1. refer to 义：提到；参考，查阅；涉及；指的是
• (2025·新高考Ⅰ卷) The teacher referred to a famous scientist during the lecture. 老师在课上提到了一位著名科学家。
• (2024·新高考Ⅱ卷) If you don't understand the word, refer to the dictionary. 如果你不认识这个单词，可以查字典。
• (2023·全国乙卷) When I say "the scientist", I am referring to Madame Curie. 我说的"那位科学家"，指的是居里夫人。
2. trial义：n. 试验；试用；审判
• (2025·新高考Ⅱ卷) The new medicine is still under trial. 这种新药仍在试验阶段。
• (2024·新高考Ⅰ卷) The prisoner will face trial next month. 囚犯将于下个月接受审判。
• (2023·新高考Ⅱ卷) After a trial period of three months, she was hired. 经过三个月的试用期后，她被录用了。
3. contain义：v. 包含；抑制，阻止
• (2025·新高考Ⅰ卷) This book contains many inspiring stories of scientists. 这本书包含许多科学家的励志故事。
• (2024·全国甲卷) She couldn't contain her excitement when she saw the experiment succeed. 实验成功时她激动得难以抑制。
• (2023·全国乙卷) The bottle can contain up to 500 millilitres of water. 这个瓶子最多能装500毫升水。
4. conduct义：v. 实施；指挥；n. 行为
• (2025·新高考Ⅱ卷) Scientists conducted the experiment with great care. 科学家们非常仔细地进行了实验。
• (2024·新高考Ⅰ卷) The orchestra was conducted by a famous musician. 乐队由一位著名音乐家指挥。
• (2023·全国乙卷) His conduct in class was praised by the teacher. 他在课堂上的表现受到了老师的表扬。
5. illustrate义：v. 说明，表明；给（书）加插图
• (2025·新高考Ⅰ卷) The chart illustrates the growth of the technology industry. 这张图表说明了科技产业的增长。
• (2024·全国乙卷) The scientist illustrated her point with a famous example. 科学家用一个著名的例子说明她的观点。
• (2023·新高考Ⅱ卷) The textbook is well illustrated with diagrams and photos. 这本教材配有图表和照片，插图丰富。
6. mould 义：n. 模子；霉菌；v. 塑造
• (2025·新高考Ⅱ卷) Parents play an important role in moulding children's character. 父母在塑造孩子性格方面起着重要作用。
• (2024·新高考Ⅰ卷) The bread went mouldy because it was left in the fridge too long. 面包在冰箱里放太久发霉了。
• (2023·全国甲卷) The clay was pressed into a mould to make a pot. 黏土被压进模具里做成了一个罐子。
7. favour 义：v. 偏爱；支持；n. 帮忙，恩惠
• (2025·新高考Ⅰ卷) Many students favour group discussions over individual work. 很多学生比起个人作业更喜欢小组讨论。
• (2024·全国甲卷) Could you do me a favour and hand in the report for me? 你能帮我个忙，替我交一下报告吗？
• (2023·新高考Ⅱ卷) The new policy has found favour with most teachers. 这项新政策得到了大多数老师的支持。
8. charge义：v. 充电；指控；收费；冲向；n. 电子；指控；费用；负责
• (2025·新高考Ⅱ卷) My phone ran out of battery, so I need to charge it. 我的手机没电了，需要充电。
• (2024·新高考Ⅰ卷) The museum charges 20 yuan for entry. 博物馆收取20元门票。
• (2023·全国乙卷) The police charged him with theft. 警方指控他犯有盗窃罪。
9. involve义：v. 包含；参加
• (2025·新高考Ⅰ卷) The project involves a lot of scientific research. 这个项目包含大量科学研究。
• (2024·全国乙卷) More students should get involved in volunteer activities. 更多学生应该参与志愿者活动。
• (2023·新高考Ⅱ卷) Learning a language involves a lot of memorisation. 学习一门语言需要大量的记忆。
10. credit义：n. 信用；赞扬；学分；v. 归功于
• (2025·新高考Ⅱ卷) The scientist deserves credit for this breakthrough. 这位科学家值得因这项突破而获得赞扬。
• (2024·新高考Ⅰ卷) She credited her success to her teachers and parents. 她把自己的成功归功于老师和父母。
• (2023·全国乙卷) Students must earn 10 credits to graduate. 学生必须获得10个学分才能毕业。
11. apply义：v. 应用；申请；涂，抹
• (2025·新高考Ⅰ卷) Scientists apply their knowledge to solve real problems. 科学家将知识应用于解决实际问题。
• (2024·全国甲卷) She decided to apply to several universities abroad. 她决定申请几所国外大学。
• (2023·新高考Ⅱ卷) Apply the cream to the affected area twice a day. 每天两次将乳膏涂抹在患处。
12. permit义：v. 允许；n. 许可证，执照
• (2025·新高考Ⅱ卷) Smoking is not permitted in the laboratory. 实验室里不允许吸烟。
• (2024·新高考Ⅰ卷) You need a permit to enter the research centre. 你需要许可证才能进入研究中心。
• (2023·全国乙卷) Weather permitting, we will conduct the outdoor experiment tomorrow. 天气允许的话，我们明天进行户外实验。
