历年考研英语真题逐词逐句讲解 | 2020年英语(一)英译汉

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①真题文本来自官方（大纲后面的附录），不存在多词少词的问题。

②作为老师，“教是为了不教”（叶圣陶），教会学习者自学是于慧真题100篇的第一任务！教会学习者自学，也就是教会学习者“倒推”，学习者一旦熟练掌握了“倒推”之技能，便能借助参考译文基于结构理解看不懂的句子。有鉴于此，一旦参考译文脱离原文形式过多，通常就会在解说里给一个照结构的字面意思。照结构的字面意思都知道了，那个句子当然就不需要老师讲解了。

③结构图力求做到概念层次清楚，一目了然，让句法变得简单易学，让句法结构分析真正起到帮助理解句子意思的作用，给全国乃至世界树立句法结构分析标杆。使用世界认可的句法五分法，词、短语及分句充当句子的最大构成单位，主语、谓语、宾语、补语、状语为最大构成单位的功能名称（如结构图中的主干所示）。补语包括主语补语和宾语补语。没有表语这个概念（叫主语补语），没有表语自然就没有“主系表”之说；“主谓补”并非是标新立异，跟传统语法和现代语法也没有关系，补语历史悠久，几百年前都有，而表语源自苏联版的语法书，国内最权威的语法书章振邦《新编高级英语语法》也没有表语这个概念（业内有句话叫“内行看章振邦，外行看张道真”）。没有介词宾语这个概念（叫介词的补足语），说介词宾语很大程度上是受汉语的影响，因为汉语语法有种理论认为介词可以作谓语带宾语。形容词跟的从句不叫宾语从句（叫形容词的补足语，名词性从句充当形容词的补足语），说宾语从句的也是受汉语的影响，因为汉语形容词可以作谓语带宾语（英语却不同，充当宾语的从句才叫宾语从句，连宾语都不是，何来宾语从句）。不定式短语、-ing分词短语、-ed分词短语也叫不定式分句、Ing分句、Ed分句，以便在其内部继续分析主谓宾补状。补语不同于补足语（亦称补足成分），因为补语是有别于主语、谓语、宾语、状语的概念，是句层面的概念，补足语是词组层面的概念，如介词的补足语，形容词的补足语、比较项的补足语等。状语从句是有别于名词性从句和定语从句的概念，宾语从句是有别于主语从句、补语从句（亦称表语从句）等名词性从句的概念。

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14th century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17th century, with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46)With the Church’s teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.

During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47)Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geo-centric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy, and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.

(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore. It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.

The Church’s long-standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of the 17th century. (49)As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era – the Age of Reason.

The 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity. Scientific method, reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase “sapere aude” or “dare to know”, after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay “An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?”. It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.

说明：①凡是译文都叫参考译文（其他叫法是糊弄门外汉），命题组给的译文也不例外，于慧真题100篇叫官方译文（取自大纲中的附录）是便于区分。②官方译文是十几位全国顶级英语教授封闭近一个月的集体智慧。③结合【句句解说】，细品历年的官方译文，不仅会提高精读能力，还会不知不觉地悟出一些翻译之道。翻译之道，英语（一）和（二）是不会有区别的。

46. With the Church’s teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.

【官方译文】随着教会的教义和思维模式因文艺复兴而暗淡无光，中世纪和现代两个历史时期之间架起了桥梁，进而通向了崭新和未探索过的知识领域。

【句句解说】句首为with引导的独立结构充当状语成分（这种独立结构英语二中常见），语义上表示伴随，即“随着”。eclipsed为动词eclipse的过去分词，表示被动意义。eclipse的原意是“遮住（太阳、月球）的光，出现（日食、月食）”，此处取其喻义“使…黯然失色，使…相形见绌”。最后一个最大构成单位（ leading to…）是一个分词短语，语义上表示结果，即结果状语。

句子照结构的字面意思是，“随着教会的教义和思维方式被文艺复兴（by the Renaissance）黯然失色，中世纪和现代时期之间的gap已被bridged，通向了（leading to）新的和未被探索的知识领域”。eclipsed、the Renaissance、Medieval这三个词，很多考生可能不认识，但是根据其前后搭配，如Medieval与modern (periods)并列，即便不认识Medieval一词，也不应该译得太离谱。lead to在历年考研真题中常见义项是“导致（某种结果）”，显然不是这里需要的意思；前面是“架起了桥梁”，后面是“新的、未探索过的”，由此便能想到取“通向”之义项。翻译题，遇到陌生词或词的非普通义项是不可避免的，此时应该根据“逻辑搭配”，将意思顺过去，让译文可读。（只要可读，且意思不是很离谱，阅卷老师通常都会给分。）

47. Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geo-centric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe.

【官方译文】在他们的每项发现之前，当时的许多思想家一直沿袭着更加古老的思维模式，其中包括认为地球处于宇宙中心的地心说。

【句句解说】官方资料是geo-centric（有连词符），而不是geocentric（以地球为中心的; 地心的）。geo-为前缀，表示“地球、地表”。当年的命题组有老师认为including是一个介词，引导的介词短语作补充状语。但是，业内公认的权威语法书认为including是同位语引导词，类似的引导词还有for example, for instance（或 e.g., eg）, such as, say等，表示举例或列举。including作为引导词，引导名词词组，当然是没有词性的；作为介词，为了自洽，就只能说它引导的介词短语作状语了，不可能说介词短语作名词词组（如more ancient ways of thinking）的同位语（有悖同位语之概念）。将其理解成状语，句法结构分析在此处就没有起到帮助理解句意的作用，因为 including…很明显是对more ancient ways of thinking的补充，是词组层面的。

本句照结构的字面意思是，“在他们的新发现每次之前，当时的（at the time）许多思想家一直维持着更古老的思维方式，包括地球处于我们的宇宙中心的以地球为中心的观点”，或“……包括以地球为中心的观点，即地球处于我们宇宙的中心”等。“在他们的新发现每次之前”，不可读，需要处理，如参考译文。revelations一词在此语境中与discovery同义（上句中的discovery给了很强的提示），译为“发现”即可。

48. Despite attempts by the Church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.

【官方译文】尽管教会屡屡打压这些新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者，但关于宇宙运行原理的阐释还是不断涌现，其速度让世人再也无法视而不见。

【句句解说】本句照结构的字面意思是，“尽管教会的、压制这（this）新一代逻辑学家和理性主义者的试图，但是关于（for）宇宙如何运转（functioned）的更多解释（more explanations）正在（were being）以（at）人们无法再忽视的速度（rate）被提出”。很明显，逗号前面不可读，为什么不可读呢？英语，Despite / In spite of后面只能接名词短语，不能接分句；而汉语正好相反，“虽然/尽管”后面必须接小句。名词短语attempts…，逆用名词化思想不难想到“教会试图打压……”。（by短语跟其后面的不定式短语没有关系。）参考译文中那个“让”字用得好，值得注意（前面已多次提醒）。

49. As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era

【官方译文】当很多人承担起试图将理性思维和科学思想融入大千世界这一责任时，文艺复兴即告结束，新的时代从此开启。

【句句解说】本句照结构的字面意思是，“当许多人承担起试图将推理和科学思想体系融入世界的责任的时候，文艺复兴就结束了，并且是一个新时代的时间了”。As在这里引导的是时间状语，不能译为原因状语（由于……）。take sth on 作“（decide to do sth; undertake sth）决定做某事; 承担某事”解，如take on extra work（承担额外工作）。（原文和本例句中的sth都移到了on后。） philosophies此处意指“思想;思想体系”，这里不要译为“哲学”。The Renaissance was over中的over可以用疑问副词how提问（即How was the Renaissance?），因此，可以说over是一个状语成分（世界最权威语法学家的观点），是一个副词（有悖普通句法规则——主语补语，即表语，具有形容词性或名词性）。可是，这样虽然自洽了，但是会给语法初学者带来学习负担。简便起见，不妨将副词充当补语的现象作为规则的例外（凡是规则都有例外）。

50. Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase “sapere aude” or “dare to know”,

【官方译文】拉丁语短语“sapere aude”即“敢于求知”，准确地概括了这类寻求知识和理解已知信息的行为。

【句句解说】本句照结构的字面意思是，“这类（Such）寻求知识和理解我们已知的所有信息的行为，被拉丁语短语‘sapere aude’即‘敢于了解’充分体现”，或（转换成主动）“拉丁语短语‘sapere aude’即‘敢于了解’，充分体现了这类（Such）寻求知识和理解我们已知的所有信息的行为”。英语被动句特别常见，但是汉语被字句用得很少，翻译时尽量少用“被”字句，如官方译文。what+information等于all the information [that]（参见句法第16讲），字面意思是“所有信息”。capture一词是翻译本句的难点，大家熟悉的义项是“捕获、夺得、充分体现（见《研读分册》Text 18）”，前两个义项放在句中明显不合适，最后一个义项“充分体现”似可接受；官方译文这里是“准确地概括”，但是未见词典列有“准确或精准地概括”这条义项（有词典列有“描绘出”之义项）。or作“即”解，这应该是大家熟悉的义项。dare to know，是翻译本句的另一难点，考生可能知道译作“敢于知道”不妥，可是一时也想不到别的词。（前面的to seek knowledge给了很强的提示。）

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