一动词
1.动词第三人称单数:
(1)成立条件:一般现在时;主语为单数(I和you,除外);
(2)经典例句:
1)He gets up early every day.
2)His mother(主语,可以不是一个单词的) gets up early every day.
2.动词-ing形式:
(1)现在进行时(一直在做):She isreadinga book
(2)介词(to除外)后面:I'm good atswimming
(3)转为名词Running is good exercise.
3.动词不定式(to do):
(1)想要做某事(还没有做):I want to join the music club
(2)表目的:
1)I get up earlyto read the book单独用to do
2)He asks meto read the book与其他动词连用
4.动词原形:
(1)一般现在时:Shereads a book本来该用原形的,但这里碰巧主语符合单三的要求
(2)情态动词:
1)Shecan read a book.
2)情态动词:can could would must should
(3)祈使句(命令或要求):Read a book!
5.动词过去式/过去分词:
(1)事情发生在过去,用这个形式
(2)有不规则动词表一张,每次考试都会出:很重要,极其重要,非常重要。
1)They went to the park yesterday.
2)这里的went,就来自不规则动词表
二名词
1.名词单复数:
(1)具体数量有意义的名词——可数名词:一只老虎,还是两只老虎,决定了我到底会“碎”到什么程度。这很重要!所以,tiger之类的名词,是可数名词
(2)具体数量没有意义的名词——不可数名词:一碗水里,10000个水分子,还是10999个水分子,有什么区别吗?没有。所以,water之类的名词,是不可数名词可数
(3)可数名词,做主语——变复数,就是各种加s
1)一般情况(词尾直接加 s):book → books
2)以 s、x、ch、sh 结尾(加 es):bus → buses
3)以辅音字母 + y 结尾(变 y 为 i 加 es):city → cities
4)以 f/fe 结尾(变 f/fe 为 v 加 es):knife → knives
5)不规则:man,men;
(4)不可数名词,永远视为单数:Some water is good
2.名词所有格:
(1)表所属关系,例:This is Lucy’s book.
(2)His her my their its our:与直接跟后面的名词,构成所有关系——my book,我的书
(3)Of,后面拥有前面:A of B,固定翻译成B的A
- 不可数名词用法(考4次):无复数形式,例:I drink a glass of water every morning.
三代词
1.人称代词:
(1)主格,只能做主语
1)I, you, he, she, it, we, they
2)She reads a book
(2)宾格,只能出现在动词,介词后面
1)me, you, him, her, it, us, them
2)Give her a book.
2.物主代词
(1)形容性的,后面直接跟名词
1)my, your, his, her, its, our, their
2)Her book is here.
(2)名词性的,后面不能直接跟名词
1)mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
2)The book is hers.
3.反身代词:
(1)表示xxx自己:常见单词:myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
(2)itself(单数自己):She reads a book by herself.
(3)themselves(复数各自的自己):They read books bythemselves
4.不定代词:修饰不定代词的形容词,要放到后面
(1)按范畴分类及常见单词:
Some+(多用于肯定句):somebody, someone, something, somewhere
Any+(多用于否定/疑问句):anybody, anyone, anything, anywhere
No+(表否定):nobody, no one, nothing, nowhere
(2)some类(肯定句):She readssomethingfunnyby herself.
(3)any类(疑问句):Does she read anything new by herself?
(4)no类(否定含义):They find nothing interestingby themselves.
四形容词,副词
1.形容词(副词)比较级/最高级:
(1)比较级,两者之间的比较:She runsfaster than her friend.
(2)最高级,三者以上的比较:She runsfastest than all her friends.
(3)变化规则:
1)一般单音节词 + er/est:small → smaller → smallest
2)以 e 结尾 + r/st:nice → nicer → nicest
(4)不规则分类:good → better → best;bad → worse → worst
2.形容词+名词:She reads something funny by herself
3.副词+动词:She runs fast
4.副词+形容词:Some water is really good
5.构成主系表结构:Some water is good
五数词
1.基础词,表示数量:He reads two books
2.序数词,表示顺序:He is thethird(序数词前面,肯定会有the)runner in the class
3.Hundred,thousand,单用表示很多:There arehundreds of books in the room
六冠词
1.不定冠词(a/an)表泛指:He has an old book——世上旧书千千万,随便哪一本,都可以
2.定冠词(the)表特指:The sun has an old book——我们,只有一个太阳
七特殊疑问词
1.必考单词:what(什么)、who(谁)、when(什么时候)、where(哪里)、how(怎样)、why(为什么)、whose(谁的)、which(哪个)
2.放在句首,构成特殊疑问句
1)When does she read?(问时间)
2)Where does she read?(问地点)
3)How does she read?(问方式)
3.放在句子中间,引导从句:
1)I don’t know what she reads 我不知道她读的是什么
2)I don’t know what she reads,when she gets up early我不知道当她早期的时候,她读什么东西
八连词
1.前后都是独立完整的句子(符合主谓宾,或者主系表),就能够召唤连词了。
2.并列关系:
(1)and(和)、or(或者)、both...and...(既… 又…)
(2)She reads a bookand she gets up early.她既读书,也早起—— 两个动作是并列的
3.因果关系:
(1)so(所以)、because(因为)
(2)She reads a bookbecause she gets up early.因为早起了,所以她读书 —— 早起是读书的原因
4.转折关系:
(1)but(但是)、though(尽管)、however(然而)
(2)She gets up earlybut she doesn’t read a book.她虽然早起了,却没读书 —— 动作有反差
5.条件关系:
(1)if(如果)、unless(除非)、as long as(只要)
(2)If she gets up early, she reads a book.如果她早起了,就会读书—— 早起是读书的前提条件
6.时间关系:
(1)before在……前、after在……后、when当……时,也就是同时发生
(2)She gets up earlyafter she reads a book:读书之后,她起床了
九介词
1. in:在某个“实际生活的空间、范围、时段或状态”内部。
(1)在时间内:in the morning(早上,是一个可以干很多事情的空间)in springin the end (最后)
(2)在空间内:in front of (在…前面)in the world (在世界上)in the air (在空中)live in a town (住在一个小镇)
(3)在范围内:write in English (用英语范围内写)be interested in (在兴趣范围内) in the river(我是一只小黄鱼,水里游来又游去)
2. ON:在…“表面/特定时间点/状态,方式”上
(1)地点 (在…表面上):on the river (水上漂的轻功好,你能把我怎么样吧)on the playground (在操场上)on the top of (在…顶端)
(2)时间 (在特定时间点):on Sunday/Monday (在周日/周一)on the day of the show (在演出的那天)——只要好赖有个形容词或者限定的词,就是特定时间点
(3)状态,方式:on foot (步行) ,用脚走;on a horse (骑马) ;depend on (依靠某个点:状态);
3. AT:在…“精确的时间点、小地点、目标点”
(1)精确的时间 (在…时刻):at 7:20 / at five o'clock (在7点20/5点钟)at night (把整个夜晚视为一点:欧洲高纬度,古时候晚上,除了睡觉,没别的可干——那就不是到点睡觉吗)
at the same time (同时)
(3)精确的地点:at home/school (在家/在学校)look at (视线需要精确落脚点的看——后面通常是具体要看的东西) be good at (擅长…大家擅长的东西,通常都是一个点)
4. TO:朝向…“方向、目标、对象、结果”,通常表现的是外界事物之间的关系
(1)到目的地,前进的方向:go to school (去上学)come to China (来中国)next to (紧挨着)from...to... (从…到…)
(2)给到目标人物:give sth. to sb. (给某人某物)talk to sb. (和某人说话)be kind to sb. (对某人友好)
(3)动作的目的:He reads the book to eat an egg 他读那本书,是为了吃一个鸡蛋
5. FOR:为了…“目的、原因、时间段、对象、支持”,通常表达的是一个人内心的想法或者追求
(1)为了,因为:prepare for (为…准备,对自己好的事情)good for health (对健康有益,对自己有好处)ask for (请求)
(2)时间段 (长达…):for a long time (很长时间)
(3)为某个情绪或者心愿做事情:buy sth. for sb. (为某人买某物)wait for sb. (等待某人)thanks for (感谢…)
6. FROM:来自…“起点、来源、脱离、区别”
(1)来源/起点 :come/be from (来自)from December to February (从12月到2月)
(2)分离:far from (远离)stop...from... (阻止…做…)make...from... (由…制成) - 化学变化
7.OF:前后事物有所属关系
(1)A of B 固定翻译成B的A:a map of China (一张中国地图)the name of the town (小镇的名字)
(2)表示整体中的一部分a lot of / lots of(许多)one of (…之一)some of (…中的一些)hundreds of (数以百计的)
(3)关于,对于:because of (因为) be made of (由…制成) - 物理构成with the help of (在…的帮助下)
8. with:“一起、伴随、带有、使用工具”;without,用法一样,意思相反
(1)伴随/一起 (和):live with (和…住一起)play with (和…一起玩)help...with... (帮助…做…)
(2)带有:with two floors (有两层楼)with nothing to do (无事可做)with the help of (借助…的帮助)agree with (同意…)
(3)使用工具,客观事物的那种工具,比如:write with a pen (用笔写)
9. by:通过方式、手段达到某种目的。
(1)方式 (乘,通过):by bus (乘公交)
(2)位置 (在…旁边):stand by me (站在我旁边)
(3)被动语态:made by hand (手工制作)
10. about:表示不十分确定的范围
(1)关于 (关于):talk about (谈论),大概跟xx有关;a book about history (一本关于历史的书)
(2)大约:at about 5 o‘clock (大约5点)
11. 不会单独作为重点出现,但还是会考的:
(1)like (像…一样):just like the sun (就像太阳);作动词,意思是喜欢:I like reading books 我喜欢读书
(2)as:as a student (作为一名学生)such as (例如)
(3)around 周围:around the world (全世界)
(4)during (在…期间): during festivals (在节日期间)
(5)after (在…之后):after school (放学后);可以是连词,也可是介词
(6)before在……之前:可以是连词,也可是介词
(7)over 超过:over 100 people (超过100人)
(8)under在……下面:under the same roof (在同一屋檐下)