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2023年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国甲卷）
D
①Grizzly bears, which may grow to about2.5m long and weigh over400kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche—werevere(敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and theiranswer is often the same: a grizzly bear.
②“Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range,”says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a century ormore, they’re increasinglybeing sighted by humans.
③The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeanscame, with a rough number of50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuoushunting by settlers, 600 to800 grizzlies remained on a mere2 percent of their former range in theNorthern Rockies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
④Today, there are about2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to de-list grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed.
⑤Obviously, if precautions(预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food.Ifpeople remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,”saysJames Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.
32. How do Americans look at grizzlies?
A. They cause mixed feelings in people.
B. They should be kept in national parks.
C. They are of high scientific value.
D. They are a symbol of American culture.
33. What has helped the increase of the grizzly population?
A. The European settlers’behavior.
B. The expansion of bears’range.
C. The protection by law since1975.
D. The support of Native Americans.
34. What has stopped the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service from de-listing grizzlies?
A. The opposition of conservation groups.
B. The successful comeback of grizzlies.
C. The voice of the biologists.
D. The local farmers’advocates.
35. What can beinferred from the last paragraph?
A. Food should be provided for grizzlies.
B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C. Aspecial path should be built for grizzlies.
D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了美国灰熊的生存环境和生存状况。若干世纪的粗暴狩猎导致灰熊数量急剧下降，被列入濒危动物保护法案。如今，灰熊数量成功恢复，但它们也给人类带来了困扰。
32.A 细节理解题。根据第一段第一句的“occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche—werevere(敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams”可知，美国人对灰熊又害怕，又敬畏，他们对灰熊的情感是冲突的，与A项“他们引起人们复杂的情感”相符。故选A。
33.C 推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“In 1975,grizzlies were listed under the EndangeredSpecies Act.”以及第四段第二句中的“which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted”可推知，由于1975年起受法律保护，灰熊的数量有了增长。故选C。
34.A 细节理解题。根据第四段倒数第二句“Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups.”可知，环保组织的反对阻止了美国鱼类和野生动物管理局将灰熊从濒危物种名单上除名。故选A。
35.B 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away.”可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些麻烦，但只要采取正确的措施，灰熊和人类可以和平共处。故选B。
2023年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国乙卷）
D
①If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
②Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
③In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. How past events should be presented.
B. What humanity is concerned about.
C. Whether facts speak louder than words.
D. Why written language is reliable.
33. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2?
A. His report was scientific.
B.He represented the local people.
C. He ruled over Botany Bay.
D. His record was one-sided.
34. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Problem.
B. History.
C. Voice.
D. Society.
35. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from?
A.How Maps Tell Stories of the World
B.A Short History of Australia
C.A History of the World in 100 Objects
D.How Art Works Tell Stories
【解析】
本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了要客观公平地讲述历史，我们不仅仅需要文字资料，也需要实物史料加以佐证。
32. A 段落大意题。根据第一段内容可知，该段主要阐述了客观公平地讲述历史仅仅通过文字资料是不可行的，因为世界上大多数地区在很长一段时间内都没有文字，文字是后来才出现的，而且即使有文字的地区也会用实物来记录重要的事情。因此，除文字外，我们还需要实物史料来讲述历史。故选A。
33. D 推理判断题。第二段引用库克船长和澳大利亚原住民之间的第一次冲突作为有文字记录和无文字记录的历史的例子。英国一方有库克船长对那个糟糕的日子的记录；而澳大利亚方面只有一个木盾。由此可推知，仅用文字记录的历史可能是片面的。故选D。
34. B 词义猜测题。根据画线词上文可知，有些胜利是偶然或故意被歪曲了的，尤其是当只有获胜一方有文字记载能力的时候，而失败一方只能通过实物讲述他们的故事。在这种情况下，文字记载只是其中一方对历史的讲述。这犹如一场双方的对话，现在我们只能看到其中一方所讲述的内容。再结合画线词所在句可知，如果我们想找到另一半对话的内容，就需要找到相关的实物，所以作者用conversation指代“历史”。故选B。
35. C 文章出处题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段最后一句“Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements ... recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.”、第二段第一句“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that”及最后一段最后一句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.”可知，本文强调了实物对于解读历史的重要性。由此推知，文章有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。
2023年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新课标I卷）
D
①On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
②This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If, for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
③But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
④In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.
⑤Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?
A.The methods of estimation.
B.The underlying logic of the effect.
C.The causes of people’s errors.
D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A.the crowds were relatively small
B. there were occasional underestimates
C.individuals did not communicate
D. estimates were not fully independent
34. What did the follow-up study focus on?
A.The size of the groups.
B.The dominant members.
C.The discussion process.
D.The individual estimates.
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies?
A. Unclear.
B.Dismissive.
C.Doubtful.
D.Approving.
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了有关“群体智慧”效应的基本原理以及Joaquin Navajas在此基础上的进一步研究——允许互相讨论的小组比同等数量的独立个体有更准确的预测。
32. B 段落大意题。根据第二段第一句“This effect capitalizes on the fact that ...”及第三句“When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate.”可知，该段解释了“群体智慧”效应的基本逻辑，即独立估算的平均值如何由于误差的消除而得出较准确的预测。故选B。
33. D 细节理解题。根据第二段内容可知，“群体智慧”效应注重的是独立，再由题干中的“Navajas’study”可定位至第三段，题干中的“the average accuracy could increase”与该段第二句中的“the averages from these groups were more accurate”为同义替换。再根据“when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.”可知，当把群体进一步分成允许讨论的小组时，他们比独立的个体能得出更为准确的预测。也就是说，即使预测不是完全独立的，平均值的准确度也能提高。故选D。
34. C 推理判断题。根据题干中的“the follow-up study”可定位至倒数第二段，再由“the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.”及后面一连串的提问可推知，后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。
35. D 观点态度题。根据最后一段内容尤其是“the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous”可知，虽然Navajas的研究仍然有局限性和很多问题，但对于小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。由此可推知，作者对于Navajas研究的态度是赞许的。故选D。
2023年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新课标II卷）
D
①As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
②Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
③The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding(编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while”was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.”
④Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
⑤Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
⑥“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
32. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text?
A. Pocket parks are now popular.
B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated.
D. People enjoy living close to nature.
33. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories?
A. To compare different types of park-goers.
B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park.
D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
34. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5?
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
D. The nature language enhances work performance.
35. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn?
A. Language study.
B. Environmental conservation.
C. Public education.
D. Intercultural communication.
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，城市中自然场所的存在对居民的健康至关重要。研究团队通过收集公园游客与大自然互动的体验，并将其归类，发现了一个被称为“自然语言”的模式。
32. B 细节理解题。根据第一段的内容可知，生活在城市中的人很难接触到自然，在城市中找到相对野生的地方是不常见的。故选B。
33. D 细节理解题。根据第三段第三句“The researchers then examined these submissions, codingexperiences into different categories.”以及第四段第一句“Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge.”可知，基于参与者总结的公园中最有意义的人与自然互动体验，研究者们将参与者的投稿归类，发现了一个被称为“自然语言”的模式。故选D。
34. C 推理判断题。根据第五段第二、三句“For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.”可知，同一种自然体验——步行可以有不同的形式。故选C。
35.B 细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it”可知，我们在与大自然互动之前，需要做的是保护自然环境。故选B。
D
①The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖)test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
②As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’re not tempted(诱惑)by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets—all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
③We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value—a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
④A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We arenow ceaselessly bombarded(轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to bemore thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
32. What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test?
A. Take an examination alone.
B. Show respect for the researchers.
C. Share their treats with others.
D. Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
33. According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between _______.
A. the calorie-poor world and our good appetites
B. the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C. the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D. the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
34. What does the author suggest readers do?
A. Absorb new information readily.
B. Be selective information consumers.
C. Use diverse information sources.
D. Protect the information environment.
35. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. Eat Less, Read More
B. The Biter Truth about Early Humans
C. The Later, the Better
D. The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
【解析】
本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了斯坦福的棉花糖实验以及孩子被糖果诱惑和成人被信息诱惑的原因，最后提到我们应像控制热量的摄入一样，控制对信息的摄入以面对社会中信息爆炸的挑战。
32. D细节理解题。根据第一段第四句“Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat.”可知，孩子们如果晚吃棉花糖15分钟，会得到第二个棉花糖。故选D。
33. C细节理解题。根据第三段第二句中的“But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago”可知，我们的大脑还停留在几千年前的进化状态，而现在我们获取食物需付出的代价和努力减少了很多，这导致我们的大脑指令和食物充足的供应现状不匹配。故选C。
34. B推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental ‘junk food’in order to manage our time most effectively.”可知，我们在信息爆炸时代需要更加谨慎，抵制网络垃圾信息的轰炸，也需要更加有效地管理我们的时间。由此可推知，我们需要选择性地消化网络上的信息。故选B。
35.D主旨大意题。文章通过棉花糖实验引出，我们成人需要像孩子抵制棉花糖的诱惑一样，抵制网络垃圾信息的轰炸，D选项中的“Marshmallow”指的是有诱惑性的信息，D选项最符合本文大意。故选D。
2024年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国甲卷）
D
①“I didn’t like the ending,” I said to my favorite college professor. It was my junior year of undergraduate, and Iwas doing an independent study on Victorian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending. Prof. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not. He suggested I think about the difference between endings that I wanted for the characters and endings that were right for the characters,endings that satisfied the story even if they didn’t have a traditionally positive outcome. Of course, I would have preferred a different ending for Tom and Maggie Tulliver, but the ending they got did make the most sense for them.
②This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again. From then on, if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I’d pick up a love romance. If I wanted an ending I couldn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction. Choosing what to read became easier.
③But writing the end — that’s hard. It’s hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers. You have to balance creating an ending that’sunpredictable, but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere, one that fits what’s right for the characters.
④That’s why this issue (期)of Writer’s Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you’re doing. If it’s short stories, Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.
⑤This issue won’t tell you what your ending should be — that’s up to you and the story you’re telling — but it might provide what you need to get there.
32. Why did the author go to Prof. Gracie?
A. To discuss a novel.
B. To submit a book report.
C. To argue for a writer.
D. To ask for a reading list.
33. What did the author realize after seeing Prof. Gracie?
A. Writing is a matter of personal preferences.
B. Readers are often carried away by characters.
C. Each type of literature has its unique ending.
D.A story which begins well will end well.
34. What is expected of a good ending?
A. It satisfies readers’ taste.
B. It fits with the story development.
C. It is usually positive.
D. It is open for imagination.
35. Why does the author mention Peter Mountford and Elizabeth Sims?
A. To give examples of great novelists.
B. To stress the theme of this issue.
C. To encourage writing for the magazine.
D. To recommend their new books.
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨如何写出好的结尾，包括分析经典小说结尾技巧，助力作者提升写作。
32. A细节理解题。根据文章第一段“I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending. Prof. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not.（我刚刚读完George Eliot的《磨坊》，对这本书的结局感到伤心，于是便去找了格雷西教授，他很耐心地让我思考这个结局，而不是只考虑我是否喜欢这个结尾。）”可知，作者去找格雷西教授是为了探讨一部小说。故选A。
33. C 推理判断题。根据文章第二段内容尤其是第一句话“This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again.（这对我来说是一个顿悟的时刻。我没有再以同样的方式去想结局。）”可知，在见过格雷西教授后，作者发现虽然自己不喜欢书的结局，但是对主人公来说却是最合理的，即作者意识到每种文学都有其独特的结局。故选C。
34. B推理判断题。根据文章第三段“You have to balance creating an ending that’sunpredictable, but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere, one that fits what’s right for the characters.（一个好的结局需要平衡创造性和不可预测性，同时又不能显得突兀，还需要符合角色的发展。）”可知，人们对一个好结局的期望应该是符合故事的发展，而不是凭空捏造，或者不符合之前的故事线的。故选B。
35. B推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段内容（这就是为什么本期《Writer’s Digest》旨在帮助你找出如何为你正在写的任何类型的作品写出最好的结尾。如果是短篇小说，Peter Mountford会分解六种技巧，你可以试着运用这些技巧，看看哪一种能帮助你成功收尾。Elizabeth Sims分析了五本伟大小说的最后几章，看看其中包括了哪些关键点以及如何将这些关键点应用到作品中。）可知，作者提到Peter Mountford和Elizabeth Sims是为了说明本期Writer’s Digest杂志的主题，即帮助读者了解如何写出一个好的结尾。故选B。
2024年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新课标I卷）
D
①In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct,researchers andcitizen scientists have collected billions of records.Today,most records of biodiversity areoften in the form of photos,videos,and other digital records.Though they are useful fordetecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area,a new Stanford study hasfound that this type of record is not perfect.
②“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of differentspecies with the aid of a mobile application,”said Barnabas Daru,who is lead author of thestudy and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences.“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species areresponding to global change,I wanted to know:Are they usable?”
③Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants,insects,birds,and animals,Daruand his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
④“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias(使有偏差) data,like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a floweringplant instead of the grass right next to it,”said Daru.
⑤Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead tobetter global coverage.Moreover,these data are biased and favor certain regions,time periods,and species.This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data onmobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areasnearby.These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catchingfeatures.
⑥What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?
⑦“Quite a lot,”Daru explained.“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform usersof oversampled areas and lead them to places— and even species— that are not well-sampled.To improve the quality of observational data,biodiversity apps can also encourage users tohave an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
32.What do we know about the records of species collected now?
A.They are becoming outdated.B.They are mostly in electronic form.
C.They are limited in number.D.They are used for public exhibition.
33.What does Daru’s study focus on?
A.Threatened species.B.Physical specimens.
C.Observational data.D.Mobile applications.
34.What has led to the biases according to the study?
A.Mistakes in data analysis.B.Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C.Improper way of sampling.D.Unreliable data collection devices.
35.What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps?
A.Review data from certain areas.B.Hire experts to check the records.
C.Confirm the identity of the users.D.Give guidance to citizen scientists.
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的专家发现上传生物样本数据的方式（电子媒介或拍照）有局限，这些观测数据存在偏差，并提出了改善建议。
32. B细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records.”可知，现在收集的大部分生物多样性记录都是照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式，即主要是电子版的形式。故选B。
33. C细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know:Are they usable?”（这些观测数据现在超过了来自物理标本的主要数据，并且我们越来越多地使用观测数据来研究物种如何对全球变化作出反应。我想知道：这些数据是否可用？）可知，Daru的研究主要聚焦于这些观察性数据是不是可以代表实际的全球生物多样性背后的规律。所以Daru的研究聚焦点是观察性数据。故选C。
34. C推理判断题。根据文章第四段可知，Daru特别感兴趣的是采样中可能导致数据偏差的方面，比如网民们会因为花比草更加显眼而拍花，而不是拍草；以及第五段最后一句话“These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catchingfeatures.”（这些数据也偏向于具有吸引力或引人注目的特征的某些物种。）可知，导致偏差的原因是采样方式不当。故选C。
35. D推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”可知，采样的用户可以征求专家的意见，以来核实他们上传图片的真实身份，也就是说专家可以给网民科学家一些指导。故选D。
2024年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新课标II卷）
D
①Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution(变革).
②In the wrong hands, such abook could prove as complicated to process as the computercode(代码)that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessibleand informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
③As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now— several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.
④Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI — the technology companies and world leaders — so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall.
⑤AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on thesubject, this is it.
32. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. If read by someone poorly educated.
B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.
C. If written by someone less competent.
D. Iftranslated by someone unacademic.
33.What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text?
A.It is packed with complex codes.
B. It adopts a down-to-earth writing style.
C. It provides step-by-step instructions.
D. It is intended for AI professionals.
34.What does Campbell urge people to do regardingAI development?
A. Observe existing regulations on it.
B. Reconsider expert opinions about it.
C. Make joint efforts to keep it under control.
D. Learn from prior experience to slow it down.
35. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A. To recommend a book on AI.
B.To give a brief account ofAI history.
C. To clarify the definition of AI.【解析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要评述了Catriona Campbell所著的《人工智能设计：与人工智能共生的计划》，分析了当前AI发展的趋势和即将到来的AI革命，强调了人类需要对AI进行控制，以防止被边缘化甚至出现更糟的后果。
32. C词义猜测题。根据文章第二段画线词后文中的but可知，所在句子前后是转折关系。but前提到，这本书可能会像计算机代码一样复杂难懂；but后指出这本书的作者Campbell拥有二十多年的专业经验，能将枯燥难懂的内容变得通俗易懂。由此可推知，but前应该是假设一个除了Campbell之外的作者写这本书，也就是指的是不太称职、不太专业的人写这本书的情况，与作者形成对比，突出作者的专业。故选C。
33. B推理判断题。根据文章第二段最后一句话“She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic,making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.”可知，本书的作者从商业人士（而非学者）的实用角度出发，使得这本书极易理解、内容丰富，即这本书采用一种接地气的写作风格。其中down-to-earth与文中的“practical”和“highly accessible”相呼应。故选B。
34. C推理判断题。根据文章第三段最后一句“She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.”可知，她提醒人们必须保持对人工智能的控制，即作者呼吁人们联合起来共同控制人工智能的发展，以避免失去对其的控制和面临潜在的威胁。故选C。
35. A写作目的题。通读全文尤其根据文章的最后一段可知，文章主要评述了Catriona Campbell所著的《人工智能设计：与人工智能共生的计划》这本书，并且作者强烈推荐这本书，因为它能够通俗易懂地为普通人提供人工智能的知识信息。因此，这篇文章的写作目的是推荐一本关于AI的书。故选A。
2025年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国I卷）
D
①Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans.
②Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics.
③Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride.
④Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.
⑤Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer, the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”
32.How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph?
A. By quoting an expert.
B. By defining a concept.
C. By giving examples.
D. By providing statistics.
33. What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water?
A. The hardness of water.
B. The length of cooling time.
C. The frequency of filtering.
D. The type of plastic in water.
34. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4?
A. The importance of plastic recycling.
B. The severity of the microplastic problem.
C. The danger in overusing pure water.
D. The difficulty in treating polluted water.
35. What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about?
A. Choice of new research methods.
B. Possible direction for further study.
C. Need to involve more researchers.
D. Potential application of the findings.
【解析】
文章讨论了微塑料污染问题，并介绍了一项研究：通过煮沸和过滤自来水，可以显著降低水中的微塑料含量。
【逐题解析】
32. C 细节理解题。文章第一段通过列举微塑料污染的各种例子来呈现问题，如“they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow.”（它们已经沉积在深海和喜马拉雅山上，卡在火山岩中，填满了海鸟的胃，甚至降落在南极的新鲜雪地上。）。故选C。
33. A 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Crucially,this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate(碳酸钙)to trap the plastics.”（至关重要的是，这个过程依赖于水中含有足够的碳酸钙来捕获塑料。）可知，水的硬度（碳酸钙含量）决定了捕获微塑料的有效性。故选A。
34. B 推理判断题。文章第四段提到“Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.”（甚至瓶装水，科学家今年早些时候发现，其含有的微塑料比原先认为的要多10到1000倍。）。结合上下文推知，作者提到瓶装水是为了凸显微塑料问题的严重性。故选B。
35. B 推理判断题。Gauchotte-Lindsay建议“We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”（我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂，以便它们能去除微塑料。）。由此可推知，她提出了进一步研究的方向。故选B。
【考查要点】
基础知识：微塑料污染问题、自来水处理相关主题的语篇知识和语言知识。
学科能力：阅读理解能力、信息提取能力。
核心素养：环保意识、科学探究精神。
价值引领：引导学生关注环境问题，培养环保意识。
2025年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国II卷）
D
①Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase“there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.
②Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away.
③For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste.
④A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33pounds of food waste for every $1, 000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion.
⑤It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料)used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.
⑥Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything.
32. What can be inferred about the author’s early life?
A. He witnessed food shortage.
B. He enjoyed the local cuisine.
C. He donated food to Africans.
D. He helped to cook at home.
33. Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment?
A. To customize dishes for guests.
B. To make the public aware of food waste.
C. To test a food processing method.
D. To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Why the ingredients were used.
B. Which dishes were best liked.
C. What the dishes were made of.
D. Where the ingredients were bought.
35. What can we learn about wastED?
A. It has ended as planned.
B. It is creating new jobs.
C. It has regained popularity.
D. It is criticized by top chefs.
【解析】
本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了通过纽约Blue Hill餐厅的短期实验项目“wastED”，揭示食物浪费问题的严重性，并探索创新解决方案（如利用非常规食材），呼吁公众提高环保意识。
32. A推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase ‘there are children starving in Africa’was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.”可知，作者在南非长大，常听到“非洲有孩子挨饿”的提醒（“uncomfortable reminder of fact”），暗示他亲历过食物短缺的社会环境。故选A。
33. B 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste.”可知，Blue Hill的实验目的是让公众关注食物浪费。故选B。
34. C 段落大意题。根据文章第五段详细描述菜品原料（如“kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes”），说明“非常规食材如何被利用”，以及“Instead, all the ingredients (配料)used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving.”可知，该段重点在于说明这些食材的来源，而不是它们的制作过程或其他方面。故选C。
35. A 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment”可知，wastED是一个短期的实验，尽管获得了热烈的评价，但它按照计划结束。故选A。
【考查要点】
基础知识：食品浪费问题的基础了解。
学科能力：归纳概括能力、推理判断能力。
核心素养：社会责任感、环保意识。
价值引领：引导学生思考如何通过实际行动来应对环境和资源的挑战。
