动词

结构

含义

例句

make

make sb. do sth.

强迫/使某人做某事

She made me clean the room. 她让我打扫房间。

make

be made to do sth.

被动式须加to

I was made to clean the room.

let

let sb. do sth.

允许/让某人做某事

Let him try again. 让他再试一次。

have

have sb. do sth.

让/叫某人做某事

I had him fix my bike. 我让他修了我的自行车。

get

get sb. to do sth.

设法使某人做某事（需带to）

Can you get him to call me? 你能让他给我打电话吗？

⚠ 易错点：make被动变主动须加to

❌ 错误：I was made clean the room.

✅ 正确：I was made to clean the room.

规律：make sb. do → sb. be made TO do（主动无to，被动加to；let同理）

❌ 错误：Can you get him call me?

✅ 正确：Can you get him to call me?（get后面to不能省略）

动词

核心含义

方向

典型搭配/例句

bring

带来；拿来

朝向说话人

Please bring me a glass of water. 请给我拿杯水来。

take

带走；拿走

远离说话人

Take an umbrella with you. 带把伞去吧。

carry

搬运；携带（无方向）

无方向

He carried a heavy box upstairs. 他把重箱子搬上楼。

fetch

去取来（来回）

去取再回来

Please fetch a doctor. 请去把医生叫来。

��真题例句与记忆口诀

口诀：bring来take去，carry搬fetch跑一趟

— Shall I bring some food to the party? 我要不要带点食物来派对？（朝向说话人）

— Don't forget to take your ID card. 别忘了带身份证。（远离说话人）

中考填空常考：Please ______ your homework to school tomorrow.（答案：bring）

动词

主语

结构

例句

spend

人（sb.）

spend time/money on sth. / (in) doing sth.

I spent two hours on the homework. 我花了两小时做作业。

take

时间（it）

It takes sb. some time to do sth.

It took me 3 hours to finish the report.

cost

物（sth.）

sth. costs sb. money

This bike costs me 500 yuan. 这辆自行车花了我500元。

pay

人（sb.）

pay for sth. / pay money to sb.

I paid 50 yuan for this book. 我花50元买了这本书。

⚠ 高频易错点（历年考题热门考点）

❌ It spent me two hours to finish it.

✅ It took me two hours to finish it.（it作主语用take）

❌ I cost 20 yuan for the ticket.

✅ The ticket cost me 20 yuan.（cost主语是物）

❌ I paid 50 yuan the book.

✅ I paid 50 yuan for the book.（pay for必须有for）

★ 杭州中考2022年真题：The project ______ them a lot of time.（答案：took）

动词

用法区别

宾补结构

例句

see

看见（无意注意到）

see sb. do/doing sth.

I saw him cross the street. 我看见他穿过街道。

look

看（动作，无宾语或at）

look at sth.

Look at the blackboard. 看黑板。

watch

观看（长时间注意）

watch sb. do/doing sth.

We watched him playing basketball.

notice

注意到

notice sb. do/doing sth.

I noticed her leave early. 我注意到她早退。

observe

观察（正式）

observe sb. do/doing sth.

Scientists observe animals. 科学家观察动物。

★ 感官动词宾补口诀

感官动词（see/watch/hear/feel/notice）

+ 宾语 + do（强调动作完整）：I saw him fall down.

+ 宾语 + doing（强调动作进行中）：I saw him falling down.

被动时do变to do：He was seen to fall down.

��例句

I heard someone knock/knocking at the door. 我听见有人敲门。

Please listen to me carefully. 请仔细听我说。

★ 易混：hear from sb. 收到某人来信 / listen to music 听音乐

情态动词

用法1（现在/将来）

用法2（推测/虚拟）

注意事项

can

能力/许可：I can swim.

could表委婉/过去能力：Could you help me?

can't用于有把握的否定推测

may

许可/可能：You may go.

may/might表推测（不确定）

might可能性更小

must

必须：You must do it.

must表肯定推测：He must be tired.

否定用needn't或don't have to

should

应该：You should study hard.

should表推测（预计）：He should be here.

比must语气弱

need

需要（情态/实义）：Need I go?

needn't=don't have to 不必

need to do（实义）/ need do（情态，疑否）

⚠ 情态动词中考高频易错

❌You must not to smoke here.（情态动词后直接用动词原形）

✅ You must not smoke here.

❌ He can to play football well.

✅ He can play football well.

★ must与have to：must主观意愿；have to客观需要（外力所迫）

★ needn't ≠ mustn't：needn't=不必；mustn't=禁止（不可以）

例：You needn't come tomorrow.（你明天不必来）

例：You mustn't smoke here.（你不可以在这里抽烟）

动词

结构

表示

例句

hope

hope to do / hope that从句（用陈述语气）

有实现可能的愿望

I hope to pass the exam. 我希望通过考试。

wish

wish to do / wish that从句（用虚拟语气）

不可能或难以实现的愿望

I wish I could fly. 我希望我能飞。（实际不能）

★ wish虚拟语气规律

wish + that从句 → 动词退后一个时态：

现在不能实现：I wish I were a bird.（were不用was）

过去不能改变：I wish I had studied harder.（过去完成时）

将来不能实现：I wish it would stop raining.（would）

单数

复数

单数

复数

单数

复数

man

men

woman

women

child

children

tooth

teeth

foot

feet

goose

geese

mouse

mice

ox

oxen

sheep

sheep（同形）

deer

deer（同形）

fish

fish/fishes（后者指不同种类的鱼）

Chinese

Chinese（同形）

Japanese

Japanese（同形）

Swiss

Swiss（同形）

means

means（单复同）

常见不可数名词（不能直接用a/an，不能直接加s）：

物质名词：water, milk, juice, tea, coffee, bread, rice, meat, sugar, salt, oil, butter

抽象名词：information, advice, news, homework, work, progress, knowledge, fun, luck

量词搭配：a piece of news/bread/advice/information; a cup of tea; a glass of water; a bottle of juice

⚠ 不可数名词易错点

❌He gave me many advices.→ ✅ He gave me much advice. / some pieces of advice.

❌I have a news for you. → ✅ I have some news for you.

❌ Do you have any informations? → ✅ Do you have any information?

★ work（工作，不可数）≠ a work（一部作品，可数）

★ paper（纸，不可数）/ a paper（一篇论文，可数）

★ time（时间，不可数）/ a time（一次，可数）/ times（倍数/时代）

类型

规则

例句

有生命的名词

单数/不规则复数 + 's

the boy's bag; the children's toys

有生命的名词

规则复数（以s结尾）+ '

the teachers' office; the students' books

无生命的名词

用 of + 名词

the name of the school; the cover of the book

特殊用法

时间/距离/重量 + 's

today's newspaper; two hours' walk; a mile's distance

类型

原级

比较级

最高级

单音节（直接+er/est）

tall / fast

taller / faster

tallest / fastest

以e结尾（+r/st）

large / nice

larger / nicer

largest / nicest

辅元辅结尾（双写+er/est）

big / hot / thin

bigger / hotter / thinner

biggest / hottest / thinnest

辅音字母+y结尾（变y为i）

happy / easy / busy

happier / easier / busier

happiest / easiest / busiest

多音节词（more/most）

beautiful / difficult

more beautiful / more difficult

most beautiful / most difficult

原级

比较级

最高级

原级

比较级

最高级

good/well

better

best

bad/badly/ill

worse

worst

many/much

more

most

little

less

least

far

farther/further

farthest/furthest

old

older/elder

oldest/eldest

① A + be + 比较级 + than + B

Tom is taller than Jim. 汤姆比吉姆高。

② the + 最高级 + in/of...（最...的）

She is the tallest in our class. / She is the tallest of all the students.

③ as + 原级 + as（和...一样）/ not as/so + 原级 + as（不如...）

My bag is as heavy as yours. / This book is not so interesting as that one.

④ 比较级 + and + 比较级（越来越...）

The weather is getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热。

⑤ the + 比较级...the + 比较级（越...就越...）

The harder you work, the better results you'll get. 你越努力，成绩就越好。

⚠ 形容词比较级易错点

❌ more better → ✅ better（better本身已是比较级，不能再加more）

❌ The weather gets more and more hot. → ✅ hotter and hotter（单音节用比较级+and+比较级）

❌He is the most tall in our class. → ✅ the tallest

★ in + 单数地点名词（in the class/school/world）

★ of + 数词/复数名词（of the three / of all students）

词对

区别

例句

few / a few

few=几乎没有（否定）; a few=有一些（肯定）

Few students came. / A few students came.

little / a little

little=几乎没有; a little=有一点（修饰不可数名词）

I have little money. / I have a little money.

many / much

many修饰可数名词复数; much修饰不可数名词

many books; much water

some / any

some（肯定句/表请求的疑问句）; any（否定句/一般疑问句）

I have some apples. / Do you have any apples?

another / other / others / the other(s)

another=再一个; other=其他的; others=其他人; the other(s)=（两者中）另一个/剩余的

another cup / other students / the other hand

alive / living / live / lively

alive（表语）; living（定语/表语）; live（形定语）; lively（活泼的）

The fish is alive/living. a live fish. a lively girl.

人称

主格

宾格

形物代

名物代

反身代词

第一人称单数

I

me

my

mine

myself

第二人称单/复

you

you

your

yours

yourself/yourselves

第三人称单数

he/she/it

him/her/it

his/her/its

his/hers/its

himself/herself/itself

第一人称复数

we

us

our

ours

ourselves

第三人称复数

they

them

their

theirs

themselves

��反身代词用法

① 作宾语（动作反射自身）：He hurt himself. 他伤到了自己。

② 作同位语（加强语气）：She made the dress herself. 她亲自做的裙子。（=by herself）

③ by oneself = alone = on one's own 独自

④ enjoy oneself=have a good time 玩得开心；help oneself to 自取（食物）；

teach oneself=learn by oneself 自学；make yourself at home 别客气

★ 中考常考：The boy can dress ______ now.（答案：himself）

代词

修饰对象

句中用法

例句

everyone/everybody

人

主语/宾语，谓语用单数

Everyone is here. 大家都在。

something/anything/nothing

物

主语/宾语，谓语用单数

Something is wrong. 有些不对劲。

all

人/物（三者以上全部）

all of us; all+可数复数/不可数

All the students are here.

both

两者都

both of them; both+可数复数

Both answers are correct.

either

两者之一

either of them; 谓语单数

Either answer is OK.

neither

两者都不

neither of them; 谓语单数

Neither answer is right.

none

三者以上都不

none of them; 谓语单/复均可

None of us knows the answer.

⚠ 不定代词修饰规律（中考高频考点）

规律：something/anything/nothing + 形容词（形容词后置！）

✅ I have something important to tell you. 我有重要的事告诉你。

❌ I have important something to tell you.

规律：both/all + 否定词 = 部分否定；none/neither = 全部否定

★ Both of them are not right. = 两个并非都对（部分否定）

★ Neither of them is right. = 两个都不对（全部否定）

词组

含义

例句

频次

look at

看（某物/某人）

Look at the picture carefully.

★★★

look for

寻找（过程）

I'm looking for my keys.

★★★

look after

照顾；照看

She looks after the old man.

★★★

look up

查阅（词典等）；向上看

Look up new words in the dictionary.

★★★

look like

看起来像

He looks like his father.

★★★

look out

小心；当心（=be careful）

Look out! A car is coming!

★★

look forward to

期待（to后接名词/动名词）

I look forward to seeing you.

★★★

look into

调查；研究

Police are looking into the case.

★★

look through

浏览；翻阅

She looked through the report.

★★

look down on/upon

看不起；蔑视

Don't look down on others.

★★

⚠ look系列易错

★ look for（找的过程）≠ find（找到结果）

❌ I looked for my keys and looked for them. → ✅ ...and found them.

★ look forward to + doing（to是介词！不能接动词原形）

❌ I look forward to see you. → ✅ I look forward to seeing you.

★ look after = take care of = care for 照顾

词组

含义

例句

频次

get up

起床；起立

I get up at 6 every morning.

★★★

get on/along (well) with

与...相处（融洽）

She gets on well with her classmates.

★★★

get to

到达（=arrive at/in）

How do I get to the station?

★★★

get dressed

穿衣服

She gets dressed quickly.

★★

get ready for

为...做准备（=prepare for）

Let's get ready for the exam.

★★★

get in touch with

与...联系

I'll get in touch with you later.

★★

get rid of

摆脱；除掉

We must get rid of bad habits.

★★★

get used to

习惯于（to接名词/动名词）

I've got used to living here.

★★★

get lost

迷路

Don't get lost in the forest.

★★

get over

克服；从...中恢复

She got over her fear of dogs.

★★

★ get系列重点区分

get to + 地点（动词短语）= arrive at/in + 地点

区别：get home/here/there（home/here/there是副词，无需加to）

错误：get to home ❌ 正确：get home ✅

错误：get to there ❌正确：get there ✅

词组

含义

例句

频次

take off

（飞机）起飞；脱下（衣物）

The plane took off at 8. / Take off your shoes.

★★★

take out

取出；拿出

Take out your notebooks.

★★★

take part in

参加（活动，强调参与过程）

She took part in the singing contest.

★★★

take place

发生（不用被动，无宾语）

The accident took place last night.

★★★

take care of

照顾；处理（=look after）

Please take care of yourself.

★★★

take turns

轮流

Let's take turns reading aloud.

★★

take a walk

散步

Let's take a walk after dinner.

★★

take sb. to（地方）

带某人去某处

Mom took me to the hospital.

★★★

take it easy

别担心；放松

Take it easy, everything will be fine.

★★

take pride in

以...为骄傲（=be proud of）

He takes pride in his work.

★★

⚠ take part in / join / attend 辨析（高频考点）

join：加入组织/团体/成为成员 → join the Party/team/club

take part in：参加活动（强调参与过程） → take part in a competition/game

attend：出席（会议/婚礼等正式场合） → attend a meeting/wedding

join in：加入正在进行的活动 → join in the game/discussion

★ 杭州中考常考：Many students ______ the sports meeting.（答案：took part in / attended）

词组

含义

词组

含义

make a decision

做决定

make progress

取得进步

make a difference

有影响；有作用

make friends (with)

（与...）交朋友

make up one's mind

下定决心

make up

组成；弥补；编造；化妆

give up

放弃

give away

赠送；泄露（秘密）

give out

分发；耗尽

give back

归还（=return）

do well in

在...方面做得好

do one's best

尽最大努力（=try one's best）

do with

处置；对付

do harm to

对...有害（=be harmful to）

have a good time

玩得开心（=enjoy oneself）

have trouble/difficulty (in) doing

做...有困难

have a look (at)

看一看

have a cold/fever

感冒/发烧

have sth. done

使某事被做（请人做）

have nothing to do with

与...没关系

词组

含义

词组

含义

put on

穿上；上演

put off

推迟（=delay）

put away

收拾；放好

put out

扑灭（火）

put up with

忍受（=stand/bear）

put up

张贴；举起；建造

turn on

打开（电器）

turn off

关掉（电器）

turn up

调高；出现

turn down

调低；拒绝

turn into

变成（=change into）

turn out

结果是；生产

come on

加油；来吧；快点

come out

出来；出版；（花）开

come true

实现（梦想/愿望）

come up with

想出（主意/方案）

go on

继续；（情况）发展

go over

复习；检查

go through

经历；仔细检查

go ahead

继续；先走

词组

含义

词组

含义

be good at

擅长（=do well in）

be bad at

不擅长

be interested in

对...感兴趣

be afraid of

害怕...

be proud of

以...为骄傲（=take pride in）

be worried about

担心...

be used to doing

习惯于做...（=get used to）

be used to do

被用来做（被动）

be made of/from

由...制成（of看得出原料；from看不出）

be made in

在...（地方）生产

be covered with

被...覆盖

be filled with

充满...（=be full of）

agree with

同意（某人的观点）

agree to

同意（某个计划/建议）

wait for

等待

wait on

服务；侍候

talk about

谈论（话题）

talk with/to

与...交谈

think about

考虑（是否做）

think of

想到；认为

spend...on/in doing

在...上花费时间/金钱

waste...on/doing

在...上浪费

keep doing

一直做（不停）

keep sb. doing

使某人一直做

keep (sb.) from doing

阻止（某人）做

stop sb. from doing

阻止某人做

ask sb. to do

要求某人做

ask sb. for sth.

向某人要求某物

tell sb. to do

告诉某人做

warn sb. not to do

警告某人不要做

动词

用法特点

常见搭配

例句

say

侧重说的内容，直接引语常用

say sth. (to sb.); say hello to

He said he was tired. 他说他累了。

speak

侧重开口说话动作，语言技能

speak English/Chinese; speak to sb.

Can you speak more slowly? 你能说慢点吗？

talk

强调交谈（双方互动）

talk with/to sb.; talk about sth.

They talked about their dreams. 他们谈论梦想。

tell

告诉（内容传递），接双宾

tell sb. sth.; tell sb. to do; tell a story/lie

She told me a story. 她给我讲了个故事。

动词

含义区别

例句

look for

寻找（过程，不知在哪里）

I'm looking for my pen. （强调寻找动作）

find

找到（结果，偶然发现）

I found my pen under the desk. （找到了）

find out

查明；弄清楚（经过调查）

Please find out when the train leaves.

discover

发现（事先不知道存在的）

Columbus discovered America in 1492.

动词

方向/主体

结构

例句

borrow

借入（我向别人借）

borrow sth. from sb.

Can I borrow your pen? 我能借你的笔吗？

lend

借出（我借给别人）

lend sth. to sb. / lend sb. sth.

Can you lend me your bike? 你能借我自行车吗？

keep

保留（借了多久）

keep sth. for + 时间段

You can keep it for a week. 你可以用一周。

use

使用（当下使用状态）

use sth. to do / use sth. for doing

May I use your computer? 我可以用你的电脑吗？

⚠ borrow/lend易错

❌ Can you borrow me your bike? → ✅ Can you lend me your bike?

记忆：borrow=借入（向内）；lend=借出（向外）

★ How long can I keep/borrow it? （问借多长时间用keep/borrow，不用lend）

动词/短语

含义

时态特点

例句

wear

穿着（状态）

常用一般时

She wears a red dress every day.

put on

穿上（动作）

强调穿的动作

Put on your coat. It's cold outside.

dress

给...穿衣；穿衣（动作）

dress sb. / get dressed

She dresses her baby every morning.

be in

穿着...（颜色/衣物）

描述状态（接颜色/衣物）

The girl in red is my sister.

动词

及物/不及物

含义

例句

rise

不及物

上升；起床；升起（自然发生）

The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。

raise

及物

举起；提高；养育；提出（人为）

Please raise your hand. 请举手。

lift

及物/不及物

举起；升高（费力）

Can you lift this heavy box?

arise

不及物

产生；出现（问题/机会）

Problems may arise. 可能会出现问题。

规律：-ing结尾 → 描述事物本身（令人...的）；-ed结尾 → 描述人的感受（感到...的）

形容词

修饰对象

例句

interesting（有趣的）

修饰事物

The movie is interesting. 这部电影很有趣。

interested（感兴趣的）

修饰人

I am interested in science. 我对科学感兴趣。

boring（无聊的）

修饰事物

The lecture was boring. 这个讲座很无聊。

bored（感到无聊的）

修饰人

I felt bored during the class. 我上课感到无聊。

exciting（令人兴奋的）

修饰事物

The game was exciting. 比赛很精彩。

excited（感到兴奋的）

修饰人

The children were excited. 孩子们很兴奋。

surprising（令人惊讶的）

修饰事物

The news was surprising. 这消息令人吃惊。

surprised（感到惊讶的）

修饰人

I was surprised at the news. 我对这消息感到惊讶。

形容词

含义

搭配

例句

famous

著名的（因成就闻名）

be famous for（以...闻名）/ be famous as（作为...而著名）

Paris is famous for the Eiffel Tower.

well-known

众所周知的（广为人知）

be well-known for/as

He is a well-known writer.

popular

受欢迎的；流行的

be popular with/among（在...中受欢迎）

This song is popular with teenagers.

common

普通的；常见的；共同的

it's common to do; common sense

It's common to see this animal here.

形容词/副词

含义

用法

例句

lonely

孤独的（心理感受，悲伤）

作表语/定语

She felt lonely without her friends. 她没有朋友感到孤独。

alone

独自的（客观状态，无感情色彩）

作表语/副词

I was alone at home. / I lived alone.

only

唯一的；只，仅仅

作定语/副词

She is the only child. / I only have one pen.

single

单一的；单身的；单程的

作定语

a single room（单人房）/ a single ticket（单程票）

名词

含义特点

例句

trip

短途旅行（来回）

a day trip; a business trip; a school trip to Beijing 北京学校旅行

travel

旅行（泛指，不可数）

Travel broadens the mind. 旅行开阔眼界。

journey

长途旅行（陆地，单程）

a long journey; the journey to work（上班路程）

tour

参观/旅游（多个地方）

a tour of Europe; go on a tour 去旅游

voyage

航行（水路/太空）

a voyage across the Pacific Ocean 横渡太平洋

名词

含义

特点

work

工作（泛指，不可数）

go to work; a piece of work; hard work

job

职业；工作（具体的一份工作，可数）

find a job; do a good job; a part-time job

career

事业；职业生涯（长期发展）

a career in medicine; career development 职业发展

occupation

职业（较正式，填表格用）

What is your occupation? 您的职业是什么？

profession

专业性职业（需专业训练，如医生/律师）

the medical profession 医疗行业

口诀记忆：想要愿望需拒绝，打算决定学管教，请求期望答应说。

want / wish / hope / decide / plan / refuse / agree / promise / manage / afford / fail / learn / ask / invite / expect / offer / pretend / seem / appear

例：She decided to leave early. / He refused to answer. / I can't afford to buy it.

口诀：喜欢讨厌练习考虑，建议完成忍受放弃，花时间值得继续想象。

enjoy / like（接doing表习惯）/ mind / dislike / hate / finish / practice / consider / suggest / avoid / miss / keep / give up / can't help / be worth / imagine / risk / spend（time）

例：I enjoy reading. / She finished doing her homework. / He suggested going to the park. / It's worth visiting.

动词

接to do（不定式）

接doing（动名词）

stop

stop to do 停下来去做（另一件事） → He stopped to rest. 他停下来休息。

stop doing 停止做（正在做的事） → He stopped smoking. 他戒烟了。

remember

remember to do 记得去做（还没做） → Remember to lock the door.

remember doing 记得曾做过（已做完） → I remember seeing him before.

forget

forget to do 忘记去做（还没做） → Don't forget to turn off the light.

forget doing 忘记曾做过（已做完） → I forgot sending the email.

try

try to do 努力做（尽力尝试） → Try to finish it on time.

try doing 试试做（试一试） → Try using a different method.

go on

go on to do 继续做（另一件事） → He went on to talk about sports.

go on doing 继续做（同一件事） → She went on singing.

⚠ 非谓语动词高频易错（杭州中考每年必考）

❌ She enjoys to swim. → ✅ She enjoys swimming.

❌ He decided going abroad. → ✅ He decided to go abroad.

❌ Stop to talk. （在此处=停下去交谈）vs Stop talking!（停止交谈！）→ 注意语境

★ 介词后一定接动名词：be good at doing / look forward to doing / thanks for doing / without doing

❌I'm looking forward to see you.→ ✅ I'm looking forward to seeing you.

★ need/want/require后接doing表被动含义：The car needs washing.（=needs to be washed）

连词

含义

时态规则

例句

when

当...时候

主将从现（主句将来，从句用现在）

When you arrive, call me. 你到时给我打电话。

while

当...同时（强调持续）

从句用进行时

While I was sleeping, she called. 我睡觉时她打来电话。

before

在...之前

主将从现

Finish your homework before you watch TV.

after

在...之后

主将从现

After you leave, I'll clean up.

until/till

直到...为止

主将从现（或一般现在）

Wait until he comes back. 等他回来。

as soon as

一...就...（立即）

主将从现

As soon as I get home, I'll call you.

since

自从...（现完时）

从句一般过去，主句现完

I've lived here since I was born.

★ 主将从现口诀

口诀：主句将来，从句现在（时间/条件状语从句）

★ if, when, unless, as soon as, until, after, before + 从句 → 从句不用will/would

错误：When he will come, tell me. → 正确：When he comes, tell me.

错误：If it will rain, I won't go. → 正确：If it rains, I won't go.

��条件从句用法

if（如果）：If you work hard, you will succeed. 如果你努力，你就会成功。

unless（除非 = if...not）：Unless you hurry up, you'll be late. 除非你快点，否则你要迟到了。

★ unless = if...not，注意二者不可相互替换（unless后用肯定，if...not后用否定）

错误：Unless you don't hurry, you'll be late.（重复否定）

正确：Unless you hurry up, you'll be late.

考点

规则

例句

语序规则

宾语从句必须用陈述语序（主语+谓语）

I want to know where he lives.（非where does he live）

时态规则

主句为过去时，从句用相应过去时态

He said he was tired.（非is）

引导词

whether/if（是否）; that（可省）; 疑问词。只能用whether 的情况，如whether...or not，或介词后的宾语从句I'm thinking about whether we should go.

I don't know whether/if she will come.

时态例外

从句是客观真理/自然规律，仍用现在时

The teacher told us the earth moves round the sun.

⚠ 宾语从句易错（杭州中考高频失分点）

❌She asked me where did I live.→ ✅ She asked me where I lived.

❌I want to know what is his name.→ ✅ I want to know what his name is.

❌ He asked me if I can swim. → ✅ He asked me if I could swim.（主过从过）

★ 宾语从句语序永远是陈述语序：主语 + 动词，绝对不能用疑问语序

关系词

先行词（修饰对象）

用法说明

例句

who

人

作主语或宾语（可省宾语）

The girl who sits next to me is kind.

whom

人

作宾语（正式）

The man whom I met is a teacher.

which

物/动物

作主语或宾语（可省宾语）

The book which is on the desk is mine.

that

人或物

作主语或宾语（口语常用）

The student that answered is smart.

whose

人或物（的）

作定语（表所属）

The boy whose bag is red is Tom.

★ 只用that不用which的情况

① 先行词是不定代词：all, much, little, few, none, something, anything, everything, nothing

例：Is there anything that I can help you with?

② 先行词被序数词/最高级/only/very/same修饰：

He is the first person that arrives.

③ 先行词既有人又有物：

She talked about the people and things that she had seen.

时态

被动结构

例句

一般现在时

am/is/are + 过去分词

English is spoken here. 这里说英语。

一般过去时

was/were + 过去分词

The book was written in 1990. 这本书1990年写成。

一般将来时

will be + 过去分词

The bridge will be built next year.

现在进行时

am/is/are + being + 过去分词

The car is being repaired. 车正在被修理。

现在完成时

have/has + been + 过去分词

The homework has been finished.

含情态动词

情态动词 + be + 过去分词

This problem must be solved. 这个问题必须解决。

⚠ 被动语态易错

❌ The book is writing by him. → ✅ The book is written by him.

❌ English is spoke in many countries. → ✅ English is spoken in many countries.

★ 主动变被动步骤：① 宾语变主语 ② be+过去分词 ③ 主语变by+宾格（可省略）

★ 双宾语变被动：以人作主语更常见

She gave me a book. → I was given a book (by her). / A book was given to me (by her).

★ 感官/使役动词变被动：主动无to → 被动加to

They made him work hard. → He was made to work hard.

【2023年杭州中考】

1. My mother ______ me a new jacket last Sunday because my old one was too small.

A. buys B. bought C. will buy D. has bought

答案：B

【解析】时间状语 last Sunday 表明是过去发生的动作，用一般过去时。buy的过去式是 bought。答案选B。

【2023年杭州中考】

2. There ______ a sports meeting in our school next week.

A. is B. will have C. will be D. has been

答案：C

【解析】there be句型的将来时是 there will be，不能说 there will have（have不能用于there be结构）。next week表将来。答案选C。

【2022年杭州中考】

3. Please speak ______. I can't hear you clearly.

A. loud B. loudly C. louder D. loudest

答案：C

【解析】speak是动词，修饰动词用副词；比较级louder表示'更大声些'，符合语境（暗含对比：比现在大声）。louder是loud的副词比较级。答案选C。

【2022年杭州中考】

4. — How long have you lived in Hangzhou?

— I ______ here since 2010.

A. live B. lived C. have lived D. am living

答案：C

【解析】since 2010 是现在完成时的标志。现在完成时结构：have/has + 过去分词。答案选C。

【2021年杭州中考】

5. The West Lake is famous ______ its beautiful scenery.

A. for B. as C. to D. of

答案：A

【解析】be famous for 以...而著名（后接著名的原因/特点）；be famous as 作为...而著名（后接身份/职业）。西湖以美丽的风景著名，答案选A。

【2021年杭州中考】

6. You'd better not ______ too much time playing video games.

A. spend B. take C. cost D. pay

答案：A

【解析】spend time doing（花时间做某事）主语是人；take的主语是it；cost的主语是物；pay后接for。此处主语是you，spend符合。答案选A。

【2020年杭州中考】

7. — Must I hand in my homework now?

— No, you ______. You can do it after class.

A. can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. shouldn't

答案：C

【解析】must的否定回答：must提问 → 否定回答用needn't（不必）或don't have to。mustn't表禁止（不可以）。答案选C。

【2020年杭州中考】

8. — I wonder ______.

— She is a teacher at No.1 Middle School.

A. what does your mother do B. what your mother does C. what did your mother do D. what your mother did

答案：B

【解析】宾语从句（wonder后面的部分）必须用陈述语序（主语+谓语），且主句是一般现在时，从句也用一般现在时。答案选B。

【2019年杭州中考】

9. ______ careful you are, ______ mistakes you will make.

A. The more; the less B. The more; the fewer C. The less; fewer D. The fewer; the fewer

答案：B

【解析】"越...越..."句型用 the + 比较级...the + 比较级。careful的比较级是more careful；mistakes是可数名词，few的比较级是fewer。答案选B。

【2019年杭州中考】

10. Our English teacher encouraged us ______ English every day.

A. practice B. practiced C. practicing D. to practice

答案：D

【解析】encourage sb. to do sth. 是固定搭配，鼓励某人做某事。答案选D。

【2018年杭州中考】

11. The book ______ into many languages since it was published.

A. translates B. is translated C. has been translated D. was translated

答案：C

【解析】since引导时间状语从句，主句应用现在完成时；translate是及物动词，此处表示被翻译，用被动语态。现在完成时被动：have/has been + 过去分词。答案选C。

【2018年杭州中考】

12. I can hardly understand what he said, ______?

A. can I B. can't I C. could I D. couldn't he

答案：A

【解析】反义疑问句规则：前肯后否，前否后肯。主句含否定词hardly（几乎不），视为否定，所以疑问句用肯定形式can I（主语是I，助动词用can）。答案选A。

【原题】阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。

Tom was a shy boy. He had few friends and always sat alone at lunch. One day, a new student named Mike came to his school. Mike was also 13 . The teacher asked Tom to look after him.

At first, Tom didn't know 14 to talk to Mike. But soon, he found that Mike loved basketball just as he did. They started 15 together every afternoon. Slowly, more students joined them, and they all became good friends.

13. A. shy B. brave C. strong D. clever

14. A. when B. where C. what D. how

15. A. playing B. played C. play D. to play

答案：13. A 14. D 15. A

【解析】13. 前文提到Tom很害羞，新来的Mike也是同样性格，前后形成呼应，故选A（shy害羞）。

14. didn't know how to talk（不知道如何...），how引导不定式短语，固定搭配。选D。

15. started doing sth.（开始做某事）start/begin后接doing或to do均可，但选项中只有playing，故选A。

1. He ______ (already finish) his homework.

答案：has already finished

解析：副词already（已经）是现在完成时的标志词。结构：have/has + 过去分词。主语he用has。finish → finished。

2. I ______ (not see) him since last Monday.

答案：haven't seen

解析：since + 过去时间点，主句用现在完成时。否定式：haven't/hasn't + 过去分词。

3. They ______ (visit) the museum when I called them.

答案：were visiting

解析：when引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时（I called），主句描述正在进行的动作用过去进行时（was/were + doing）。

4. Look! The children ______ (fly) kites in the park.

答案：are flying

解析：Look是现在进行时的标志词，表示此刻正在进行的动作。结构：am/is/are + doing。

5. She ______ (be) a teacher since she graduated from university.

答案：has been

解析：since引导时间状语从句（表起点），主句用现在完成时，be的过去分词是been。

6. By the time he arrived, we ______ (leave) already.

答案：had already left

解析：by the time引导时间状语从句（用一般过去时），主句表示比从句更早发生的动作，用过去完成时（had + 过去分词）。

1. The story is so ______ (interest) that all the children enjoy it.

答案：interesting

解析：修饰物（the story），用-ing形式（令人感兴趣的）= interesting。若修饰人的感受用-ed（I am interested）。

2. I have two ______ (German) pens. They are from my friend.

答案：German

解析：German作形容词时表示'德国的'，形容词没有复数变化，保持原形。

3. It's very kind ______ you to help me. (of/for)

答案：of

解析：It's + 形容词 + of sb. to do（形容词描述人的品质/性格时用of，如kind, nice, clever, careless）；It's + 形容词 + for sb. to do（描述事情的难易时用for，如difficult, easy, important）。

4. She is used to ______ (get) up early.

答案：getting

解析：be used to doing = 习惯于做..., to是介词，后接动名词（doing）。注意与used to do（过去常常做，to是不定式符号）区分。

5. Do you mind ______ (open) the window? It's very hot here.

答案：opening

解析：mind + doing sth. 介意做某事，mind后固定接动名词。

6. The teacher had the students ______ (repeat) the sentence.

答案：repeat

解析：have sb. do sth.（使役动词have后接宾语+不带to的不定式）。

1. 她把那本书翻来覆去地看了好几遍。

参考译文：She read the book over and over again.

关键词组：over and over again = again and again 反复，一遍又一遍

注意：固定短语：over and over (again)

2. 自从搬到杭州，他就喜欢上了西湖。

参考译文：Since he moved to Hangzhou, he has fallen in love with the West Lake.

关键词组：fall in love with 爱上...（过程）；be in love with 正在爱恋（状态）

注意：时态：since引导现在完成时

3. 这部电影太无聊了，我实在无法继续看下去。

参考译文：The movie is so boring that I can't go on watching it.

关键词组：so...that...（如此...以至于）; go on doing（继续做同一件事）

注意：go on doing ≠ go on to do

4. 我们应该尽力减少使用一次性用品。

参考译文：We should try our best to reduce the use of disposable products.

关键词组：try one's best to do 尽最大努力做; reduce 减少; disposable 一次性的

注意：try to do / try one's best to do 均可

5. 他宁愿步行去学校也不愿乘公共汽车。

参考译文：He would rather walk to school than take the bus.

关键词组：would rather...than...（宁愿...而不愿...）+ 动词原形

注意：would rather do...than do... 两者都用原形

1. — I'm going to Hangzhou for a holiday. — ______! Have a good time! A. Have fun B. Good luck C. Sounds great D. Be careful

2. Mr. Zhang is strict ______ his students but kind ______ them at the same time. A. with; to B. to; with C. for; with D. with; with

3. The number of students in our school ______ more than 2000. A. are B. is C. were D. have

4. Please keep the windows ______ when you leave. A. close B. closed C. closing D. to close

5. — What were you doing when the earthquake happened? — I ______ in my room. A. sleep B. was sleeping C. slept D. am sleeping

6. He has learned English ______ he was five years old. A. since B. for C. when D. until

7. — Do you know ______? — He is a scientist. A. who is Li Ming B. who Li Ming is C. what is Li Ming D. what Li Ming is

8. We should ______ rubbish in the right dustbin to protect the environment. A. throw away B. put away C. give away D. take away

9. I don't think this math problem is ______ for me to work out alone. A. too difficult B. so easy C. easy enough D. enough easy

10. Books ______ as bridges between people who lived in the past and present. A. serve B. are served C. serving D. to serve

11. I wonder if she ______ to the party. If she ______, I will be very happy. A. will come; comes B. comes; will come C. will come; will come D. comes; comes

12. My sister is ______ to reach the book on the top shelf. A. tall enough B. enough tall C. very tall D. so tall

13. — Is there ______ wrong with your computer? — Yes, it can't start. A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing

14. The famous doctor ______ at least 30 patients every day. A. sees B. looks C. watches D. notices

15. She is ______ kind a girl that everyone likes her. A. so B. too C. very D. such

16. I heard someone ______ upstairs just now. A. run B. ran C. to run D. running

17. The Great Wall was first built ______ the Qin Dynasty. A. in B. during C. for D. at

18. You'd better ______ out at night because it's dangerous. A. not go B. don't go C. not to go D. to not go

19. English is ______ all over the world. A. speak B. spoke C. speaking D. spoken

20. Tom, together with his friends, ______ going to visit the science museum tomorrow. A. are B. is C. were D. be

【答案】

1.C 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.B 6.A 7.D8.A 9.C 10.A

11.A 12.A 13.B 14.A 15.A16.D 17.A 18.A 19.D 20.B

【详细解析】

1. → C。表示对别人计划的积极回应，'Sounds great'听起来很棒，符合语境。

2. → A。be strict with sb. 对某人要求严格；be kind to sb. 对某人友善。固定搭配。

3. → B。the number of + 名词复数，谓语动词用单数（is）。注意a number of + 名词复数，谓语用复数。

4. → B。keep + 宾语 + 形容词/过去分词。windows和close是被动关系（窗户被关着），用过去分词closed。

5. → B。when引导时间从句用一般过去时，主句表示当时正在进行的动作，用过去进行时（was/were + doing）。

6. → A。since + 时间点（he was five years old）引导现在完成时状语。for + 时间段（for three years）。

7. → D。答句“He is a scientist.”表明问的是职业或身份，应用 what 提问，而非 who。宾语从句需用 陈述语序（主语 + 谓语），因此 “what Li Ming is” 正确，而 “what is Li Ming” 为疑问语序，错误。

8. → A。throw away丢弃/扔掉，将垃圾扔进垃圾桶用throw away。

9. → C。enough修饰形容词须放在形容词后面（adj. + enough），easy enough = 足够容易。enough放在形容词后！

10. → A。serve as 作为...；主语books是主动发出serve动作，用主动语态一般现在时。

11. → A。第一个if是宾语从句（wonder if），从句可用将来时will come；第二个if是条件状语从句，从句用现在时（comes），主句用将来时。

12. → A。tall enough to do 足够高可以做...，enough修饰形容词放后面（adj. + enough + to do）。

13. → B。一般疑问句中用anything（something用在肯定句或表请求的疑问句中）。anything wrong有问题。

14. → A。医生'看'病人（诊治）用see（see a doctor或the doctor sees patients）。固定说法。

15. → A。so + 形容词 + a/an + 名词 等于 such + a/an + 形容词 + 名词 。由于题目中空后面紧跟的是形容词 kind，且冠词 a 在形容词之后（kind a girl），这里只能填 so。

16. → D。hear sb. do（强调动作全过程）/ hear sb. doing（强调动作进行中）。just now暗示听到的是正在进行中的跑步声，用running。（A选项也对，但doing强调当时进行的状态、更符合语境，中考选D）

17. → A。表示'在某朝代'用介词in（in the Qin Dynasty）。

18. → A。had better + 动词原形（肯定）；had better not + 动词原形（否定），否定词not直接放在had better后、动词原形前。

19. → D。English是被说（被动），一般现在时被动：is + 过去分词。speak的过去分词是spoken。

20. → B。together with连接的并列主语，谓语动词与第一个主语Tom一致（就近原则的例外：together with不影响主谓一致），Tom是单数，用is。

【答案与解析】

答案：worse 解析：bad的比较级是worse（不规则变化），much修饰比较级。

答案：hasn't finished 解析：yet用于现在完成时的否定句，表示'还没有'。

答案：to complete 解析：It takes/took sb. + 时间 + to do sth. 花某人多少时间做某事，不定式作目的状语。

答案：is swimming 解析：Look是现在进行时标志，结构：is/am/are + 动词-ing。

答案：written 解析：books和write是被动关系，过去分词written作后置定语修饰books。

答案：turning 解析：mind + doing（介意做某事），turn down 调低，动名词turning。

答案：fluently 解析：as...as结构中，修饰动词speaks用副词fluently。

答案：not to stay 解析：decide to do sth.的否定：decide not to do（not放在to之前）。

答案：pollution 解析：the后接名词，pollute（动词）→ pollution（名词，污染）。

答案：going 解析：suggest + doing（建议做某事），动名词going。

按要求改写句子：

Tom is the tallest boy in his class.（用 no other 改写）

参考答案：No other boy in his class is as tall as Tom. / No other boy in his class is taller than Tom.

解析：no other + 名词 + ... + as + 原级 + as 或 no other + 名词 + ... + 比较级 + than，表达最高级含义。

合并句子（用定语从句）：

The man is a teacher. He is reading a book over there.

参考答案：The man who is reading a book over there is a teacher.

解析：用who引导定语从句修饰先行词the man（人），从句放在先行词后。

主动语态改被动语态：

Someone broke the window last night.

参考答案：The window was broken last night (by someone).

解析：被动：宾语the window作主语，was + 过去分词broken，by someone可省略（someone不具体）。

汉译英：

只要你努力学习，你就会取得好成绩。

参考答案：As long as you study hard, you will get good grades. / If you study hard, you will get good grades.

解析：as long as / if 引导条件状语从句（主将从现），study hard努力学习，get good grades取得好成绩。

汉译英：

这座桥建于100年前，被认为是这个城市最重要的地标之一。

参考答案：The bridge, which was built 100 years ago, is considered (to be) one of the most important landmarks in this city.

解析：非限制性定语从句which was built 100 years ago；be considered (to be)... 被认为是...；one of the + 最高级 + 名词复数。

时态

标志词/标志短语

一般现在时

always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never, every day/week/year, on Mondays

一般过去时

yesterday, last night/week/year, ... ago, in+过去年份, just now, the other day

一般将来时

tomorrow, next week/month/year, soon, in the future, in+将来年份

现在进行时

now, right now, at the moment, look!, listen!, be quiet!

现在完成时

already, yet, ever, never, just, recently, lately, for+时间段, since+时间点, so far, up to now, in the past few years

过去进行时

when...(过去时从句), at that time, at 9 o'clock last night

过去完成时

before+过去时间, by+过去时间, by the time, when...(主过从更早)

单词

词性/含义/搭配

相关词/派生词

achieve

v. 实现；达到

achievement n. 成就

affect

v. 影响（=influence）

effect n. 影响（名词）

allow

v. 允许（allow sb. to do）

be allowed to do 被允许做

attitude

n. 态度（attitude to/towards）

have a positive attitude 有积极态度

beauty

n. 美；美人（beauty of nature）

beautiful adj. beautifully adv.

behavior

n. 行为举止（=behaviour）

good behavior 良好行为

challenge

n./v. 挑战（face a challenge）

challenging adj. 有挑战性的

communicate

v. 交流（communicate with）

communication n. 交流

complain

v. 抱怨（complain about/of）

complaint n. 抱怨

consider

v. 考虑；认为（consider doing）

consideration n.

contribute

v. 贡献（contribute to）

contribution n. 贡献

convenient

adj. 方便的（It's convenient to）

convenience n. 方便

courage

n. 勇气（have the courage to）

courageous adj. 勇敢的

creative

adj. 有创造力的

creativity n. 创造力; create v.

culture

n. 文化（traditional culture）

cultural adj. 文化的

describe

v. 描述（describe sb./sth.）

description n. 描述

destroy

v. 破坏；摧毁

destruction n. 破坏

develop

v. 发展；培养

development n.; developing adj.

different

adj. 不同的（be different from）

difference n.; differently adv.

encourage

v. 鼓励（encourage sb. to do）

encouragement n.

单词

词性/含义/搭配

相关词/派生词

environment

n. 环境（protect the environment）

environmental adj.; environmentally adv.

experience

n. 经验；经历（有无/v. 经历）

experienced adj. 有经验的

explain

v. 解释（explain sth. to sb.）

explanation n. 解释

express

v. 表达（express one's feelings）

expression n. 表达；表情

fail

v. 失败；未能做到（fail to do）

failure n. 失败（→success）

fantastic

adj. 极好的；了不起的

fan n. 迷；粉丝

foreign

adj. 外国的（foreign language）

foreigner n. 外国人

future

n./adj. 将来；未来的

in the future 将来

government

n. 政府（the government decides）

govern v. 统治

imagine

v. 想象（imagine doing）

imagination n.; imaginative adj.

improve

v. 改善；提高（improve one's English）

improvement n. 改进

include

v. 包括；包含（including prep.）

including 包括（介词）