大副面试「船舶实操操作类」高频真题 + 双语精简问答

四季读书网 2026-05-02 22:20:27 2 0

全是船东、管理公司必问实操原题，口语化短句、好背诵，覆盖：装卸货、稳性、压载、舱盖、靠离泊、破损进水、恶劣天气、设备操作，纯实操干货。

一、货物操作核心必问

1. How to check and approve cargo stowage plan?

如何审核积载计划？AnswerCheck stowage segregation, load limit, stack weight, stability, trim and list. Ensure no overloading, proper lashing and hold suitability.核查货物隔离、舱位负荷、堆重限制、船舶稳性、纵倾横倾。杜绝超载，确认绑扎方案、货舱适货性合格。

2. How to control loading/discharging rate?

怎样控制装卸货速率？AnswerCommunicate with stevedores, limit loading speed, check draft and GM regularly, adjust ballast timely, avoid sudden weight change.全程跟码头理货沟通，严控装卸速度，频繁核对吃水与稳性，同步调整压载，防止载荷骤变。

3. What is dangerous cargo handling key point?

危险品操作要点？AnswerFollow IMDG Code, separate stowage, post warning signs, forbid hot work, check ventilation and prepare emergency equipment.严格遵守危规，隔离积载、张贴警示牌，现场禁止热工，保持通风完好，备足应急防护器材。

4. How to prevent cargo shifting?

如何防止货物移位？AnswerStrict lashing and securing, reasonable stowage, control trim/list, check hold regularly in rough sea.加强绑扎加固、合理配载，控制船舶倾侧，大风浪期间定时巡查货舱。

5. What do you do before cargo operation?

作业前准备工作？AnswerInspect hatch cover, hold structure, bilge system, fire equipment. Brief crew on safety and work procedure.检查舱盖、货舱结构、舱底水、消防设备；提前做安全交底，明确作业流程。

二、船舶稳性 & 吃水操作

6. How to ensure sufficient stability during voyage?

航行中如何保证稳性？AnswerCalculate GM at all stages, reduce free surface effect, control ballast liquid level, keep reasonable trim, avoid heavy weight high up.全程计算稳性，减小自由液面影响，合理控制压载液位，保持合适纵倾，避免重物过高。

7. What will cause insufficient GM?

稳性不足的原因？AnswerHigh stowage of heavy cargo, too much free liquid, improper ballast, large list, light displacement.重物高堆、自由液面过大、压载调配不当、船舶横倾、排水量过小。

8. How to adjust trim and list?

如何调整船舶纵倾、横倾？AnswerAdjust forward/aft ballast tank for trim; adjust port and starboard tank for list, operate pumps slowly step by step.首尾舱调水改纵倾，左右舷调水改横倾，缓慢泵送、分步操作，避免大幅度调整。

9. Why must we sound tanks regularly?

为什么要定时量舱？AnswerMonitor liquid weight, check leakage, ensure stability accuracy, prevent tank overflow or water ingress.实时掌握液舱重量、排查渗漏、保证稳性计算准确，防止满舱溢流或意外进水。

三、压载水系统操作

10. What is the key operation of ballast system?

压载操作要点？AnswerFollow Ballast Water Management Plan, open/close valves step by step, check pump pressure, avoid air lock and tank damage.严格执行压载水管理计划，开关阀缓慢有序，监控泵压，防止气塞、舱体超压损坏。

11. How to do ballast exchange?

压载水置换怎么做？AnswerUse flow-through or dilution method in open sea, record all data, strictly follow BWMP and local regulation.开阔海域采用流通法 / 稀释法置换，全程记录，遵守压载水公约及港口当地规定。

12. How to deal with ballast tank leakage?

压载舱渗漏怎么办？AnswerIsolate the tank, stop pumping, check damage, transfer liquid to other tanks, report to master and make repair plan.隔离受损舱室、停止作业，转驳液体，排查破损，上报船长并安排维修。

四、舱口盖 & 甲板设备操作

13. Inspection items of hatch cover?

舱盖日常检查内容？AnswerGasket tightness, locking cleats, hydraulic system, drain holes, steel structure crack and deformation.密封条密性、锁紧装置、液压管路、泄水孔、结构裂纹及变形。

14. Operation notice for hatch cover?

开关舱盖注意事项？AnswerConfirm no personnel and obstacles, slow operation, communicate with crew, prohibit operation in heavy weather.确认舱面无人无障碍物，慢速操作、双人配合瞭望，恶劣天气禁止开关舱。

15. Daily maintenance of deck machinery?

甲板机械日常保养？AnswerRegular lubrication, check hydraulic oil level, filter, pipeline leakage, fasteners and wear parts.定时加注润滑，检查液压油位、滤器、管路渗漏，紧固螺丝、检查易损件。

五、靠离泊 & 系泊操作

16. Your main duty during berthing/unberthing?

靠离泊期间大副职责？AnswerTake charge of forecastle team, control anchor and mooring equipment, follow master’s order, ensure safe mooring operation.负责船首班组，操控锚机、缆绳设备，执行船长车令，全程保障带缆、抛起锚安全。

17. Key points of mooring operation?

系泊作业要点？AnswerReasonable line arrangement, equal force on each line, check rope condition, fasten bollards, patrol regularly at port.缆绳配比合理、受力均匀，检查缆绳磨损，牢靠挽桩，在港期间定时巡缆。

18. How to handle broken mooring line?

断缆应急操作？AnswerReport to master immediately, stabilize ship with remaining lines, prepare spare lines, prevent collision with berth.立刻报告船长，利用剩余缆绳稳住船位，备好备用缆，防止船体触碰码头。

六、船体破损、进水应急操作

19. If hold flooding happens, what will you do?

货舱进水如何处置？AnswerStop cargo work, close watertight doors, start bilge pump, find leakage position, adjust ballast to counter flooding.停止装卸、关闭水密分隔，启动舱底泵排水，查找破损点，调水平衡船体防止倾斜。

20. How to inspect watertight integrity?

如何保证船舶水密完整？AnswerInspect watertight door, hatch cover, bulkhead and pipe penetration regularly, keep all closing devices in good condition.日常检查水密门、舱盖、舱壁、管路穿舱件，所有关闭装置保持完好可用。

七、恶劣海况航行操作

21. Preparations before heavy weather?

大风浪来临前准备？AnswerSecure hatch covers, lash all deck cargo and loose items, check mooring and anchor, adjust ballast and proper trim.锁紧舱盖、绑扎甲板松散物料，加固锚泊设备，合理压载调整纵倾，减少风浪影响。

22. How to reduce ship rolling and pitching?

如何减轻船舶横摇、纵摇？AnswerAlter course, reduce speed, adjust ballast to optimize trim, keep shallow draft or proper loading condition.合理改向、降速航行，调整压载优化浮态，保持合理吃水与载荷分布。

八、机舱配合 & 全船联动操作

23. How to communicate with engine department?

如何和轮机部配合？AnswerSend clear operation orders in advance for ballast, pump and emergency work; record all communication content.压载、泵送、应急作业提前通报机舱，指令清晰，关键操作留痕记录。

24. What’s your action in ship grounding?

船舶搁浅操作流程？AnswerReport to master, sound all tanks and holds, check hull damage, stop engine, wait for tide or professional rescue.立即上报，全船量舱排查破损进水，禁止盲目用车，等待潮水或岸基救援。

国际船级社协会（IACS）验船师术语表