中考英语语法之简单句

简单句是指只包含一个主谓结构的句子，即一个主语和一个谓语（或并列主语、并列谓语）。简单句中各个成分都由单词或短语构成，没有从句。简单句是英语句法的基础，所有复合句都是在简单句的基础上扩展而成的。掌握好简单句的五种基本句型，是学好英语语法的根基。

例子：

He runs. (一个主语 + 一个谓语)

Tom and Jerry are fighting. 

(两个主语 + 一个谓语)

She stood up and walked away. 

(一个主语 + 两个并列谓语)

注意：简单句的谓语动词可以不止一个（并列谓语），但只要没有从句，就还是简单句。

1.主谓S + Vi 

He runs fast.

2. 主谓宾S + Vt+ O

I like apples.

3. 主系表S + V + P

She is a teacher.

4. 主谓双宾S + V + Oi + Od 

He gave me a book.

5. 主谓宾补S + V + O + C 

We made him happy.

符号说明：S=主语，Vi=不及物动词，Vt=及物动词，O=宾语，P=表语，Oi=间接宾语，Od=直接宾语，C=宾语补足语

1. 主谓结构 (S + Vi)

谓语动词是不及物动词，动作本身意思完整，不需要接宾语。

示例

The sun rises.太阳升起。

They are laughing.他们正在笑。

He arrived yesterday.他昨天到了。

常见不及物动词：come, go, arrive, happen, sleep, cry, laugh, run, work, die, fall, rise

2. 主谓宾结构 (S + Vt + O)

谓语动词是及物动词，必须跟一个宾语意义才完整。

示例

I love you.

She is reading a book.

They built a house. 

常见及物动词：like, love, hate, make, build, catch, kill, see, watch, hear, eat, drink

3. 主系表结构 (S + V + P)

谓语动词是系动词，后面接表语（主语补足语），说明主语的身份、特征或状态。

系动词分类：

1.状态类be (am/is/are/was/were)

He is happy.

2.感官类look, sound, smell, taste, feel

The flower smells sweet.

3.变化类become, get, grow, turn, go

It gets dark.

4.保持类keep, remain, stay

Keep quiet.

5.表象类seem, appear

He seems tired.

表语的形式：表语可以由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语等充当。

The man is a doctor. (名词)

She looks beautiful. (形容词)

The light is on. (副词)

He is in the room. (介词短语)

4. 主谓双宾结构 (S + V + Oi + Od)

谓语动词是双宾动词，后面跟两个宾语：指人的间接宾语（动作接受者）和指物的直接宾语（动作承受者）。

示例

My mother bought me a gift.

He told us a story. 

两种语序转换：

动词 + 人 + 物：He gave me a book.

动词 + 物 + to/for + 人：He gave a book to me.

常见双宾动词：

搭配 to 

give, show, send, tell, teach, lend, pass

搭配 for

buy, make, cook, get, draw, find

5. 主谓宾补结构 (S + V + O + C)

谓语动词是宾补动词，后面跟宾语和宾语补足语。宾补用来说明宾语的身份、状态或动作。

示例

We made him monitor. 

The news made her sad. 

I saw him playing football.

能充当宾补的成分：

名词We made him monitor.

形容词The story made me happy.

副词Please ask him in.

介词短语I found him in the room.

不定式He told me to come.

现在分词I saw him running.

过去分词I had my hair cut.

考点1：五种句型的判定

根据动词的性质判断句子属于哪种句型。动词决定句型，这是核心规律。

动词类型 ➡ 句型

不及物动词 ➡ (Vi)主谓

及物动词 ➡ (Vt)主谓宾

系动词 ➡ (V)主系表

双宾动词➡ 主谓双宾

宾补动词➡ 主谓宾补

考点2：There be 句型

There be 句型是一种特殊的简单句，表示“某处存在某物”。

结构：There be + 名词 + 地点/时间状语

There is a book on the desk.

There are many students in the classroom.

主谓一致：be 动词的单复数遵循就近原则，与最靠近它的名词保持一致。

There is a pen and two books on the desk.

There are two books and a pen on the desk.

考点3：简单句的扩展

简单句可以通过加定语、状语进行扩展，但仍然属于简单句。

The tall boy runs very fast on the playground.

(主语+定语，谓语+状语，仍然是简单句)

考点4：并列主语与并列谓语

简单句允许有多个主语或多个谓语，只要没有从句。

Tom and Jerry are good friends. (并列主语)

She stood up, picked up her bag and walked out. (并列谓语)

1.There ______ a basketball match between Class 1 and Class 2 this afternoon.

A. will have     B. is going to have

C. is going to be     D. are going to be

1. My father bought ______ for me.

A. a new bike     B. me a new bike

C. a new bike to me     D. me for a new bike

距2026年苏州中考79天

1.  C

There be 句型的将来时为 "There is/are going to be" 或 "There will be"，不能与 have 连用。主语 a basketball match 是单数，故选 is going to be。

1. A

buy 的双宾语结构有两种：buy sb. sth. 或 buy sth. for sb.。本题空格后已有 "for me"，前面应填直接宾语，故选 a new bike。