七、连词 (conj.):用来连接两个类型相同词汇,短语或从句。包括并列连词和从属连词。
1. 并列连词表示并列,转折,选择和因果推理关系。并列连词一般连接相同词性的单词,同形的动词或形容词,同类词组及相同时态的句子。
1) 表示并列关系。并列关系连词包括:and, both...and...(二者都);neither...nor...(既不……也不……)as well as(也,连同);not only...but (also)...(不但······而且······)等。
如:I used to live in both Wuhan and Nanjing.
我在武汉和南京两地都生活过。
The mind needs exercise as well as the body.
大脑同身体一样需要锻炼。
Not onlyyou but also he wants to go to college.
不但你,而且他也想上大学。
She was not only clever but also very musical.
她不仅聪明,而且极具音乐天分。
Not only does she speak French, but she's also good with computers.
她不仅会说法语,还精通电脑。
2) 表示选择关系。选择关系连词包括:or(或);either...or...(或者……或者……)。
如:He can't read or write. 他不会读,不会写。
Which do you prefer, fishing or swimming?
钓鱼和游泳,你更喜欢哪一项?
You can choose either coffee or tea. 你可以选择要么咖啡要么茶。
3) 表示转折关系。转折关系连词包括:but(但是);or(否则);yet(然而);still(然而)while (然而)等。
如:We tried our best, but we lost the game.
虽然我们已尽了最大的努力,但还是输了。
Turn the heat down or it'll burn.
把炉火开小一些,不然就烧焦了。
She's young, yet very talented. 她年轻,然而很有才华。
I explained it to him again, stillhe couldn't understand.
我又给他解释了一遍,他还是不明白。
3) 表示因果关系。因果关系连词包括:so(于是,所以);for(因为)。
He wasn't well, so we had to leave him behind.
他身体不适,因此我们只好把他留下。
I believed her, for she would never lie to me.
我相信她的话,因为她从不会向我撒谎。
2. 从属连词用来引导状语从句,一般在主句后,有时也可放在主句前表示强调。
1) 引导条件状语从句。连词包括:if, unless(除非,如果不)等。
如:You can stay for the weekend if you like.
你如果愿意就留在这里过周末吧。
If you see him, give him this note.
你要是见到他,就把这个便条给他。
2) 引导时间状语从句。连词包括:when, as(当……时候);while, before, after, since, till(直到……);until(直到……)等。
如:What are you going to be when you grow up?
你长大后会成为什么样的人?
As I left, it rained. 当我离开时,下雨了。
It's a long time since they left.他们已经离开很久了。
Wait until I come back.等到我回来。
3) 引导原因状语从句。连词包括:because, as(由于);since(既然,因为)等。
如:As you're tired, let's rest. 由于你累了,我们休息吧。
Since it's raining, we have to stay home. 既然在下雨,我们只好待在家。
4) 引导让步状语从句。连词包括:though, although, while(虽然)等。
如:Though it was raining, we went out. 尽管下雨了,我们还是出去了。
While it's expensive, the quality is excellent. 虽然价格昂贵,但质量很好。
5) 引导比较状语从句。连词包括:than, as(和……一样……的)等。
如:It was much better than I'd expected. 这比我预料的要好得多。
They ate, as they usually did, in the kitchen
像平常一样,他们是在厨房吃的饭。
6) 引导方式状语从句。连词包括:as(按照……方式)。
如:You'll speak as I like. 你要按照我喜欢的方式说话。
3. 相当于连词的短语:as soon as一……就……;ever since自那时以来;
as long as只要;even if= even though即使,虽然;so that以便于,为了;
so…that…那么……以至于……;such…that…如此……以至于……
1) 引导时间状语从句。
如:We began to work as soon as we arrived.
我们一到就开始了工作。
He's been there ever since you left!
自从你离开后他就一直在那里!
2) 引导条件状语从句。
如:As long as you try, you'll succeed. 只要你尝试,就会成功。
3) 引导让步状语从句。
I'll get there, even if I have to walk.
我就是走也要走到那儿去。
4) 引导目的状语从句。
如:He studies hard so that he can pass the exam.
他努力学习以便通过考试。
5) 引导结果状语从句。
如:He was soafraid that he couldn't move. 他害怕得不敢动。
He was such an honest person that everyone trusted him.
他为人如此诚实,以至于大家都信任他。
4. 从属连词that(无词义)和whether(是否)可引导名词性从句,if(是否)引导宾语从句。
1) 引导宾语从句。
如:I hope that you'll be better soon. 我希望你很快就会好起来。
I wonder if you can help me. 不知您是否能帮我的忙?
2) 引导表语从句。
如:His suggestion is that we should stay calm.
他的建议是我们应该保持镇静。
3) 引导主语从句。
如:Whether or not you learn it welldepends on your learning habits.
不管你学得好不好都取决于你的学习习惯。
It is the most important that you can get happiness from it.
最重要的是,你能从中获得快乐。
5. 连接代词和连接副词。连接代词that, what, who, whom, whose, which和连接副词how, when, where, why等可引导名词性从句。除what外,还可引导定语从句。
1) 引导宾语从句。
如:Could you tell me where the restroom is?
请告诉我卫生间在哪里好吗?
Do you know what time it is? 你知道现在几点了吗?
I don't know who the man is? 我不知道那个人是谁?
2) 引导表语从句。
如:The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
问题是他何时能到达酒店。
3) 引导主语从句。
如:What he wants to tell usis not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。
It is known to us how he became a writer.
我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
4) 引导定语从句。
如:I don't know the man who is called Tom.
我不认识那个叫汤姆的人。
I never forget the day when I met her for the 1st time.
我忘不了第一次遇见她的那一天。