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壹
Conceptually and morally, meritocracy is presented as the opposite of hereditary aristocracy, in which one’s social position is determined by the lottery of birth.
【生词】
1. conceptually adv.概念上
2. morally adv.道德上、道义上、确实地
3. meritocracy n.优绩主义、精英领导体制、精英领导阶级、英才管理
4. hereditary adj.遗传的、世袭的
5. aristocracy n.贵族、贵族阶级
【解析】
① Conceptually and morally是副词作状语，修饰整个主句，说明 “从观念上和道德上” 来看，精英统治被如何看待；
② meritocracy是句子的主语，is presented是谓语动词，as the opposite of hereditary aristocracy是介词短语作主语补足语，补充说明主语meritocracy被呈现成什么样子 —“世袭贵族制的对立面”；of hereditary aristocracy是介词短语作后置定语，修饰the opposite，表示：世袭贵族的对立面；句子意思是：从概念上和道德上讲，精英制度被呈现为世袭贵族的对立面；
③ in which one’s social position is determined by the lottery of birth是介词in + which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰hereditary aristocracy，对hereditary aristocracy进行补充解释，one’s social position是句子的主语，is determined是谓语动词，by the lottery of birth是介词短语作状语，句子意思是：在世袭贵族制中，一个人的社会地位由出生的偶然性决定；
【句子成分结构树状图】
[句子] Conceptually and morally, meritocracy is presented as the opposite of hereditary aristocracy, in which one’s social position is determined by the lottery of birth.
├───[状语：并列副词短语] Conceptually and morally (从概念上和道德上讲)
│ ├───[副词] Conceptually (概念上地)
│ ├───[并列连词] and (和)
│ └───[副词] morally (道德上地)
├───[主语] meritocracy (精英制度)
├───[谓语：被动语态] is presented (被呈现)
│ ├───[助动词] is
│ └───[过去分词] presented
├───[主语补足语：介词短语] as the opposite of hereditary aristocracy (作为世袭贵族的对立面)
│ ├───[介词] as (作为)
│ └───[宾语] the opposite of hereditary aristocracy
│ ├───[限定词] the
│ ├───[核心名词] opposite (对立面)
│ └───[后置定语：介词短语] of hereditary aristocracy
│ ├───[介词] of
│ └───[宾语] hereditary aristocracy (世袭贵族)
│ ├───[形容词] hereditary (世袭的)
│ └───[核心名词] aristocracy (贵族制度)
└───[非限制性定语从句] in which one’s social position is determined by the lottery of birth
├───[关系词] in which (在这种制度中)
│ ├───[介词] in
│ └───[关系代词] which (指代 hereditary aristocracy)
├───[主语] one’s social position (一个人的社会地位)
│ ├───[限定词] one’s (一个人的)
│ ├───[形容词] social (社会的)
│ └───[核心名词] position (地位)
├───[谓语：被动语态] is determined (被决定)
│ ├───[助动词] is
│ └───[过去分词] determined
└───[状语：介词短语] by the lottery of birth (由出生的偶然性)
├───[介词] by (由、通过)
└───[宾语] the lottery of birth
├───[限定词] the
├───[核心名词] lottery (抽签、偶然性)
└───[后置定语：介词短语] of birth (出生的)
├───[介词] of
└───[宾语] birth (出生)
【句意】从概念上和道德上讲，精英制度被呈现为世袭贵族的对立面，在世袭贵族制中，一个人的社会地位由出生的偶然性决定；
贰
The“ultimatum game”is a common psychological experiment, where one player is given a sum of money and told to propose a division between him and another player, who may accept or reject the offer.
【生词】
1. ultimatum n.最后结论、基本原理、最后通牒
2. psychological adj.心理的、精神的、心理学的
3. propose v.提议、建议、提出、推荐
4. division n.分开、分配、分歧、分界
5. reject v.拒绝、否决、摒弃、不接受；n.次品、废品
【解析】
① The “ultimatum game”是句子的主语，is是系动词，a common psychological experiment作表语，意思是：“最后通牒博弈”是一种常见的心理学实验；
② where one player is given a sum of money and told to propose a division between him and another player是where引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词experiment，where在从句中作地点状语（抽象地点），补充说明这个实验具体是怎么进行的；one player是从句的主语，is given … and (is) told …是并列被动谓语，a sum of money是given的直接宾语，to propose a division是to do不定式结构作主语补足语，补充说明told的内容，between him and another player是介词短语作后置定语，修饰a division，表示：两人之间的分配；句子意思是：在实验中，一名玩家会得到一笔钱，并被要求在（他）自己和另一名玩家之间提出分配方案；
③ who may accept or reject the offer是who引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词another player，补充说明另一名参与者的权利和行为，who在从句中作主语，may accept or reject是并列的谓语动词，the offer作宾语，句子意思是：另一名玩家可以接受或拒绝该提议；
【句子成分结构树状图】
[句子] The “ultimatum game” is a common psychological experiment, where one player is given a sum of money and told to propose a division between him and another player, who may accept or reject the offer.
│
├───[主语] The “ultimatum game” (最后通牒博弈)
│ ├───[限定词] The
│ └───[核心名词] “ultimatum game”
├───[系动词] is (是)
├───[表语] a common psychological experiment (一个常见的心理学实验)
│ ├───[限定词] a
│ ├───[形容词] common (常见的)
│ ├───[形容词] psychological (心理学的)
│ └───[核心名词] experiment (实验)
└───[非限制性定语从句] where one player is given a sum of money and told to propose a division between him and another player, who may accept or reject the offer
├───[关系副词] where (在这个实验中)
├───[主语] one player (一名玩家)
│ ├───[数词] one
│ └───[核心名词] player
├───[并列谓语组] is given a sum of money and told to propose a division between him and another player
│ ├───[第一个谓语：被动语态] is given a sum of money
│ │ ├───[助动词] is
│ │ ├───[过去分词] given (被给予)
│ │ └───[直接宾语] a sum of money (一笔钱)
│ │ ├───[限定词] a
│ │ ├───[名词] sum (笔)
│ │ └───[后置定语：介词短语] of money
│ │ ├───[介词] of
│ │ └───[宾语] money
│ ├───[并列连词] and (并且)
│ └───[第二个谓语：被动语态] told to propose a division between him and another player
│ ├───[助动词] (省略 is，与前面共享)
│ ├───[过去分词] told (被要求)
│ └───[主语补足语：不定式短语] to propose a division between him and another player
│ ├───[不定式标志] to
│ ├───[谓语] propose (提出)
│ ├───[宾语] a division (一个分配方案)
│ │ ├───[限定词] a
│ │ └───[核心名词] division
│ └───[状语：介词短语] between him and another player (在他和另一名玩家之间)
│ ├───[介词] between
│ └───[并列宾语] him and another player
│ ├───[代词宾格] him (他)
│ ├───[并列连词] and
│ └───[名词短语] another player (另一名玩家)
│ ├───[限定词] another
│ └───[核心名词] player
└───[非限制性定语从句] who may accept or reject the offer
├───[关系代词] who (指代 another player)
├───[谓语组] may accept or reject
│ ├───[情态动词] may (可以)
│ ├───[谓语动词] accept (接受)
│ ├───[并列连词] or (或)
│ └───[谓语动词] reject (拒绝)
└───[宾语] the offer (该提议)
├───[限定词] the
└───[核心名词] offer
【句意】“最后通牒博弈”是一种常见的心理学实验：在实验中，一名玩家会得到一笔钱，并被要求在（他）自己和另一名玩家之间提出分配方案，后者可以接受或拒绝该提议；
叁
Simply asking subjects to recall external contributors to their successes made them more likely to give to charity than those remembering internal factors.
【生词】
1. recall v.回忆、记起、召回；n.记忆力、记性、召回
2. external adj.外部的、外面的、外来的；n.外表、外部特征
3. contributor n.捐赠者、促成因素
4. internal adj.内部的、体内的、内政的、国内的；n.内部、内部特征
【解析】
① Simply asking subjects to recall external contributors to their successes是动名词作主语，Simply是副词，修饰整个主语，表示：仅仅、只是；asking是动名词，核心主语中心词；subjects作宾语，to recall是非谓语动词to do不定式作宾语补足语，external contributors to their successes作recall的宾语，to their successes是介词短语作后置定语，修饰contributors，表示：他们成功的外部因素，整个主语的意思是：简单地让受试者回忆促成其成功的外部因素；made是谓语动词，them作宾语，more likely to give to charity是宾语补足语，补充说明“让他们变得怎样”，表示：更有可能做慈善捐款；than those remembering internal factors是比较状语，those是宾语，remembering internal factors是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰those，表示：那些回忆内部因素的人；
【句子成分结构树状图】
[句子] Simply asking subjects to recall external contributors to their successes made them more likely to give to charity than those remembering internal factors.
├───[主语：动名词短语] Simply asking subjects to recall external contributors to their successes
│ ├───[状语] Simply (简单地)
│ ├───[动名词] asking (要求)
│ ├───[宾语] subjects (受试者)
│ └───[宾语补足语：不定式短语] to recall external contributors to their successes
│ ├───[不定式标志] to
│ ├───[谓语] recall (回忆)
│ └───[宾语] external contributors to their successes (促成其成功的外部因素)
│ ├───[形容词] external (外部的)
│ ├───[核心名词] contributors (促成因素)
│ └───[后置定语：介词短语] to their successes
│ ├───[介词] to (对于)
│ └───[宾语] their successes (他们的成功)
│ ├───[限定词] their
│ └───[核心名词] successes
├───[谓语] made (使得)
├───[间接宾语] them (他们)
└───[宾语补足语] more likely to give to charity than those remembering internal factors
├───[形容词比较级] more likely (更可能)
│ ├───[副词] more (更)
│ └───[形容词] likely (可能的)
├───[不定式短语] to give to charity (捐给慈善机构)
│ ├───[不定式标志] to
│ ├───[谓语] give (捐赠)
│ └───[状语：介词短语] to charity (给慈善机构)
│ ├───[介词] to
│ └───[宾语] charity (慈善机构)
└───[比较状语从句：省略结构] than those remembering internal factors
├───[比较连词] than (比)
└───[比较对象] those remembering internal factors (那些回忆内部因素的人)
├───[代词] those (那些人)
└───[后置定语：现在分词短语] remembering internal factors (回忆内部因素)
├───[现在分词] remembering
└───[宾语] internal factors (内部因素)
├───[形容词] internal (内部的)
└───[核心名词] factors (因素)
【句意】仅仅是让受试者回忆促成其成功的外部因素，就比那些回忆内部因素的人更有可能捐款给慈善机构；
图文 | 排版 ：Oliver
