高考英语:定语从句及其用法

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高考英语:定语从句及其用法

做题核心两步法:①找先行词(被修饰的词);②分析定语从句内部缺什么成分:缺主 / 宾 / 定语→关系代词;句子完整不缺主宾→关系副词(状语)。

一、定语从句基础定义

在复合句当中,用来修饰名词、代词、动名词的从句,作用相当于中文里“…… 的”,放在被修饰词的后面,叫定语从句。

1.先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词 / 代词 / 动名词。

2.关系词:连接主句与定语从句,分为两类:关系代词、关系副词

○关系代词:既做连接,同时在定语从句内部充当主语、宾语、定语。

○关系副词:既做连接,在从句内部充当时间、地点、原因状语,从句主谓宾完整。

3.分类:

○限制性定语从句:无逗号,去掉后主句意思不完整。

○非限制性定语从句:有逗号隔开,只做补充说明,删掉主句含义不受影响;⚠️不能用 that 引导。

二、关系代词总表(that /which/who /whom/whose /as)

重点:关系代词作宾语的时候,限制性定语从句内可以省略关系词;介词提前时,宾语不可省略,不能用 that。

关系代词

先行词指代

从句中所作成分

备注要点

that

人、物

主语、宾语、表语

限制性可用;非限制性绝对不能用 that;作宾语可省略

which

物

主语、宾语

非限制性可用;介词后只能用 which;作宾语限制性中可省略

who

人

主语、宾语

多用于指人作主语;限制性作宾语可替换 whom

whom

人

宾语

只能做宾语;介词提前只能用 whom,不能用 who

whose

人、物

定语(…… 的)

表所属;whose + n = the +n +of whom / of which

as

人 / 物 / 整个主句

主语、宾语

多用于非限制性,译为“正如”;固定搭配 such…as, the same…as

1. that 与 which 的特殊规则(高考高频)

✅只能用 that,不能用 which 的 7 种情况

1.先行词是不定代词 all, everything, nothing, much, little 等

2.先行词被最高级、序数词修饰

3.先行词被the only, the very, the last, all, every修饰

4.先行词同时包含人 + 物

5.主句是 who /which 开头的疑问句,避免重复

6.先行词在主句中作表语

7.there be 句型中的先行词

❌不能用 that,只用 which:①非限制性定语从句;②介词提前,介词后面。

2. whose 转换(必考改写)

•指人:This is the girl whose mother is a doctor.=This is the girl, the mother of whom is a doctor.

•指物:This is the house whose roof is red.=This is the house, the roof of which is red.

3. as vs which 引导修饰整句的非限制性定语从句

1.as:正如……,可以放主句前、主句后

As we all know, the earth goes around the sun. 正如我们所知,地球绕太阳转。

2.which:这一点、这件事,只能放在主句后面,指代前面整件事,表达结果。

He passed the exam, which made his parents happy. 他通过了考试,这件事让父母很开心。

高考真题【2024 全国甲卷】Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, \\_ Rachel Carson wrote in Silent Spring.答案:as;解析:正如 Rachel Carson 在《寂静的春天》写的那样,as 指代前面整句话,作宾语。

三、关系副词 when /where/why + 介词 + which 替换(核心难点)

关系副词本质 = 介词 + 关系代词 which;前提:定语从句主谓宾完整,不缺主语宾语,只缺状语。

关系副词

含义

先行词类型

等价“介词 + which”

例句

when

时间状语

表时间名词(day, year, time)

on/in/during + which

I remember the days when(during which)we studied together.

where

地点状语

地点;抽象地点 case, point, situation, stage, activity

in/at + which

We reach a point where(in which)we must make a choice.

why

原因状语

先行词只能是 reason

for which

This is the reason why(for which)he gave up the plan.

⚠️超级易错提醒:先行词是时间 / 地点名词,但是从句缺主语或者宾语,不能用 when/where,要用 that/which!例 1:I will never forget the days that/which we spent together.先行词 days,从句 spent 缺少宾语,所以不用 when,用 that/which(可省略)。例 2:This is the factory that/which we visited last year.visit 缺少宾语,不用 where,用 that/which。

抽象地点名词:case, situation, point, stage, activity, condition;从句完整用 where;从句缺主宾用 that/which。

近 5 年高考真题・关系副词

【2021 浙江】The festival, \\_ dates back to 1980, brings artists together.(非限制性缺主语)答案:which

【2020 全国 Ⅱ 卷】Now Irene Astbury works from 9am‑5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, \\_ she opened with her late husband Les.答案:which,先行词 shop,从句 opened 缺宾语,不用 where!用 which 作宾语,非限制性,不能 that。

四、“介词 + 关系代词” 完整总结(高考语法填空高频)

1.介词后,指物只能which;指人只能whom,禁止 that。

2.介词怎么选:两个判断依据①看定语从句内部动词固定搭配;②看先行词固定搭配。

•the house in which he lives = where he lives(live in the house)

•the man to whom I spoke = whom I spoke to(speak to sb)

3.数量 + of which /of whom:表示 “其中……”

There are 80 students in the class, most of whom come from cities. 班里 80 名学生,其中大多数来自城市。

高考真题【2024 模拟改编】Many visitors came, many of \\_ were teenagers.答案:whom;先行词 visitors 指人,of 后面用 whom。

五、非限制性定语从句系统整理

1.标志:逗号隔开;删掉从句,主句语义完整,只是补充额外信息。

2.❌禁止:用 that;不可以省略关系词。

3.可以引导:who, whom, which, whose, as

4.先行词可以:单个名词;也可以前面整个主句(as / which)。

5.翻译技巧:中文常另起一句话翻译,不翻译成“…… 的” 长定语。

例句:

1.Tang Xianzu, who is known as the Shakespeare of Asia, wrote many great plays.汤显祖,被称为东方的莎士比亚,创作很多伟大戏剧。【2024 新课标 II 卷,语法填空答案 who】

【2025 新高考 I 卷】The Silk Route, \\_ brought plants into England, greatly influenced gardening.答案:which;非限制性,先行词 Silk Route,从句缺主语,不能 that。

限制性 vs 非限制性含义差别(写作易错)

✅He has a brother who works in Beijing.(限制性:他不止一个兄弟,那个在北京工作的兄弟)✅He has a brother, who works in Beijing.(非限制性:他就一个兄弟,补充:他在北京工作)

六、定语从句特殊高频考点(高考容易丢分)

考点 1:the way 作先行词

1.the way that /in which / 不填:从句完整,表“以这种方式”

I like the way (that/in which) he speaks.

2.如果定语从句缺主语宾语:只能 that /which,不能 in‑which。

This is the way that/which makes me happy.(从句缺主语)

考点 2:定语从句的主谓一致

谓语动词的单复数看先行词,不是看关系词!

1.He is one of the students who are good at English.(先行词 students 复数,who 代 students,谓语复数 are)

2.He is the only one of the students who is good at English.先行词 the only one 单数,who 代 one,谓语单数 is。

考点 3:动名词作先行词

Reading, which brings us joy, is important. 阅读,它带给我们快乐,很重要。which 修饰动名词 reading。

七、近 5 年高考语法填空真题汇编(2021‑2025)带解析

1.【2022 新高考 I 卷】The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species \\_ live within the Giant Panda Range.答案:that / which解析:先行词 species 指物;从句缺少主语,限制性定语从句。

2.【2023 全国乙卷】The book \\_ I bought yesterday is very interesting.答案:that/which(也可以省略,作宾语)

3.【2024 新课标 I 卷】The Silk Route, \\_ brought the plants from Asia to England, changed gardening culture.答案:which解析:逗号隔开,非限制性定语从句;先行词 the Silk Route;从句缺少主语,不用 that。

4.【2024 新课标 II 卷】Tang Xianzu, \\_ is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia”, created many masterpieces.答案:who解析:非限制性;先行词人 Tang Xianzu;从句作主语,用 who。

5.【2021 浙江卷】BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool \\_ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.答案:that/which;先行词 tool,从句缺主语。

6.【2019 全国 III 卷,经典真题】They were well trained by their masters \\_ had great experience with caring for these animals.答案:who,先行词 masters(人)从句缺主语。

7.【2020 全国 II 卷】Now Irene Astbury works from 9am‑5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield,\\_ she opened with her late husband Les.答案:which;先行词 pet shop;从句 opened 缺宾语;逗号非限制性,不能 that。

8.【2024 全国甲卷】Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, \\_ Rachel Carson wrote in her famous book.答案:as;as 引导非限制性定语从句,译为正如,指代前面整句话内容。

八、做题完整解题步骤(学生直接套用)

1.找空格前后句子,判断是不是定语从句:找被修饰的先行词(名词 / 代词)。

2.拆分定语从句,看从句内部:

○缺少主语 / 宾语 / 定语 → 选关系代词:that/which/who/whom/whose/as

○从句主谓宾齐全,只缺状语(时间、地点、原因)→选关系副词 when/where/why,也可用介词 + which

3.看标点:有没有逗号,有逗号 = 非限制性,直接排除 that。

4.介词提前:指人只用 whom,指物只用 which。

5.检查特殊规则:最高级、序数词、不定代词,优先 that。

写作提示:书面表达多用定语从句,提升句式;非限制性定语从句适合做补充拓展。

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