Passage 1喀拉喀托之子：当一座火山改写了航班表

体裁：说明文（科技·灾害与应对·时事）　词数：约 405　难度：★★★☆（对标 C 篇中难偏上）

原文（先做后看解析；仅真超纲词就近标注，其余请语境自猜）

Anak Krakatau — often called the Child of Krakatoa — is a volcanic island in Indonesia's Sunda Strait, the narrow waterway between the islands of Java and Sumatra. It rose from the sea in the late 1920s, built up by eruptions that followed the catastrophic 1883 blast of its parent volcano. The name recalls one of the most violent events in recorded history, and the young island has been restless ever since.

In early September 2026, the volcano erupted with unusual violence for more than twenty-four hours, hurling a column of ash roughly fifty thousand feet, or about fifteen kilometres, into the sky. Witnesses described daylight turning briefly to twilight as grit filled the air. The plume was tall enough to reach the cruising altitude of passenger jets, and few on the ground had expected it to climb so high so fast.

The consequences arrived quickly. The spreading ash cloud forced the closure of eight regional airports and disrupted close to three thousand flights, while air quality deteriorated as far east as Jakarta, more than a hundred kilometres away. Visibility on some runways dropped below safe limits, and tens of thousands of travellers were stranded. For a country that depends heavily on air travel, the paralysis was immediate.

What makes volcanic ash so hazardous is its nature. It is not the soft grey dust of a fireplace; it is pulverised rock, glass and minerals, sharp enough to scratch cockpit windows, clog sensitive instruments and, if drawn into a jet engine, cause a dangerous flameout. A small amount can be enough to silence an engine in mid-flight.

In response, aviation authorities issued the highest red warning, rerouted flights and distributed masks, while scientists tracked the plume with satellites and ground sensors. The episode was a blunt reminder that a single eruption can send shocks through global travel and trade far beyond the nearest coastline, exposing how fragile modern logistics can be.

For communities on the surrounding islands, however, the spectacle is not the real danger. The longer-lasting threat is lahars（火山泥流） — torrents of mud formed when rain mixes with loose ash on steep slopes — which can race downhill long after the mountain has fallen quiet, burying fields and roads with little warning.

题目（Q1–Q4）

1. What does the text suggest was the key factor that turned a single eruption into a region-wide travel crisis?A. The eruption happened during the busiest holiday season of the year, when airports were already full.B. Local residents refused to leave the island, so rescue teams could not approach.C. The ash plume rose to about fifteen kilometres and drifted far enough to close eight airports and degrade air quality near Jakarta.D. The volcano was newly formed and had no history of activity, so no one was prepared.
2. What can be inferred about why volcanic ash is especially dangerous to aircraft?A. It consists of hard rock and glass that can damage engines and instruments, rather than being harmless dust.B. It melts inside the engine and thereby improves the aircraft's combustion.C. Pilots can see it clearly at night and easily steer around it.D. It mainly affects small aircraft, while large jets stay safe.
3. What can be inferred about why the 2026 eruption caused such severe disruption compared with a minor one? ★踮脚A. The volcano sits in a remote area with no airports nearby, so any eruption is catastrophic.B. Indonesian rules require flights to keep operating during an eruption.C. The ash contained mostly water vapour that soon disappeared without harm.D. The ash both rose extremely high and was physically damaging to aircraft, multiplying the danger.
4. The word "flameout" in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ______.A. a sudden increase in an engine's powerB. the partial melting of an aircraft wingC. a failure or shutdown of an engineD. a routine check performed before takeoff

逐题解析

Q1 答案：C

正确原因：细节综合题（跨段）。需将第二段 "ash roughly fifty thousand feet... reached the cruising altitude of passenger jets" 与第三段 "forced the closure of eight regional airports... air quality deteriorated as far east as Jakarta" 综合，C 项完整复现了"灰柱高约 15 公里 + 飘远关闭 8 座机场 + 雅加达空气质量下降"的因果链。

干扰项：A 文中未提"最繁忙假期"，属无中生有；B "居民拒绝撤离"全文未提；D 与第一段 "rose from the sea in the late 1920s... restless ever since" 矛盾（并非新形成、早有活动史）。

Q2 答案：A

正确原因：推理判断题（推一步）。第四段 "it is pulverised rock, glass and minerals, sharp enough to scratch... clog... cause a dangerous flameout" 说明火山灰是坚硬的岩石/玻璃/矿物，会损伤发动机与仪器，而非无害粉尘，需从材质性质推出 A。

干扰项：B 与 "clog... cause flameout" 相反；C 文中未说夜间可见且易避让，反而强调危险；D 说"大型喷气机完全安全"与第四段"small amount can be enough"矛盾。

Q3 答案：D

正确原因：推理判断题（跨段综合·★踮脚）。需把第二段（灰柱高达巡航高度）与第四段（火山灰物理上会划伤窗户、堵塞仪器、致发动机熄火）合并推断：本次破坏严重，正因为灰既"高到影响航路"又"硬到危及发动机"，双重叠加放大危险。原文无原句，须两步整合。

干扰项：A 与第三段"8 座机场关闭、雅加达受影响"矛盾（并非无机场的偏远地）；B "法律要求照常飞行"无中生有；C 与第四段"坚硬岩石玻璃矿物"相反，灰并非水蒸气。

Q4 答案：C

正确原因：词义猜测题。第四段前文讲火山灰"被吸入喷气发动机（drawn into a jet engine）"，紧接着 "cause a dangerous flameout"，再由后句 "silence an engine in mid-flight（让发动机在空中熄火）" 提供反推线索，可知 flameout = 发动机失效/熄火。

干扰项：A 增功率、B 机翼熔化、D 起飞前常规检查，均与"吸入灰→发动机停转"的语境无关。

语篇分析

体裁：说明文（新闻化科普：背景—事件—影响—机理—应对—隐患 结构）。
结构骨架：第1段背景（喀拉喀托之子岛的来历与活跃史）；第2段事件（2026年9月初持续喷发、灰柱高度）；第3段直接影响（8机场关闭、近3000航班、雅加达空气）；第4段危害机理（火山灰是坚硬岩石玻璃而非粉尘）；第5段应对与启示（红色预警、卫星监测、全球物流脆弱）；第6段长期隐患（lahars 泥流）。
难度提示：Q3 为★踮脚推理题，须跨第2、4段做因果综合，不能单段定位；长难句如 "It is pulverised rock, glass and minerals, sharp enough to scratch cockpit windows, clog sensitive instruments and... cause a dangerous flameout" 含形容词短语作后置定语与并列不定式。

核心词汇（8–12 个，含派生词构词法）

词组 / 固定搭配

rise from the sea 从海中升起hurl...into the sky 把……抛向天空force the closure of 迫使……关闭drop below safe limits 降至安全限值以下clog instruments 堵塞仪器draw into 吸入（发动机）issue a warning 发布警告far beyond 远超出

阅读知识点

① 细节综合题——"跨段拼接"法：高考拉分细节题不再单段字面检索。Q1 的正确答案必须把"灰柱高度（第2段）"与"关闭机场、影响雅加达（第3段）"两段信息拼接成因果链，漏掉任一半都选不准；做题时用笔画线把两段的数字与结果连起来。
② 词义猜测题——"前后句反推"法：Q4 的 flameout 不靠词典义，而靠前文 "drawn into a jet engine" 与后文 "silence an engine in mid-flight" 共同锁定"发动机停转"。凡猜测题，先圈出目标词前后 1–2 句的同义/反义线索再判断。

练习建议：做 Q3 这类★踮脚题，先在文中标出"灰高（第2段）"和"灰硬（第4段）"两处证据，再问自己"为什么这次比小喷发更严重"——答案就在两处叠加。

Passage 2鸟类的"第六感"：它们如何读懂地球的磁场

体裁：科普说明文（动物行为·神经科学）　词数：约 453　难度：★★★★☆（对标 D 篇外刊高难）

原文（先做后看解析；仅真超纲词就近标注，其余请语境自猜）

Every autumn, billions of birds set out on migrations of thousands of kilometres, navigating with a precision that has long puzzled scientists. Some species cross entire continents twice each year, yet return to the same hedge or shoreline with astonishing accuracy. Yet the compass they trust is not the one we carry in our phones; it is an internal sense of Earth's magnetic field — a faculty so strange that for decades many biologists doubted it existed at all.

The evidence is now overwhelming. Migratory birds such as European robins can orient themselves correctly even inside a planetarium where the projected stars are wrong, and they lose this ability when tiny magnets are fixed to their heads or when the local magnetic field is experimentally shifted. In classic displacement studies, birds moved from their aviaries and released under overcast skies still headed the right way. Careful control experiments rule out the sight of landmarks or a following wind, pointing instead to an internal compass. Such experiments show the sense is real, but they leave its machinery mysterious.

One leading theory points to a quantum trick inside the eye. Certain light-sensitive proteins called cryptochromes（隐花色素）, activated by blue light, may create pairs of radicals whose chemical balance is subtly tilted by Earth's magnetic field. In this "radical-pair" model, the bird would quite literally see the field as a faint pattern of light or shade across its vision. Parallel studies in fruit flies and even plants have since revealed similar light-dependent magnetic responses, hinting that the mechanism is ancient.

A second hypothesis looks not to chemistry but to iron. Specialised receptors in the beak, built around chains of magnetite（磁铁矿） — a naturally magnetic mineral — could act like a built-in compass needle, reporting field strength and direction to the brain through dedicated nerves. The two systems need not compete; many researchers now suspect birds use both, cross-checking one against the other like two instruments on a single dashboard.

What makes the field genuinely useful is not direction alone but calibration. Birds appear to fuse magnetic information with the position of the sun, the stars and even their own sense of smell, building a multi-layered navigation that stays reliable when any single cue fails. The same blending of cues lets birds migrate on moonless nights or through thick cloud, when any lone signal would vanish. A robin displaced hundreds of kilometres from its route can still, remarkably, correct its course.

The study of this sense has moved far beyond ornithology. Understanding how a creature reads a field invisible to us may inspire new compass technologies and deepen our grasp of perception itself — a reminder that evolution has equipped life with senses we are only beginning to imagine.

题目（Q5–Q8）

1. According to the text, what is the relationship between a bird's magnetic sense and its other navigation cues?A. The magnetic sense supplants other cues, so birds manage without the sun, stars or smell.B. Magnetic information is combined with cues like the sun, stars and smell, keeping navigation reliable when one cue fails.C. Birds depend on the sun during the day and ignore magnetism whenever the sky is clear.D. The sense of smell is what works under overcast skies while magnetism fails.
2. What can be inferred about the evolutionary logic behind birds' navigation? ★踮脚A. Evolution gave birds one perfect cue, so they would not be confused.B. Birds evolved to set aside other cues and trust magnetism on its own.C. Using several independent cues that cross-check one another makes navigation dependable even when conditions change.D. Navigation became less accurate as birds developed more senses.
3. What does the text say about the "cryptochrome" and "magnetite" theories?A. They are not necessarily rivals, since birds may use both and check one against the other.B. Recent experiments have shown both to be mistaken.C. Experimental support exists for just one of the two theories.D. They describe the same single protein located in the beak.
4. What is the main idea of the passage?A. No other animal can sense magnetic fields the way birds do.B. Birds navigate using an internal magnetic sense whose mechanisms scientists are still untangling, with implications beyond biology.C. Human compass technology has now become superior to anything found in nature.D. The study of bird migration has been abandoned by modern science.

逐题解析

Q5 答案：B

正确原因：细节综合题（跨段）。第二段 "magnetism is one of several redundant cues" 与第五段 "fuse magnetic information with the position of the sun, the stars and even their own sense of smell, building a multi-layered navigation that stays reliable when any single cue fails" 综合，B 项完整复现"磁场与其他线索结合、单线索失效仍可靠"。

干扰项：A "取代所有其他线索"与第五段"结合多种线索"矛盾；C "晴天就忽略磁场"与第二段"planetarium 里星图错也能定向"矛盾；D "阴天只有嗅觉有效、磁场失效"与第二段"阴天放飞仍走对路（靠磁场）"相反。

Q6 答案：C

正确原因：推理判断题（跨段综合·★踮脚）。须把第四段"两套系统可互为交叉校验（cross-checking one against the other）"与第五段"多层级导航在任一单线索失效时仍可靠（stays reliable when any single cue fails）"合并推断：进化让鸟类用多个相互校验的独立线索，从而在不同条件下都可靠。原文无原句，须两步整合。

干扰项：A "单一完美线索避免混淆"与第五段"多线索冗余"相反；B "放弃其他线索只信磁场"与第四、五段矛盾；D "感官越多越不准"与全文"多线索提升可靠性"相反。

Q7 答案：A

正确原因：细节理解题。第四段 "The two systems need not compete; many researchers now suspect birds use both, cross-checking one against the other" 直接说明两种机制未必对立、可能并用互校，A 为同义复现。

干扰项：B "都被证伪"与第四段"许多研究者怀疑两者并用"矛盾；C "仅一种有实验支持"与第四段"两者可能并用"矛盾；D "描述的是喙里同一种蛋白"错，cryptochrome 在眼、magnetite 在喙，位置不同。

Q8 答案：B

正确原因：主旨大意题。全文围绕"鸟类用内置磁感导航→两种机理（隐花色素/磁铁矿）尚在揭秘→多线索整合→意义超出鸟类学"展开，B 全面概括且不过度。首段提"长期被怀疑存在"、末段提"超越鸟类学、启发技术"皆可印证。

干扰项：A "无其他动物能"夸大，文中只说鸟类被研究得清楚；C "人类罗盘已优于自然"与末段"可能启发新技术"相反；D "被现代科学放弃"与全文大量研究矛盾。

语篇分析

体裁：科普说明文（现象—证据—两种机理—整合机制—意义 结构）。
结构骨架：第1段提出现象与悬念（鸟靠内置磁感导航，曾被广泛怀疑）；第2段用实验证据证明确有此感（天文馆、磁铁、转移放飞）；第3段机理一（隐花色素的自由基对量子模型）；第4段机理二（喙部磁铁矿神经 compass）并指出二者可能并用；第5段整合机制（多线索校准、冗余可靠）；第6段升华（超越鸟类学、启发技术与感知研究）。
难度提示：Q6 为★踮脚推理题，须跨第4、5段做"进化冗余校验"的综合推断；长难句密集，如 "certain light-sensitive proteins... may create pairs of radicals whose chemical balance is subtly tilted by Earth's magnetic field" 含定语从句套定语从句。

核心词汇（8–12 个，含派生词构词法）

词组 / 固定搭配

set out on 出发开始（旅程）doubt...existed 怀疑……存在orient oneself 辨别方向lose this ability 失去这种能力point to 指向，表明cross-check 交叉核对fuse...with 把……与……融合move beyond 超越

阅读知识点

① 科普说明文"机理类"主旨题：Q8 抓首段"现象+悬念"与末段"意义升华"，可知全文是"现象—证据—机理—意义"的科普闭环，B 为最佳概括；凡含 "no other / superior to / abandoned" 等过度或绝对倾向的选项优先复核（但须回原文确认，不靠词排除）。
② 推理题"跨段综合"两步法：Q6 不能在某段找原句，而要把第4段"两套系统互为校验"与第5段"多线索冗余、单线索失效仍可靠"合并，推出"进化用多个独立且互校的线索提升可靠性"——这正是高考 D 篇拉开差距的设问方式。

练习建议：读外刊类科普，先画"结构骨架"（现象/证据/机理A/机理B/整合/意义），再做题时按骨架回原文定位，效率最高。

七选五独处的艺术：把一个人的时间变成充电站

体裁：说明文（人与自我·心理）　词数：约 340（正文）　难度：★★★☆（逻辑衔接/指代/段落主旨）

原文（从选项 A–G 中选出 5 项填入 36–40，有 2 项为多余干扰）

For many students, being alone feels like a problem to fix — something to escape with a phone, a playlist, or the nearest crowd. We treat silence as awkward and alone time as a gap to be filled. 36 Yet solitude, handled well, is not loneliness at all; it is a skill that can recharge the mind and steady the emotions.

The first benefit of alone time is clearer thinking. When you are constantly reacting to messages and notifications, your attention fractures into dozens of small pieces. 37 Without the noise of other people's opinions, you can finally hear your own. Research on resting-state attention suggests that undirected quiet lets the brain sort and connect ideas it had no time to process.

Solitude also builds self-reliance. When you are by yourself, no one chooses for you, and no one rescues you from boredom. 38 Over time, this quiet independence becomes a kind of confidence that does not depend on an audience. You discover that your own company is not something to fear.

Of course, too much isolation has a real downside. Humans are social by nature, and long stretches without contact can deepen anxiety. 39 The goal is balance, not withdrawal; solitude works best as a deliberate practice rather than as escape.

A simple way to start is to schedule short, device-free blocks during the day. You do not need a cabin in the woods — a bench, a notebook, and fifteen minutes will do. 40 Even twenty minutes of undirected thinking can reset a tired brain and return you to your work with fresh eyes.

In a world that rewards constant connection, learning to be comfortably alone may be one of the most useful habits you can build. The company you keep with yourself shapes the person you become. It is not about withdrawing from the world, but about returning to it with more to offer.

选项（A–G）

A

Tasks that feel impossible in a noisy, busy room often become manageable in a moment of stillness.

B

People who shut themselves away from others may end up feeling more anxious, not less.

C

We often confuse being alone with being lonely, but the two states are not the same.

D

During these blocks, let your mind wander instead of immediately filling the silence with notifications.

E

You learn to make small decisions — what to read, where to sit — entirely on your own.

F

Working alongside others is the surest way to reach a clear decision.

G

Hobbies shared with friends are the fastest route to everyday happiness.

逐题解析

36 答案：C

正确依据：空前讲"我们把沉默当尴尬、把独处当待填空隙"，空后"Yet solitude... is not loneliness" 直接以"独处≠孤独"转折；C 项 "We often confuse being alone with being lonely, but the two states are not the same" 正承接前文误解、引出后文否定，逻辑与指代（the two states ↔ alone/lonely）严丝合缝。

干扰项：F 谈"与他人共事最易决策"，G 谈"与朋友同享爱好"，均与"独处≠孤独"的衔接无关，填入会切断 Yet 的转折。

37 答案：A

正确依据：本段主旨为"独处让人思路更清晰"。空前提"注意力被消息撕成碎片"，空后"没有他人意见噪音，你才能听见自己"；A 项 "Tasks... impossible in a noisy room become manageable in stillness" 以"喧闹中难、静下来易"承接前后，且 stillness 与下段 quiet 同义复现。

干扰项：B 讲"彻底隔绝更焦虑"，属下段（副作用）内容，放此破坏"清晰思考"段落主旨；F/G 偏离"安静助思考"。

38 答案：E

正确依据：本段讲"独处培养自立"。空前提"没人替你选、没人救你出无聊"，E 项 "You learn to make small decisions... entirely on your own" 以"自己作小决定"具体承接"自立"，且 on your own 与空后 independence/confidence 递进。

干扰项：C 已在 36 用过且此处不衔接"自立"；F 主张"靠他人"与"self-reliance"反向；G 偏离。

39 答案：B

正确依据：本段讲"过度孤立有副作用"。空前提"长期无接触会加深焦虑"，B 项 "People who cut themselves off... may feel more anxious, not less" 同义推进"隔绝→更焦虑"，且 not less 与空后"目标是平衡而非退隐"形成因果。

干扰项：A 属第2段"静下来易思考"，放此与"副作用"主旨冲突；E 属第3段；F/G 偏离。

40 答案：D

正确依据：本段讲"安排无设备的小段独处"。空前提"一条长椅、一本笔记、十五分钟足矣"，D 项 "During these blocks, let your mind wander instead of filling the silence with notifications" 以 these blocks 回指前句时段、以 notifications 呼应段首 device-free，指代与衔接精准。

干扰项：B 属第4段副作用；G 谈"与朋友同享"与 device-free 独处相悖；F 偏离。

语篇分析

体裁：说明文（提出偏见—分点益处—辩证副作用—给出做法—升华）。
结构骨架：第1段破除"独处=孤独"偏见；第2–4段并列"清晰思考 / 培养自立 / 警惕过度孤立"三层次；第5段给出可操作做法；末段升华"与自我相处塑造人"。
解题知识点：七选五考逻辑衔接（并列/转折/递进）、指代（these blocks、the two states）与段落主旨一致。做题三步：① 先读首尾段定主题；② 再各段找"主旨句+前后句"锁衔接词；③ 排干扰项看是否破坏段落主旨或指代错位。

核心词汇（8–12 个，含派生词构词法）

词组 / 固定搭配

treat...as 把……当作feel like 感觉像是escape with 用……逃避react to 对……作出反应hear one's own 听见自己的（声音/想法）cut off from 与……隔绝rather than 而不是return to 回到

阅读知识点

① 七选五"段落主旨一致"原则：每段空白的填入句必须与本段主题句同向。如第2段讲"清晰思考"，只有 A 项（静下来任务变易）吻合；若误选 B（隔绝更焦虑）会把"益处段"扭成"副作用段"，破坏结构。
② 七选五"指代复位"技巧：第5空 D 项的 "these blocks" 必须回指前句"a bench, a notebook, and fifteen minutes"构成的时段，且 "notifications" 呼应段首 "device-free"——指代与复现双重锁死，是高正确率的关键。

练习建议：七选五先不选，用 30 秒画"段落主旨清单"，再把 7 选项按主旨归类，多余项自然现形。