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一、因果逻辑类
1. because of
因为；由于
例句：We put off the sports meeting because of the bad weather.
我们因为糟糕的天气推迟了运动会。
2. due to
因为；由于
例句：His success is due to his hard work.
他的成功归功于他的努力付出。
3. owing to
因为；由于
例句：Owing to his carelessness, he failed the exam.
由于他的粗心，他考试不及格。
4. thanks to
多亏；由于
例句：Thanks to your help, I finished the work on time.
多亏了你的帮助，我按时完成了工作。
5. as a result
因此；结果
例句：He didn’t study hard, as a result, he failed the final exam.
他学习不努力，结果期末考试不及格。
6. as a result of
作为……的结果；由于
例句：Many people lost their homes as a result of the flood.
由于洪水，很多人失去了家园。
7. therefore
因此；所以
例句：He is ill, therefore he can’t come to school today.
他生病了，所以今天不能来上学。
8. thus
因此；从而
例句：He studied hard, thus he passed the exam easily.
他努力学习，因此轻松通过了考试。
9. so
所以；因此
例句：It was raining heavily, so we stayed at home.
雨下得很大，所以我们待在了家里。
10. for
因为；由于（补充说明原因）
例句：He must be at home, for the light in his room is on.
他一定在家，因为他房间的灯亮着。
11. since
既然；因为（已知原因）
例句：Since you are tired, you should have a rest.
既然你累了，就应该休息一下。
12. now that
既然；由于
例句：Now that you have finished your homework, you can watch TV.
既然你已经写完了作业，就可以看电视了。
13. in that
因为；原因在于
例句：The book is popular in that it is very educational.
这本书很受欢迎，因为它很有教育意义。
14. on account of
因为；由于
例句：He was late on account of the heavy traffic.
他因为交通拥堵迟到了。
15. by reason of
因为；由于
例句：He was excused by reason of his age.
他因为年龄小而被原谅了。
16. in view of
鉴于；考虑到
例句：In view of his experience, we decided to ask him for help.
鉴于他的经验，我们决定向他求助。
17. consequently
因此；结果
例句：The bridge was destroyed, consequently we couldn’t cross the river.
桥被冲毁了，因此我们无法过河。
18. hence
因此；由此
例句：The cost of materials has increased, hence the prices are higher.
原材料成本上涨了，因此价格更高了。
19. accordingly
因此；于是
例句：He didn’t follow the rules, accordingly he was punished.
他没有遵守规则，因此受到了惩罚。
20. for the reason that
因为；由于……的原因
例句：He left early for the reason that he had an important meeting.
他提前离开了，因为他有一个重要的会议。
21. by virtue of
由于；凭借
例句：He got the job by virtue of his rich experience.
他凭借丰富的经验得到了这份工作。
22. as a consequence
因此；结果
例句：He broke the rules, as a consequence, he was fired.
他违反了规则，结果被解雇了。
23. as a consequence of
由于……的结果
例句：She was late as a consequence of the traffic jam.
她因为堵车迟到了。
24. in consequence
因此；结果
例句：He didn’t prepare for the exam, in consequence, he failed.
他没有为考试做准备，结果不及格。
25. in consequence of
由于；因为
例句：Many trees were cut down in consequence of the storm.
因为暴风雨，很多树被刮倒了。
二、转折让步类
1. but
但是；可是
例句：He is young, but he is very independent.
他很年轻，但是非常独立。
2. however
然而；可是
例句：The task is difficult; however, we will try our best to finish it.
这个任务很难，然而我们会尽全力完成它。
3. while
然而；而（表对比）
例句：I like reading, while my brother likes playing games.
我喜欢读书，而我的弟弟喜欢玩游戏。
4. yet
然而；但是
例句：She studied very hard, yet she didn’t get a good grade.
她学习非常努力，但是没有取得好成绩。
5. though
虽然；尽管
例句：Though he is very tired, he still keeps working.
尽管他很累，他还是继续工作。
6. although
虽然；尽管
例句：Although it was raining, we still went to the park.
尽管下着雨，我们还是去了公园。
7. even though
即使；尽管
例句：Even though he is very busy, he will help me with my English.
即使他很忙，他也会帮我学英语。
8. even if
即使；纵然
例句：Even if I fail this time, I will never give up.
即使我这次失败了，我也绝不会放弃。
9. whereas
然而；但是（表对比）
例句：Some people waste food, whereas others don’t have enough to eat.
有些人浪费食物，而另一些人却吃不饱。
10. nevertheless
然而；尽管如此
例句：He was very tired; nevertheless, he continued to work.
他非常累，尽管如此，他还是继续工作。
11. notwithstanding
尽管；虽然
例句：Notwithstanding the bad weather, we set off as planned.
尽管天气不好，我们还是按计划出发了。
12. in spite of
尽管；不管
例句：In spite of the heavy rain, he went to school on time.
尽管下着大雨，他还是按时去上学了。
13. despite
尽管；不管
例句：Despite his illness, he still came to the meeting.
尽管生病了，他还是来参加了会议。
14. regardless of
不管；不顾
例句：He went to help others regardless of his own safety.
他不顾自己的安危去帮助别人。
15. on the contrary
相反地
例句：I thought he would be angry; on the contrary, he smiled.
我以为他会生气，相反地，他笑了。
16. by contrast
相比之下
例句：She is very outgoing; by contrast, her sister is very shy.
她非常外向，相比之下，她的妹妹非常害羞。
17. in contrast
相比之下
例句：The winter here is warm; in contrast, the winter in the north is very cold.
这里的冬天很暖和，相比之下，北方的冬天非常冷。
18. instead
反而；却
例句：He didn’t blame me; instead, he helped me solve the problem.
他没有责怪我，反而帮我解决了问题。
19. instead of
代替；而不是
例句：We should go out to play instead of staying at home all day.
我们应该出去玩，而不是整天待在家里。
20. after all
毕竟；终究
例句：Don’t blame him too much; after all, he is only a child.
别太责怪他，毕竟他只是个孩子。
21. all the same
仍然；还是
例句：He made a lot of mistakes, but I like him all the same.
他犯了很多错误，但我还是喜欢他。
22. even so
即便如此；虽然这样
例句：There are many difficulties; even so, we must finish the work.
困难有很多，即便如此，我们也必须完成这项工作。
23. on the other hand
另一方面
例句：The job is well-paid; on the other hand, it takes up too much time.
这份工作薪水很高，另一方面，它占用了太多时间。
24. whereas
然而；反之
例句：The north of the country is mountainous, whereas the south is flat.
这个国家的北部多山，而南部地势平坦。
25. albeit
虽然；尽管（正式用法）
例句：Albeit difficult, the task was completed on time.
尽管很难，这项任务还是按时完成了。
三、并列递进类
1. and
和；并且；然后
例句：He opened the door and walked into the room.
他打开门，走进了房间。
2. both...and...
既……又……
例句：Both my father and my mother are teachers.
我的爸爸和妈妈都是老师。
3. not only...but also...
不但……而且……
例句：She not only speaks English well, but also speaks French fluently.
她不但英语说得好，而且法语也说得很流利。
4. as well as
也；和；除……之外还
例句：He is good at English as well as math.
他既擅长数学，也擅长英语。
5. as well
也；还
例句：I like playing basketball, and I like swimming as well.
我喜欢打篮球，也喜欢游泳。
6. besides
此外；而且
例句：The film is very interesting; besides, it has a meaningful theme.
这部电影非常有趣，而且主题很有意义。
7. moreover
此外；再者
例句：The house is big and bright; moreover, it is in a good location.
这房子又大又亮，而且位置很好。
8. furthermore
此外；而且
例句：He is hard-working; furthermore, he is very clever.
他很勤奋，而且非常聪明。
9. in addition
另外；此外
例句：We need to buy some food; in addition, we need to buy some drinks.
我们需要买一些食物，另外还需要买一些饮料。
10. in addition to
除……之外（还）
例句：In addition to English, he can speak three other languages.
除了英语，他还会说另外三种语言。
11. what's more
而且；更重要的是
例句：He is very kind; what's more, he is always ready to help others.
他非常善良，而且总是乐于助人。
12. not merely...but also...
不仅……而且……
例句：She is not merely hard-working, but also very responsible.
她不仅勤奋，而且非常有责任心。
13. not just...but...
不仅……而且……
例句：This is not just a book, but a precious gift.
这不仅是一本书，更是一份珍贵的礼物。
14. along with
和……一起；连同
例句：She, along with her classmates, will visit the museum tomorrow.
她和她的同学们明天要去参观博物馆。
15. together with
和……一起
例句：I, together with my parents, will go to Beijing this summer.
今年夏天我要和我的父母一起去北京。
16. coupled with
加上；连同
例句：His hard work, coupled with his talent, made him a great writer.
他的勤奋加上天赋，让他成为了一名伟大的作家。
17. equally
同样地；平等地
例句：She is good at singing, and equally good at dancing.
她擅长唱歌，同样也擅长跳舞。
18. similarly
同样地；类似地
例句：You should do your homework carefully; similarly, you should listen to the teacher carefully in class.
你应该认真写作业，同样地，上课也应该认真听老师讲课。
19. in the same way
同样地
例句：He treats all his students in the same way.
他用同样的方式对待所有的学生。
20. likewise
同样地；此外
例句：You must finish your homework today; likewise, you must clean your room.
你今天必须完成作业，此外，你还必须打扫你的房间。
21. to say nothing of
更不用说；何况
例句：He can't even ride a bike, to say nothing of driving a car.
他连自行车都不会骑，更不用说开车了。
22. not to mention
更不必说；此外
例句：The room is very dirty, not to mention the noise outside.
这个房间非常脏，更不用说外面的噪音了。
23. and then
然后；接着
例句：I finished my homework, and then I watched TV for a while.
我写完了作业，然后看了一会儿电视。
24. at the same time
同时；与此同时
例句：He is very busy with his work; at the same time, he spends a lot of time with his family.
他工作很忙，与此同时，他也花很多时间陪伴家人。
25. in the meanwhile
与此同时
例句：I will finish my homework; in the meanwhile, you can clean the room.
我会完成作业，与此同时，你可以打扫房间。
四、时间条件类
1. when
当……的时候
例句：I was reading a book when he came in.
他进来的时候，我正在看书。
2. while
当……的时候；在……期间
例句：My mother was cooking while my father was watching TV.
我妈妈在做饭的时候，我爸爸在看电视。
3. as
当……的时候；随着
例句：As time goes by, we grow up day by day.
随着时间的流逝，我们一天天长大。
4. as soon as
一……就……
例句：I will call you as soon as I get to Beijing.
我一到北京就给你打电话。
5. until
直到……为止
例句：I will wait for you until you come back.
我会等你，直到你回来。
6. till
直到……为止
例句：He didn't go to bed till he finished his homework.
他直到写完作业才上床睡觉。
7. not...until...
直到……才……
例句：I didn't go to sleep until midnight last night.
我昨晚直到午夜才睡觉。
8. before
在……之前
例句：You should wash your hands before dinner.
你应该在饭前洗手。
9. after
在……之后
例句：He went to play basketball after he finished his homework.
他写完作业之后去打篮球了。
10. since
自从……以来
例句：I have lived in this city since I was a child.
我从小就住在这座城市里。
11. ever since
自从……以来
例句：Ever since he left school, he has worked in this company.
自从他毕业以来，就一直在这家公司工作。
12. once
一旦；一……就……
例句：Once you make a promise, you should keep it.
一旦你许下了承诺，就应该遵守它。
13. the moment
一……就……
例句：I recognized her the moment I saw her.
我一看到她就认出她了。
14. the minute
一……就……
例句：I will tell you the news the minute I get it.
我一得到消息就告诉你。
15. the instant
一……就……
例句：The instant he opened the door, the dog ran out.
他一打开门，狗就跑了出去。
16. immediately
一……就……
例句：Immediately he finished his work, he went home.
他一完成工作就回家了。
17. directly
一……就……
例句：Directly he came in, he knew what had happened.
他一进来就知道发生了什么事。
18. if
如果；假如
例句：If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go for a picnic.
如果明天不下雨，我们就去野餐。
19. unless
除非；如果不
例句：You will fail the exam unless you study hard.
除非你努力学习，否则你考试会不及格。
20. as long as
只要
例句：As long as you keep trying, you will succeed sooner or later.
只要你坚持尝试，你迟早会成功的。
21. so long as
只要
例句：You can go out to play so long as you finish your homework first.
只要你先写完作业，就可以出去玩。
22. on condition that
条件是；假如
例句：You can borrow my book on condition that you return it on time.
你可以借我的书，条件是你要按时归还。
23. provided that
假如；只要
例句：We will have a trip provided that the weather is fine.
假如天气好，我们就去旅行。
24. in case
以防；万一
例句：Take an umbrella with you in case it rains.
带把伞在身上，以防下雨。
25. only if
只有；只要
例句：Only if you study hard can you get good grades.
只有你努力学习，才能取得好成绩。
五、选择对比类
1. or
或者；还是；否则
例句：Do you want to go to the park or the zoo?
你想去公园还是动物园？
2. either...or...
要么……要么……；或者……或者……
例句：Either you go with me, or you stay at home alone.
你要么跟我一起去，要么一个人待在家里。
3. neither...nor...
既不……也不……
例句：Neither he nor I am interested in this movie.
他和我都对这部电影不感兴趣。
4. not...but...
不是……而是……
例句：The most important thing is not money, but health.
最重要的东西不是金钱，而是健康。
5. rather than
而不是；宁可……也不愿
例句：I prefer to stay at home rather than go out in the rain.
我宁愿待在家里，也不愿冒雨出去。
6. instead of
代替；而不是
例句：We should walk to school instead of taking a car every day.
我们应该每天步行上学，而不是坐车。
7. whether...or...
无论……还是……；是……还是……
例句：Whether you like it or not, you have to finish the work.
无论你喜不喜欢，你都必须完成这项工作。
8. not...nor...
既不……也不……
例句：He doesn't like playing football, nor does he like playing basketball.
他不喜欢踢足球，也不喜欢打篮球。
9. alternatively
或者；要不然
例句：You can go by bus; alternatively, you can take the subway.
你可以坐公交车去，或者也可以坐地铁。
10. by comparison
相比之下
例句：This house is bigger; by comparison, that one is smaller.
这座房子更大，相比之下，那座更小。
11. in comparison with
与……相比
例句：In comparison with last year, our life has improved a lot.
和去年相比，我们的生活改善了很多。
12. compared with
与……相比
例句：Compared with many other children, she is very lucky.
和很多其他孩子相比，她非常幸运。
13. compared to
把……比作；与……相比
例句：Life is often compared to a journey.
人生常被比作一场旅行。
14. on the one hand...on the other hand...
一方面……另一方面……
例句：On the one hand, the job is well-paid; on the other hand, it is very tiring.
一方面，这份工作薪水很高；另一方面，它也非常累。
15. for one thing...for another...
一方面……另一方面……
例句：For one thing, the book is very interesting; for another, it is very educational.
一方面，这本书非常有趣；另一方面，它也很有教育意义。
16. alternatively
要不；或者
例句：We can have dinner at home; alternatively, we can eat out.
我们可以在家吃晚饭，要不就出去吃。
17. otherwise
否则；要不然
例句：Hurry up, otherwise you will miss the early bus.
快点，否则你会错过早班车的。
18. or else
否则；要不然
例句：You must finish your homework today, or else you will be punished.
你今天必须完成作业，要不然你会受到惩罚的。
19. in contrast to
与……形成对比
例句：In contrast to his brother, he is very outgoing.
和他的哥哥形成对比，他非常外向。
20. as against
与……相比
例句：The number of students this year is 2000, as against 1800 last year.
今年的学生人数是2000人，而去年是1800人。
21. versus
与……相对；对抗
例句：It's the match of China versus Japan.
这是中国队对日本队的比赛。
22. prefer...to...
比起……更喜欢……
例句：I prefer tea to coffee.
比起咖啡，我更喜欢茶。
23. would rather...than...
宁愿……也不愿……
例句：I would rather walk than take a taxi.
我宁愿走路也不愿坐出租车。
24. more...than...
与其说……不如说……
例句：He is more lucky than clever.
与其说他聪明，不如说他幸运。
25. less...than...
与其说……不如说……
例句：She is less sad than angry.
与其说她难过，不如说她生气。
六、从句引导类
1. that
（引导宾语从句/定语从句，无实义）
例句：He said that he would come to see me the next day.
他说他第二天会来看我。
2. which
哪一个；……的（引导定语从句，指物）
例句：This is the book which I bought yesterday.
这就是我昨天买的那本书。
3. who
谁；……的人（引导定语从句，指人，作主语）
例句：The girl who is standing there is my best friend.
站在那里的那个女孩是我最好的朋友。
4. whom
……的人（引导定语从句，指人，作宾语）
例句：The man whom you met just now is our manager.
你刚才见到的那个男人是我们的经理。
5. whose
……的（引导定语从句，表所属）
例句：This is the boy whose father is a doctor.
这就是那个爸爸是医生的男孩。
6. where
……的地方（引导定语从句，作地点状语）
例句：This is the school where I studied ten years ago.
这就是我十年前就读的学校。
7. when
……的时间（引导定语从句，作时间状语）
例句：I still remember the day when we first met.
我仍然记得我们第一次见面的那一天。
8. why
……的原因（引导定语从句，作原因状语）
例句：This is the reason why he was late for school.
这就是他上学迟到的原因。
9. what
什么；……的东西/事情（引导宾语/主语从句）
例句：I don't know what he is talking about.
我不知道他在说什么。
10. whether
是否（引导宾语从句，可与or not连用）
例句：I don't know whether he will come to the party.
我不知道他是否会来参加派对。
11. if
是否；如果（引导宾语从句，表“是否”）
例句：He asked me if I liked English.
他问我是否喜欢英语。
12. whoever
无论谁；任何人（引导名词性从句）
例句：Whoever breaks the rules will be punished.
任何违反规则的人都会受到惩罚。
13. whatever
无论什么；任何事物（引导名词性从句）
例句：You can take whatever you like.
你可以拿任何你喜欢的东西。
14. whichever
无论哪个；任何一个（引导名词性从句）
例句：You can choose whichever you like best.
你可以选任何你最喜欢的那个。
15. whomever
无论谁（引导名词性从句，作宾语）
例句：You can invite whomever you like.
你可以邀请任何你喜欢的人。
16. whosever
无论谁的（引导名词性从句）
例句：Whosever book this is, it must be returned to the owner.
无论这是谁的书，都必须归还给失主。
17. where
……的地方（引导宾语/表语从句）
例句：I don't know where he lives.
我不知道他住在哪里。
18. when
……的时候（引导宾语/表语从句）
例句：I don't know when he will come back.
我不知道他什么时候会回来。
19. why
为什么（引导宾语/表语从句）
例句：I don't know why he was late.
我不知道他为什么迟到了。
20. how
如何；怎样（引导宾语/表语从句）
例句：Can you tell me how I can get to the library?
你能告诉我怎么去图书馆吗？
21. as
正如；像……一样（引导定语从句）
例句：As we all know, the earth goes around the sun.
众所周知，地球绕着太阳转。
22. but
（引导定语从句，相当于that...not）
例句：There is no one but knows him in this town.
这个镇上没有人不认识他。
23. than
（引导定语从句，修饰比较级先行词）
例句：He has more books than I have.
他的书比我的多。
24. how
多么（引导感叹句）
例句：How beautiful the girl is!
这个女孩多漂亮啊！
25. what
多么（引导感叹句）
例句：What a clever boy he is!
他是个多么聪明的男孩啊！
七、衔接过渡类
1. first of all
首先；第一
例句：First of all, we should make a plan for the trip.
首先，我们应该为这次旅行制定一个计划。
2. to begin with
首先；起初
例句：To begin with, we need to prepare all the materials.
首先，我们需要准备好所有的材料。
3. to start with
首先；一开始
例句：To start with, let's talk about our study plan.
首先，我们来谈谈我们的学习计划。
4. in the first place
首先；第一点
例句：In the first place, you should be honest with others.
第一点，你应该对别人诚实。
5. in the second place
其次；第二点
例句：In the second place, you should work hard.
其次，你应该努力工作。
6. secondly
其次；第二
例句：First, we need to find the problem; secondly, we need to solve it.
首先，我们需要找到问题；其次，我们需要解决它。
7. thirdly
第三；第三点
例句：Thirdly, we should keep on trying.
第三点，我们应该坚持尝试。
8. finally
最后；最终
例句：Finally, we finished the work on time.
最终，我们按时完成了工作。
9. in the end
最后；最终
例句：In the end, he passed the exam through his hard work.
最终，他通过努力学习通过了考试。
10. at last
最后；终于
例句：At last, we arrived at the top of the mountain.
我们终于到达了山顶。
11. eventually
最终；终于
例句：He worked very hard, and eventually he achieved his dream.
他非常努力，最终实现了自己的梦想。
12. last but not least
最后但同样重要的是
例句：Last but not least, we should thank all the people who helped us.
最后但同样重要的是，我们应该感谢所有帮助过我们的人。
13. for one thing
首先；一则
例句：For one thing, I don't have enough money; for another, I don't have enough time.
一则，我没有足够的钱；二则，我没有足够的时间。
14. for another
其次；二则
例句：The plan is not practical; for another, it will cost too much.
这个计划不切实际，其次，它的成本太高了。
15. in other words
换句话说；也就是说
例句：He is very busy; in other words, he can't go to the party with us.
他很忙，换句话说，他不能和我们一起去参加派对了。
16. that is to say
也就是说；即
例句：He is 18 years old, that is to say, he is an adult now.
他18岁了，也就是说，他现在是成年人了。
17. to put it another way
换句话说
例句：To put it another way, we have to finish the work today.
换句话说，我们必须今天完成这项工作。
18. to sum up
总而言之；总之
例句：To sum up, we should learn from each other and help each other.
总而言之，我们应该互相学习、互相帮助。
19. in summary
总的来说；总之
例句：In summary, this is a very meaningful activity.
总的来说，这是一次非常有意义的活动。
20. in conclusion
总而言之；最后
例句：In conclusion, health is more important than wealth.
总而言之，健康比财富更重要。
21. in a word
总之；一句话
例句：In a word, we should try our best to achieve our goals.
总之，我们应该尽最大的努力实现我们的目标。
22. all in all
总的来说；总而言之
例句：All in all, we had a wonderful time during the trip.
总的来说，我们在旅行中度过了非常愉快的时光。
23. on the whole
总的来说；大体上
例句：On the whole, the plan is very good.
总的来说，这个计划非常好。
24. by and large
大体上；总的来说
例句：By and large, people's life is getting better and better.
总的来说，人们的生活越来越好了。
25. in general
通常；总的来说
例句：In general, girls are more careful than boys.
总的来说，女孩比男孩更细心。
八、目的结果类
1. so that
以便；为了；结果
例句：I get up early every day so that I can catch the early bus.
我每天早起，以便能赶上早班车。
2. in order that
为了；以便
例句：She studies hard in order that she can go to a good college.
她努力学习，为了能考上一所好大学。
3. in order to
为了；以便
例句：He gets up early in order to do morning exercise.
他早起是为了晨练。
4. so as to
为了；以便
例句：She works hard so as to pass the exam.
她努力学习是为了通过考试。
5. for the purpose of
为了……的目的
例句：He went to the city for the purpose of finding a job.
他去城里是为了找一份工作。
6. with the purpose of
为了；带着……的目的
例句：She came here with the purpose of helping us.
她来这里是为了帮助我们。
7. with the aim of
以……为目标；为了
例句：He studies hard with the aim of entering a key university.
他努力学习，目标是考上一所重点大学。
8. for fear that
生怕；唯恐
例句：He locked the door for fear that someone should break in.
他锁上了门，生怕有人闯进来。
9. for fear of
生怕；以免
例句：She walked quietly for fear of waking up the baby.
她走路很轻，生怕吵醒婴儿。
10. lest
以免；唯恐
例句：I will remind him again lest he should forget.
我会再提醒他一次，以免他忘记了。
11. in case
以防；免得
例句：Take your raincoat in case it rains.
带上你的雨衣，以防下雨。
12. so...that...
如此……以至于……
例句：He ran so fast that no one could catch up with him.
他跑得太快了，没人能追上他。
13. such...that...
如此……以至于……
例句：It is such a good movie that I want to watch it again.
这是一部如此好看的电影，以至于我想再看一遍。
14. to the end that
为了；以便
例句：He saved every penny to the end that he could buy a new house.
他省下每一分钱，为了能买一套新房子。
15. with a view to
为了；着眼于
例句：He is learning English with a view to studying abroad.
他正在学英语，为了出国留学。
16. with an eye to
为了；着眼于
例句：She is saving money with an eye to buying a new car.
她正在存钱，打算买一辆新车。
17. in the hope that
怀着……的希望；希望能
例句：I study hard in the hope that I can get good grades.
我努力学习，希望能取得好成绩。
18. in hopes of
希望能；怀着……的希望
例句：He went to the park in hopes of meeting his friends.
他去了公园，希望能遇到他的朋友。
19. with the intention of
怀着……的意图；打算
例句：He came to China with the intention of learning Chinese.
他来中国是打算学习中文。
20. to the effect that
大意是；以便
例句：He left a note to the effect that he would be back soon.
他留了一张字条，大意是他很快就会回来。
21. with the result that
结果是；因此
例句：He didn't study hard, with the result that he failed the exam.
他学习不努力，结果考试不及格。
22. in such a way that
以这样的方式以至于
例句：He explained the text in such a way that we all understood it.
他用这样的方式讲解课文，以至于我们都听懂了。
23. to such a degree that
到了这样的程度以至于
例句：He was angry to such a degree that he couldn't say a word.
他气得一句话都说不出来。
24. to such an extent that
到了这样的程度以至于
例句：The weather was cold to such an extent that the river froze.
天气冷到河水都结冰了。
25. only to
结果却；不料
例句：He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left.
他匆忙赶到车站，结果却发现火车已经开走了。
九、否定排除类
1. neither
两者都不；也不
例句：Neither of the two answers is correct.
这两个答案都不对。
2. nor
也不；也没有
例句：He doesn't like music, nor does he like sports.
他不喜欢音乐，也不喜欢运动。
3. not
不；没有
例句：He is not a student.
他不是一名学生。
4. no
不；没有
例句：There is no water in the bottle.
瓶子里没有水。
5. never
从不；绝不
例句：He is never late for school.
他上学从不迟到。
6. seldom
很少；不常
例句：She seldom goes out at night.
她晚上很少出门。
7. rarely
很少；罕有
例句：He rarely watches TV on weekdays.
他工作日很少看电视。
8. hardly
几乎不；简直不
例句：He can hardly speak English.
他几乎不会说英语。
9. barely
几乎不；仅仅
例句：She barely had time to eat breakfast.
她几乎没有时间吃早饭。
10. scarcely
几乎不；简直不
例句：I can scarcely believe what he said.
我简直不敢相信他说的话。
11. little
几乎没有（修饰不可数名词）
例句：There is little milk left in the bottle.
瓶子里几乎没有牛奶了。
12. few
几乎没有（修饰可数名词）
例句：Few people know the secret.
几乎没有人知道这个秘密。
13. none
没有一个；毫无
例句：None of them can answer this question.
他们中没有人能回答这个问题。
14. nothing
没有什么；没有东西
例句：There is nothing interesting in the newspaper.
报纸上没有什么有趣的内容。
15. nobody
没有人；无人
例句：Nobody knows where he has gone.
没有人知道他去了哪里。
16. no one
没有人
例句：No one can help you except yourself.
除了你自己，没有人能帮你。
17. nowhere
无处；任何地方都不
例句：The boy was nowhere to be found.
到处都找不到这个男孩。
18. neither...nor...
既不……也不……
例句：Neither he nor she likes playing computer games.
他和她都不喜欢玩电脑游戏。
19. not...at all
一点也不；根本不
例句：He doesn't like math at all.
他一点也不喜欢数学。
20. not...any more
不再
例句：He doesn't live here any more.
他不再住在这里了。
21. not...any longer
不再
例句：She doesn't work here any longer.
她不再在这里工作了。
22. no longer
不再
例句：He is no longer a child.
他不再是个孩子了。
23. no more
不再；也不
例句：We have no more food left.
我们没有剩下的食物了。
24. rather than
而不是
例句：We should focus on study rather than playing games.
我们应该专注于学习，而不是玩游戏。
25. instead of
代替；而不是
例句：You should do your homework instead of watching TV.
你应该写作业，而不是看电视。
十、易混辨析类
1. because + 句子
因为（后接完整句子）
例句：He didn't go to school because he was ill.
他因为生病了，所以没有去上学。
2. because of + 名词/短语
因为（后接名词/短语）
例句：He didn't go to school because of his illness.
他因为生病没有去上学。
3. when + 延续性/瞬间动词
当……的时候（可接延续性/瞬间动词）
例句：When he came in, we were talking.
他进来的时候，我们正在说话。
4. while + 延续性动词
当……的时候（只接延续性动词，表时间段）
例句：While we were talking, he came in.
我们正在说话的时候，他进来了。
5. as + 同步动作/变化
随着；一边……一边……（表动作同步发生）
例句：As he grew older, he became more independent.
随着年龄的增长，他变得更加独立了。
6. if + 条件状语从句/宾语从句（是否）
如果；是否（表“是否”时，不与or not连用）
例句：I don't know if he will come.
我不知道他是否会来。
7. whether + 宾语从句（是否）
是否（可与or not连用，可用于介词后）
例句：I don't know whether he will come or not.
我不知道他是否会来。
8. though + 句子（句首/句中）
虽然；尽管（可放句首/句中，不与but连用）
例句：Though he is tired, he still keeps working.
尽管他很累，他还是继续工作。
9. although + 句子（句首）
虽然；尽管（多放句首，语气比though强）
例句：Although it was raining, we still went out.
尽管下着雨，我们还是出去了。
10. even though + 句子（事实）
即使；尽管（引导的是事实）
例句：Even though he is old, he is still very healthy.
尽管他年纪大了，身体还是很健康。
11. even if + 句子（假设）
即使；纵然（引导的是假设）
例句：Even if it rains tomorrow, we will still have the sports meeting.
即使明天下雨，我们还是会开运动会。
12. which + 定语从句（指物）
……的（引导定语从句，指物，可引导非限制性定语从句）
例句：This is the book which I bought yesterday.
这就是我昨天买的那本书。
13. that + 定语从句（指人/物）
……的（引导定语从句，指人/物，不可引导非限制性定语从句）
例句：This is the book that I bought yesterday.
这就是我昨天买的那本书。
14. who + 定语从句（指人，作主语）
……的人（引导定语从句，指人，在从句中作主语）
例句：The girl who is singing is my sister.
正在唱歌的那个女孩是我的妹妹。
15. whom + 定语从句（指人，作宾语）
……的人（引导定语从句，指人，在从句中作宾语）
例句：The man whom you met just now is my father.
你刚才见到的那个男人是我的爸爸。
16. whose + 定语从句（表所属）
……的（引导定语从句，表所属关系，指人/物）
例句：This is the house whose window is broken.
这就是那扇窗户破了的房子。
17. where + 定语从句（地点状语）
……的地方（在从句中作地点状语）
例句：This is the factory where my father works.
这就是我爸爸工作的工厂。
18. which + 定语从句（主语/宾语）
……的（在从句中作主语/宾语）
例句：This is the factory which my father works in.
这就是我爸爸工作的工厂。
19. when + 定语从句（时间状语）
……的时间（在从句中作时间状语）
例句：I still remember the day when we first met.
我仍然记得我们第一次见面的那一天。
20. which + 定语从句（主语/宾语）
……的（在从句中作主语/宾语）
例句：I still remember the day which we spent together.
我仍然记得我们一起度过的那一天。
21. why + 定语从句（原因状语）
……的原因（在从句中作原因状语）
例句：This is the reason why he was late.
这就是他迟到的原因。
22. which + 定语从句（主语/宾语）
……的（在从句中作主语/宾语）
例句：This is the reason which he gave me.
这就是他给我的理由。
23. as long as + 条件状语从句
只要（引导条件状语从句，表条件）
例句：As long as you work hard, you will succeed.
只要你努力，你就会成功。
24. as far as + 状语从句
就……而言；远到……
例句：As far as I know, he is a good student.
就我所知，他是个好学生。
25. such as + 名词/短语
例如（列举多个例子，后接名词/短语）
例句：I like many kinds of fruits, such as apples, bananas and oranges.
我喜欢很多种水果，比如苹果、香蕉和橙子。
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