E-C 1
Every October sees the award of the "scientific Oscars": Nobel prizes. The science prizes established in Alfred Nobel's will are for physics, chemistry and "physiology or medicine". These three subjects are interpreted broadly, and their purview has shifted over time. But the prizes nonetheless still exclude huge tracts of science. Famously, mathematics has never been included. The environmental sciences—oceans and ecology—aren't covered, nor are computer science, robotics and artificial intelligence. These exclusions distort the public perception of which sciences are important.
每年十月，素有 “科学界奥斯卡” 之称的诺贝尔奖都会如期颁发。阿尔弗雷德・诺贝尔在遗嘱中设立的科学奖项涵盖物理学、化学以及 “生理学或医学”。这三个学科的界定范围十分宽泛，其评奖范畴也随时代发展有所调整。即便如此，仍有大量科学领域被排除在奖项之外。众所周知，数学从未被纳入评奖范围；海洋学、生态学等环境科学，以及计算机科学、机器人技术和人工智能领域，同样未被覆盖。这些遗漏扭曲了公众对重要科学领域的认知。
Outsiders might guess that in science, the choice of winners in each field should be as clear-cut as in sporting contests, unlike the obviously more subjective prizes for literature and peace. But that's not the reality. In the same years the awards trigger controversy and resentment. Since Nobel scientists generally aren't well-known personalities, and their achievements are often arcane, debate on their worthiness takes place within the specialist community, and only rarely percolates widely. What the public sees is simply the grandeur of the award announcements each year.
外界或许会认为，科学界各奖项的获奖者评选应像体育赛事一样结果分明，不像文学奖与和平奖那样带有明显的主观色彩。但事实并非如此，诺贝尔奖每年都会引发争议与不满。由于获奖科学家大多并非公众人物，其研究成果又往往晦涩难懂，关于他们获奖资格的争论仅在专业领域内展开，极少广泛传播到大众视野。公众每年看到的，不过是奖项揭晓时的盛大场面。
Also, the process of awarding the prizes has limitations that clash with the realities of scientific research. It's easy to agree on what scientific advances are important, but it's not so easy to apportion credit. An artist's creations are ephemeral but generally "individual". If they hadn't created a particular artwork, nobody else would have done so. But in many cases in science, if one researcher didn't make a specific advance, then sooner or later (and usually) another researcher would have.
此外，诺贝尔奖的评选流程存在诸多局限，与科研工作的实际情况相悖。人们很容易对哪些科研成果具有重要价值达成共识，却难以公平分配荣誉归属。艺术家的创作或许转瞬即逝，但通常属于个人成果——若非某位艺术家创作了某件作品，其他人大概率不会完成同样的创作。然而在科研领域，很多情况下即便某位研究者未能取得某项突破，其他研究者迟早（且往往很快）也会实现这一进展。
The public perceives Nobel winners as "towering intellects." Some are, but others, even among those who have made undeniably epochal and "prize-worthy" advances, would not be so rated by their peers. Indeed, some of the most important discoveries have been serendipitous: for instance, neutron stars, and the cosmic microwave background—the so-called "afterglow of creation". Louis Pasteur（路易·巴斯德）argued that "fortune favors the prepared mind"; these scientists may claim for themselves greater luck—but not greater talent—than the average professor.
公众将诺贝尔奖得主视作 “天赋卓绝的顶尖智者”。其中部分人确实当之无愧，但另有一些获奖者，即便取得了毋庸置疑的划时代且配得上奖项的科研突破，在同行眼中却并非如此。事实上，许多最重要的科学发现都源于偶然，比如中子星、宇宙微波背景辐射——也就是所谓的 “创世余晖”。路易・巴斯德曾说：“机遇偏爱有准备的头脑”；这些科学家或许只是比普通教授多了几分运气，而非更出众的天赋。
We need more and better ways of encouraging discovery and innovation. One possible route is "challenge prizes", which don't reward past success but incentivize future efforts to tackle an important problem. There have been prizes for sub-orbital space flight, driverless cars, robots that operate in hazardous environments and so forth. As compared with usual forms of funding, these prizes encourage maverick thinking, and they can also enhance public interest. Let's hope that some philanthropists will establish these, at least as a supplement to traditional prizes.
我们需要更多更有效的方式来激励科学发现与创新。“挑战奖” 便是可行方向之一，这类奖项不嘉奖过往成就，而是激励科研人员为攻克重大难题开展后续研究。目前已有针对亚轨道太空飞行、无人驾驶汽车、危险环境作业机器人等领域的挑战奖。与常规科研资助形式相比，这类奖项能鼓励不拘一格的创新思维，同时提升公众对科学的关注度。希望有慈善家能设立此类奖项，至少作为传统奖项的有益补充。
E-C 2
Anyone who has learned a second language will have made an exhilarating (and yet somehow unsettling) discovery: there is never a one-to-one correspondence in meaning between the words and phrases of one language and another. Even the most basic expressions have a slightly different sense, issuing from a network of attitudes and ideas unique to each language.
任何学习过第二语言的人，都会有一个令人兴奋却又莫名不安的发现：一种语言与另一种语言的单词和短语之间，从来不存在意义上的一一对应关系。即便是最基础的表达，其含义也会略有差异，这源于每种语言所独有的态度与思想体系。
Switching between languages we may feel as if we are stepping from one world into another. Each language seems to compel us to talk in certain way and to see things from a particular perspective. But is this just an illusion? Does each language really embody a different world-worldview, or even dictate specific patterns of thought to its speakers?
在不同语言间切换时，我们仿佛正从一个世界踏入另一个世界。每种语言似乎都在迫使我们以特定方式交谈，并从特定视角看待事物。但这会不会只是一种错觉？每种语言是否真的承载着截然不同的世界观，甚至会规训使用者形成特定的思维模式？
In the modern academic context, such questions are usually treated under the rubrics of "linguistic relativity or the "Sapir-Whorf (萨丕尔-沃尔夫) hypothesis". Contemporary research is focused on pinning down these questions, or trying to formulate them in rigorous terms that can be tested empirically. But there is currently no consensus concerning connections between language, mind and worldview. The hypothesis has a long history, spanning several intellectual epochs, each with their own preoccupations. Running through this history is a recurring skepticism surrounding linguistic relativity, engendered not only by the difficulties of pinning it down, but by a deep-seated ambivalence about the assumptions and implications of relativist doctrines.
在现代学术语境中，这类问题通常被归入“语言相对论”或“萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说”的研究范畴。当代研究致力于厘清这些问题，或是用严谨、可实证检验的术语对其进行界定。然而，目前学界对于语言、思维与世界观之间的关联尚未形成共识。这一假说历史悠久，跨越了多个思想时代，而每个时代都有其独特的研究关注点。贯穿这段历史的，是对语言相对论反复出现的质疑。这种质疑不仅源于界定该理论的重重困难，也源于人们对相对主义学说的前提假设与内在推论根深蒂固的矛盾心态。
There is quite a bit at stake in entertaining the possibility of relativistic doctrines. It impinges directly on our understanding of the nature of human language. A long-held assumption in Western philosophy, classically formulated in the work of Aristotle, maintains that words are mere labels we apply to existing ideas in order to share those ideas with others. But linguistic relativity makes language an active force in shaping our thoughts.
认可相对主义学说的可能性，事关重大。它直接影响我们对人类语言本质的理解。西方哲学中长期存在一个经典论断，其核心表述见于亚里士多德的著作，该观点认为：词语不过是我们为既有思想贴上的标签，目的是与他人分享这些思想。但语言相对论则主张，语言是塑造我们思想的主动力量。
Furthermore, if we permit fundamental variation between languages and their presumably entangled worldviews, we are confronted with difficult questions about the constitution of our common humanity. Could it be that there are unbridgeable gulfs in thinking and perception between groups of people speaking different languages?
此外，如果我们承认不同语言及其依附的世界观存在根本性差异，就不得不面对关于人类共同本性构成的棘手问题：使用不同语言的人群之间，是否存在思维与认知上无法逾越的鸿沟？
The roots of our present ideas about linguistic relativity extend at least as far back as the Enlightenment of the late 17th to the 18th century. Enlightenment discussions were often couched in terms of the "genius" of a language, an expression first coined in French. The genius of a language was understood as representing its distinct character, the Je ne Sais quoi (难以言表的特质) that constitutes the idiomatic in each idiom. This unique character was frequently taken to embody something of the national mentality of the speakers of a language.
我们当下关于语言相对论的诸多观点，其源头至少可以追溯至17世纪末至18世纪的启蒙运动时期。启蒙时代的相关探讨，常以语言的“特质”为表述核心，这一说法最早由法语创造。语言的特质被视为其独有的品格，是每种习语中那份难以言表的特质。这种独特品格，也常被认为体现了该语言使用者的民族精神内核。
C-E 1
以“共享开放机遇，共创美好生活”为主题的第四届中国国际消费品博览会(以下简称“消博会")在海南举办，集聚71个国家和地区超4000个消费品牌，为消费市场注入新活力。
The 4th China International Consumer Products Expo (hereinafter referred to as the CICPE), themed “Sharing Open Opportunities for a Better Life", was held in Hainan, bringing together more than 4,000 consumer brands from 71 countries and regions, injecting new vitality into the consumer market.
消博会聚焦全球“新、奇、特”消费精品，有利于激发消费潜能、扩大国内需求，进一步满足消费者对美好生活的需求。同时，运用自贸港税收优惠、通关便利等政策，打造开放共享、深化合作的大平台。
Focusing on global innovative, unique and distinctive premium consumer goods, the CICPE helps unlock consumption potential, expand domestic demand, and further satisfy consumers' aspirations for a better life. Leveraging policies such as preferential tax treatment and customs clearance facilitation in the free trade port, it has built a major platform for openness, sharing and deeper cooperation.
消博会连续四年成功举办，将“买全球+卖全球”的桥梁，越做越大，为中国以及世界经济增长注入新动能。消博会以及成为世界共享中国开放机遇、开展经贸国际合作的重要平台，进一步坚定各方对中国续扩大高水平对外开放的信心。
Having been successfully held for four consecutive years, the CICPE has continuously expanded the bridge of "buying globally and selling globally", injecting new impetus into the economic growth of China and the world. It has become an important platform for the world to share China's opening-up opportunities and carry out international economic and trade cooperation, further strengthening the confidence of all parties in China's continued high-level opening-up.
C-E 2
在全民环保意识日益提高、国家加快释放绿色节能消费潜力的当下，废旧家电回收利用再次受到关注。它既有助于绿色低碳循环发展，又事关家电更新消费和居民生活实际。
Amid growing public environmental awareness and China’s accelerated efforts to unlock the potential of green and energy-efficient consumption, the recycling and reuse of waste household appliances have once again come into the spotlight. This practice not only contributes to green, low-carbon and circular development, but also bears on home appliance replacement consumption and the daily lives of residents.
2024年3月，国务院印发《推动大规模设备更新和消费品以旧换新行动方案》，要求到2027年废旧家电回收量比2023年增长30%。为实现这一目标，需要提高全社会对废旧家电回收利用的知晓度、认同度和参与度。
In March 2024, the State Council issued the Action Plan for Promoting Large-Scale Equipment Renewal and Consumer Goods Trade-In, which requires that the volume of waste household appliances recycled by 2027 increase by 30% compared with 2023. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to raise public awareness, recognition and participation in the recycling and reuse of waste household appliances across society.
不少居民并不了解废旧家电可带来能源损耗和污染危害，有必要开展宣传和教育活动，深化政策宣讲和行为引导，提高公众的节能环保意识，增强其回收主动性。
Many residents are unaware of the energy waste and pollution hazards caused by discarded home appliances. It is therefore necessary to carry out publicity and educational campaigns, strengthen policy communication and behavioral guidance, enhance public awareness of energy conservation and environmental protection, and boost their initiative in recycling.
废旧家电回收利用，是推进“无废城市"建设的一个重要组成部分。拟从三方面着手。 第一，加快完善废旧家电回收处理体系，建立绿色回收模式。第二，健全家电生产、销售和废旧家电回收、拆解、利用全产业链条。第三，搭建回收对接平台，促进生态保护和资源循环再利用。
The recycling and reuse of waste household appliances form an important part of advancing the construction of a "Zero-Waste City". It is proposed to make efforts in three aspects: First, accelerate the improvement of the waste household appliance recycling and treatment system and establish a green recycling model. Second, improve the entire industrial chain covering home appliance production, sales, as well as the recycling, dismantling and reuse of waste appliances. Third, build a recycling matching platform to promote ecological protection and the circular reuse of resources.
