一、定义与特点
1. 直接引语
直接引述别人的原话，放在引号内，被引用的话是原话，不做任何改动。
·例句：Mary said, “I love reading books.”
·常用引述动词：say (说)、ask (问)、shout (喊)、cry (喊)、add (补充道)、order (命令道)、smile (微笑道) 等。
2. 间接引语
用自己的话转述别人的话，引述动词和被转述的话语之间不用标点符号，有时态、人称、时间、地点等的变化。
·例句：Mary said that she loved reading books.
·常用引述动词：say (说)、tell (告诉)、ask (问)、shout (喊)、cry (喊)、add (补充道)、order (命令道) 等。
二、两者的转换
1. 人称的变化
（1）一随主原则
直接引语中的第一人称代词（I/we）在变为间接引语时，须与引述动词的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
·直接引语：“I am walking to school,” she said.
·间接引语：She said that she was walking to school.
（2）二随宾原则
直接引语中的第二人称代词（you）变为间接引语时，须与引述动词的宾语在人称和数上保持一致。
·直接引语：My teacher told me, “You should be on time next time.”
·间接引语：My teacher told me that I should be on time next time.
（3）第三人称不变化原则
直接引语中的第三人称代词（he/she/it/they）在变为间接引语时不发生变化。
·直接引语：A few people said, “They love the cake.”
·间接引语：A few people said that they loved the cake.
2. 时态的变化
（1）时态变化的情况
直接引语变为间接引语时，如果引述动词用了过去的某种时态，则间接引语的时态应相应向前推一个时态。
直接引语时态 | 间接引语时态 | 示例 |
一般现在时 | 一般过去时 | “I like pizza,” he said. → He said he liked pizza. |
现在进行时 | 过去进行时 | “I am reading,” she said. → She said she was reading. |
现在完成时 | 过去完成时 | “I have finished,” he said. → He said he had finished. |
一般过去时 | 过去完成时 | “I saw the movie,” she said. → She said she had seen the movie. |
一般将来时 | 过去将来时 | “I will come,” he said. → He said he would come. |
（2）时态不变化的情况
1.直接引语是客观真理、自然现象或名言警句。
o直接引语：My teacher told us, “Light travels faster than sound.”
o间接引语：My teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.
2.所转述的动作或状态说话时仍在继续，并对此加以强调。
o直接引语：She said, “My best friend Jane is kind and friendly.”
o间接引语：She said that her best friend Jane is kind and friendly.
3. 指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和方向性动词的变化
变化类别 | 直接引语 | 间接引语 |
指示代词 | this/ these | that/ those |
时间状语 | now | then |
today | that day | |
tonight | that night | |
two days ago | two days before | |
tomorrow | the next/ following day | |
next week | the next/ following week | |
地点状语 | here | there |
方向性动词 | come | go |
bring | take |
示例
1.Helen told me, “I’ll bring this camera to the party.”
→Helen told me that she would take that camera to the party.（方向性动词 + 指示代词变化）
2.My pen pal said, “I will pay a visit to your city next week.”
→My pen pal said that he would pay a visit to my city the next/following week.（时间状语变化）
3.The girl said, “The weather here is cold.”
→The girl said the weather there was cold.（地点状语变化）
注意：在说话者的当时当地转述时，指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和方向性动词等不变。
4. 句式的变化
（1）直接引语是陈述句
直接引语是陈述句时，间接引语变为由that引导的宾语从句，that 可以省略。
·常用引述动词：say（说)、tell (告诉)、repeat (重复)、answer (回答)、reply (回复)、explain (解释)、think (认为)、suggest (建议) 等。
·例句：“I’d like to watch the football match,” he said.
→He said (that) he’d like to watch the football match.
（2）直接引语是疑问句
转换为间接引语时，必须用陈述句语序，句末用句号。
·常用引述动词：ask (问)、wonder (想知道)、want to know (想知道)、don’t know (不知道)、be not sure (拿不准) 等。
1.一般疑问句、反意疑问句：变为whether/if引导的宾语从句
o一般疑问句：“Can I watch one show first?”I asked.
→I asked whether/if I could watch one show first.
o反意疑问句：My sister asked me,“You are doing your homework，aren’t you?”
→My sister asked me whether/if I was doing my homework.
2.选择疑问句：变为 **whether...or...** 引导的宾语从句
o例句：Mary asked, “Who teaches you English，Miss Li or Miss Wang?”
→Mary asked whether Miss Li or Miss Wang taught me English.
3.特殊疑问句：由原来的疑问词引导宾语从句
o例句：“How do they understand each other?” I asked Ms Liu.
→I asked Ms Liu how they understood each other.
（3）直接引语是祈使句
转换规则：动词原形变不定式（肯定 to do，否定 not to do），作宾语补足语；引述动词 say 改为 tell/ask/order/advise/warn 等。
·例句：He said to me, “Don’t break the school rules.”
→He told me not to break the school rules.
（4）直接引语是感叹句
可变为what/how引导的宾语从句，也可变为that引导的宾语从句。
·例句 1：He said, “How fast the boy runs!”
→He exclaimed how fast the boy ran.
·例句 2：She said, “What a beautiful day it is!”
→She said that it was a very beautiful day.
练习题汇总
1.“Don’t play football in the street,” the policeman said to the boys.
改为：The policeman told the boys ________ football in the street.
A. don’t play B. to not play C. not to play
2.“I like playing basketball,” Tom said.
改为：Tom said that ______ playing basketball.
A. he likes B. he liked C. I like
3.“Are you going to the library?” Lucy asked me.
改为：Lucy asked me ________ going to the library.
A. if I was B. was I C. that I was
4.“You should finish your homework first,” Mom told me.
改为：Mom told me that ______ finish ______ homework first.
A. I should; my B. you should; your C. I should; your
5.将下列直接引语改为间接引语。
Lucy said, “I am reading a very interesting book.”
→ Lucy said that ________________________
6.句型转换。
“Are you going to visit the museum tomorrow?” she asked me.
→She asked me _______________ going to visit the museum ____________.
7.句型转换。
“When will the train arrive?” the passenger asked.
→The passenger asked ______________ ______________.
8.将下列直接引语改为间接引语。
The teacher said, “The earth goes around the sun.”
→ The teacher said that ________________
9.句型转换。
“Are you going to reply to his letter by phone or by email?” Mom asked me.
→ Mom asked me ________ I ________ going to reply to his letter by phone ________ by email.
10.将下列直接引语改为间接引语。
“I will bring these photos to you tomorrow,” Peter told me.
→ Peter told me that ___________________________
练习题答案
1.C
2.B
3.A
4.A
5.she was reading a very interesting book.
6.whether/if I was；the next day
7.when the train would arrive
8.the earth goes around the sun.
9.whether；was；or
10.he would bring those photos to me the next day.
