四六级通关
中午好呀，家人们，来练习一篇阅读题吧！
If there's one rule that most parents cling to the confusing, fast-changing world of kids and media,it's "No screens before age 2".
As of today, that rule has been thrown out the window.
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), which first issued that recommendation back in 1999, has extensively updated and revised its guidelines for children and adolescents to reflect new research and new habits.
The new guidelines, especially for very young children, shift the focus from WHAT is on the screen o WHO else is in the room. And in doing so, they raise some intriguing points about the future of learning from media
For babies younger than 18 months, AAP still says no screens at all are the best idea with one notable exception: Live video chat, Surveys indicate that families already popularly believe that "Face time doesn't count", or at least that the benefit of virtual visits with grandparents or other relatives outweigh the potential cost of exposing babies to the laptop or smartphone.
The AAP doesn't cite positive evidence that infants actually get something out of this kind of "conver-sation", the way that they clearly do from live social interaction. But there's some observational research that infants as,young as six months old are emotionally engaged by playing live peekaboo（採猫猫游戏） with Grandma online.
For in fants and toddlers（学步儿童），ages 15 months to 2 years old, there's limited evidence from a couple of very small studies that they can learn new words from educational media, if and only if parents are watching alongside them, repeating what the video says or drawing attention to what is on the screen. In other words, treating a video or an app like a picture book is the best bet.
The flip side of this is that many studies have actually shown poorer language skills correlated with earlier solo viewing of "educational" videos. There's also research that shows language delays in children who watch more TV and start watching earlier. In both cases, the problem seems to be media replacing interaction with people. For this reason, the new AAP guideline has changed from avoid all screens under age 2" to "avoid solo media use in this age group."
For preschoolers ages 2 to 5, there's more evidence that they have the ability to transfer knowledge from screens to the real world, including early literacy and math. For this age group, AAP recommends no more than an hour a day of screen use. And, just as with younger children, they want care-givers to take part in screen time: "Co-view with your children, help children understand what they are seeing, and help them apply what they learn to the world around them."
1.What do we learn about the "No screens under 2" rule?
A) It has met more and more Tesistance from parents.
B) It has proved helpful to children's healthy growth.
C) It confuses parents with regard to kos' education.
D) It has been discarded in line with recent research.
2.What do the new AAP guidelines advocate?
A) Young children should be accompanied by parents during screen time.
B) Parents should be emotionally involved in their children's upbringing.
C) Young children should watch videos carefully selected by pafents.
D) Parents should protect their children from too much media exposure.
3.What do families think of live video chat according to surveys?
A) It should not be regarded as Xereen time
B) It helps babies to develop their verbal spills.
C) It is not as harmful as playing games on laptops.
D) It is a good substitute for video viewing.
4.What do researches find about kids solo viewing educational videos?
A) It arouses their kiterest in language learning.
B) It works no bøfer than reading picture books.
C) It hampers their development of language skills.
D) It helps them acquire independent learning skills.
5.What does the author say about preschoolers ages 2 to 5?.
A) They can understand pret well what they see on the screen.
B) They can learn on their own without much parental guidance.
C)They can make use of educational videos to develop digital literacy.
D)They can relate what they learn on the screen to real life situations.
◎【答案详解】
1,D。细节理解题。
【定位】由题干中的No screens under 2” rule 定位至第一、二段。
【精读分析】第一、二段指出，如果说在这个令人困惑、快速变化的儿童和媒介世界里，有一条规则是大多数父母所坚持的，那么这条规则一定是“两岁前不要看屏幕”。但从今天起，这条规则已经被抛到九霄云外了。由此可知，这条规则已经不再采用了，故答案为D。
【排除干扰项】全文并未提及家长们越来越抵制这条规则，也并未提及这条规则被证明对孩子的健康成长是有帮助的，也没有提及这条规则让家长对孩子的教育产生了困惑，故排除 A、B、C。
2.A。推理判断题。
【定位】由题干中的 new AAP guidelines 和 advocate 定位至第四段和第七段。
【精读分析】第四段首句指出，这项新的指导方针，特别是针对非常年幼的儿童的部分，将重点从屏幕上的内容转向房间里的其他人身上。接着第七段指出，研究结果表明，当且仅当父母和孩子一起观看视频，并且对孩子重复视频中的内容，或者提示孩子注意屏幕上的内容时，孩子才能从教育媒体中学到新词汇。由此可知这项指导方针提倡父母陪伴孩子一起看屏幕，故答案为A。
【排除干扰项】B项“父母应该在情感上参与孩子的成长”和C项“年幼的儿童应该观看家长们精心挑选的视频”在文中均未提及，故排除。D项“父母应该保护孩子不受太多媒体的影响”与文中内容不符，故排除。
3.A。推理判断题。
【定位】由题干中的 families和live video chat定位至第五段。
【精读分析】第五段最后一句指出，调查显示，美国家庭已经普遍认为“面对面的时间不算数”，或者至少他们认为视频看望祖父母或其他亲戚的好处超过了让婴儿接触笔记本电脑或智能手机的潜在危害。由此可知美国家庭认为实时视频聊天不应该被认为是屏幕时间，故答案为A。
【排除干扰项】B项 “实时视频聊天帮助孩子发展他们的语言技能”在文中并未提及。故排除。第五段最后一句指出。至少他们认为视频看望祖父母或其他亲戚的好处超过了让婴儿接触笔记本电脑或智能手机的潜在危害，但这并不是突射视频聊天和玩电脑游戏比较，也并末指出实时视颊聊天很好地替代了观看视频，故排除C、D。
4.C。细节理解题。
【定位】由题干中的 kids solo viewing educational videos 定位至第八段第一句。
【精读分析】第八段第一句指出，许多研究实际上表明，较差的语言技能与较早单独观看“教育”视频有关。故答案为C。
【排除干扰项】第八段第一句只提到了较差的语言技能与较是单独观看“教育”视频有关，并未提及单独观看教育视频金引起孩子们语言学习的兴趣，也并未提及单独观看教育视频可以帮助孩子们获得独立的学习技能，故排除 A、D。第七段最后一句提到，把视频或应用程序当作一本图画书来对待是最好的方法。但并未提及单独观看教育视频的效果不如看图画书，故排除B。
5.D。推理判断题。
【定位】由题干中的ages 2 to 5定位至最后一段第一句。
【精读分析】最后一段第一句指出，对于2至5岁的学龄前儿童，有更多的证据表明，他们有能力将知识从屏幕转移到现实生活，包括早期识字和数学。由此可知，这些儿童可以将他们在屏幕上学到的知识与现实世界联系起来，故答案为D。
【排除干扰项】最后一段指出，对于2至5岁的孩子，美国儿科学会建议他们每天看屏幕的时间不要超过一小时。而且，就像对待年幼的孩子一样，美国儿科学会希望照顾者也能参与到屏幕时间中来：“与孩子共同观看，帮助孩子理解他们所看到的内容，并帮助他们将所学到的东西应用到他们周围的世界中。”由此可知2至5岁的孩子并不是可以很好地理解他们在屏幕上看到的内容，需要家长帮助理解，而且他们需要家长陪同观看，故排除 A、B。文中并未提及2至5岁的孩子可以利用教育视频来发展数字素养，故排除C
◎【参考译文】
如果说在这个令人困惑、快速变化的儿童和煤介燥界里，有一条规则是大多数父母所坚持的，那么这条规则一定是“两岁前不要看屏幕”
但从今天起，这条规则已经被拋到九宵公外了美国儿科学会于1999年首次发布了这一建议，并广泛更新和修订了针对儿童和青少年的指导方针。以反应新的研究和人们的新习惯。
这项新的指导方针，特别是针对非常年的的儿童能部分，將重点从屏幕上的内容转向房间里的其他人身上，通过这种转变，他们提出了一些关于从媒体学习的未來的有趣观点。
美国儿科学会仍然认为18 全月以下的婴儿不适合看屏幕—但有一个明显的例外：实时视频聊天。调查显示，美国家庭已经普遍认为“面对面的时间不算数”，或者至少他们认力视频看望祖父母或其他亲戚的好处超过了让婴儿接触笔记本电脑或智能手机的潜在危害。
美国儿科学会并没有直接的证据来证明婴儿确实可以从这种“对话”中获得和真实社交中一样的收获。但有一些观察研究表明，6个月大的婴儿在网上和奶奶玩实时躲猫猫的游戏时，情感上也很投入。
对于15个月至2岁的嬰儿和学步儿童，有几个非常小的研究提出了一些有限的证据。研究结果表明，当且仅当父母和孩子一起观看视频，并且对孩子重复视频中的内容，或者提示孩子注意屏幕上的内容时，孩子才能从教育媒体中学到新词汇。换句话说，把视频或应用程序当作一本图画书来对待是最好的方法。
另一方面，许多研究实际上表明，较差的语言技能与较早单独观看“教育”视频有关。也有研究显示，看电视时间较多、开始看电视时间较早的儿童会出现语言能力迟缓的现象。在这两种情况下，问题似乎是媒体取代了与人的互动。出于这个原因，美国儿科学会的新指南已经把“避免2岁以下的所有屏幕时间”改次“避免在这个年龄段单独使用媒体”。
对于2至5岁的学龄前儿童，有更多的证据表明，他们有能力将知识从屏幕转移到现实世界，包括早期识字和数学。对于这个年龄段的孩子，美国儿科学会建议他们每天看屏幕的时间不要超过一小时。而且，就像对待年幼的孩子一样，美国儿科学会希望照顾者也能参与到屏幕时间中来：“与孩子共同观看，帮助孩子理解他们所看到的内容，并帮助他们将所学到的东西应用到他们周围的世界中。”
◎【高频词汇】
cling v. 坚持；紧紧抓住；依附
recommendation n.建议
survey n. d v. 调查；测量
potential ad. 潜在的，可能的n.潜力，潜能engage v. 使忙于；吸引，占用（时间、精力等）resistance n. 反抗，抵制；抵抗力
discard v. 丟弃，抛弃
advocate v.拥护，提倡，主张n.提倡者，拥护者hamper v. 妨碍，阻碍
