写的那样,as 指代前面整句话,作宾语。 |
三、关系副词 when /where/why + 介词 + which 替换(核心难点)
关系副词本质 = 介词 + 关系代词 which;前提:定语从句主谓宾完整,不缺主语宾语,只缺状语。 |
关系副词 | 含义 | 先行词类型 | 等价“介词 + which” | 例句 |
when | 时间状语 | 表时间名词(day, year, time) | on/in/during + which | I remember the days when(during which)we studied together. |
where | 地点状语 | 地点;抽象地点 case, point, situation, stage, activity | in/at + which | We reach a point where(in which)we must make a choice. |
why | 原因状语 | 先行词只能是 reason | for which | This is the reason why(for which)he gave up the plan. |
⚠️超级易错提醒:先行词是时间 / 地点名词,但是从句缺主语或者宾语,不能用 when/where,要用 that/which!例 1:I will never forget the days that/which we spent together.先行词 days,从句 spent 缺少宾语,所以不用 when,用 that/which(可省略)。例 2:This is the factory that/which we visited last year.visit 缺少宾语,不用 where,用 that/which。
抽象地点名词:case, situation, point, stage, activity, condition;从句完整用 where;从句缺主宾用 that/which。 |
近 5 年高考真题・关系副词
【2021 浙江】The festival, \\_ dates back to 1980, brings artists together.(非限制性缺主语)答案:which
【2020 全国 Ⅱ 卷】Now Irene Astbury works from 9am‑5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, \\_ she opened with her late husband Les.答案:which,先行词 shop,从句 opened 缺宾语,不用 where!用 which 作宾语,非限制性,不能 that。
四、“介词 + 关系代词” 完整总结(高考语法填空高频)
1.介词后,指物只能which;指人只能whom,禁止 that。
2.介词怎么选:两个判断依据①看定语从句内部动词固定搭配;②看先行词固定搭配。
•the house in which he lives = where he lives(live in the house)
•the man to whom I spoke = whom I spoke to(speak to sb)
3.数量 + of which /of whom:表示 “其中……”
There are 80 students in the class, most of whom come from cities. 班里 80 名学生,其中大多数来自城市。 |
高考真题【2024 模拟改编】Many visitors came, many of \\_ were teenagers.答案:whom;先行词 visitors 指人,of 后面用 whom。 |
五、非限制性定语从句系统整理
1.标志:逗号隔开;删掉从句,主句语义完整,只是补充额外信息。
2.❌禁止:用 that;不可以省略关系词。
3.可以引导:who, whom, which, whose, as
4.先行词可以:单个名词;也可以前面整个主句(as / which)。
5.翻译技巧:中文常另起一句话翻译,不翻译成“…… 的” 长定语。
例句:
1.Tang Xianzu, who is known as the Shakespeare of Asia, wrote many great plays.汤显祖,被称为东方的莎士比亚,创作很多伟大戏剧。【2024 新课标 II 卷,语法填空答案 who】
【2025 新高考 I 卷】The Silk Route, \\_ brought plants into England, greatly influenced gardening.答案:which;非限制性,先行词 Silk Route,从句缺主语,不能 that。 |
限制性 vs 非限制性含义差别(写作易错)
✅He has a brother who works in Beijing.(限制性:他不止一个兄弟,那个在北京工作的兄弟)✅He has a brother, who works in Beijing.(非限制性:他就一个兄弟,补充:他在北京工作)
六、定语从句特殊高频考点(高考容易丢分)
考点 1:the way 作先行词
1.the way that /in which / 不填:从句完整,表“以这种方式”
I like the way (that/in which) he speaks. |
2.如果定语从句缺主语宾语:只能 that /which,不能 in‑which。
This is the way that/which makes me happy.(从句缺主语) |
考点 2:定语从句的主谓一致
谓语动词的单复数看先行词,不是看关系词!
1.He is one of the students who are good at English.(先行词 students 复数,who 代 students,谓语复数 are)
2.He is the only one of the students who is good at English.先行词 the only one 单数,who 代 one,谓语单数 is。
考点 3:动名词作先行词
Reading, which brings us joy, is important. 阅读,它带给我们快乐,很重要。which 修饰动名词 reading。 |
七、近 5 年高考语法填空真题汇编(2021‑2025)带解析
1.【2022 新高考 I 卷】The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species \\_ live within the Giant Panda Range.答案:that / which解析:先行词 species 指物;从句缺少主语,限制性定语从句。
2.【2023 全国乙卷】The book \\_ I bought yesterday is very interesting.答案:that/which(也可以省略,作宾语)
3.【2024 新课标 I 卷】The Silk Route, \\_ brought the plants from Asia to England, changed gardening culture.答案:which解析:逗号隔开,非限制性定语从句;先行词 the Silk Route;从句缺少主语,不用 that。
4.【2024 新课标 II 卷】Tang Xianzu, \\_ is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia”, created many masterpieces.答案:who解析:非限制性;先行词人 Tang Xianzu;从句作主语,用 who。
5.【2021 浙江卷】BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool \\_ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.答案:that/which;先行词 tool,从句缺主语。
6.【2019 全国 III 卷,经典真题】They were well trained by their masters \\_ had great experience with caring for these animals.答案:who,先行词 masters(人)从句缺主语。
7.【2020 全国 II 卷】Now Irene Astbury works from 9am‑5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield,\\_ she opened with her late husband Les.答案:which;先行词 pet shop;从句 opened 缺宾语;逗号非限制性,不能 that。
8.【2024 全国甲卷】Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, \\_ Rachel Carson wrote in her famous book.答案:as;as 引导非限制性定语从句,译为正如,指代前面整句话内容。
八、做题完整解题步骤(学生直接套用)
1.找空格前后句子,判断是不是定语从句:找被修饰的先行词(名词 / 代词)。
2.拆分定语从句,看从句内部:
○缺少主语 / 宾语 / 定语 → 选关系代词:that/which/who/whom/whose/as
○从句主谓宾齐全,只缺状语(时间、地点、原因)→选关系副词 when/where/why,也可用介词 + which
3.看标点:有没有逗号,有逗号 = 非限制性,直接排除 that。
4.介词提前:指人只用 whom,指物只用 which。
5.检查特殊规则:最高级、序数词、不定代词,优先 that。
写作提示:书面表达多用定语从句,提升句式;非限制性定语从句适合做补充拓展。 |