你是否在完形填空中遇到过这样的情况：每个单词都认识，放在一起却读不懂？这很可能是命题人在考察熟词生义。
以2025年长春中考完形第16题为例：
It houses thousands of books about different subjects.
这里的 house 不再是我们熟悉的名词“房子”，而是作动词，意为“收藏；容纳”。整句意思是：这个图书馆收藏了数千本关于不同主题的书。
这道题精准地击中了很多同学的知识盲区。今天，我们就来拆解“熟词生义”的底层逻辑，帮你在考场上轻松识破这些“伪装者”。
一、什么是“熟词生义”？
所谓“熟词生义”，本质上就是一词多义。我们平时只记住了单词最常见的一两个意思，却忽略了它在不同语境下的其他用法。这些“生义”并非凭空出现，而是从单词的基本义通过各种方式引申而来的。
比如 house 的基本义是“房子”，房子的功能是“容纳、存放东西”，所以引申为动词“收藏、容纳”就顺理成章了。
二、“熟词生义”从哪来？
1. 使用范围的转移
同一个词，修饰的对象变了，意思也会跟着变。
- handsome：形容男性是“英俊的”；形容女性是“健美端庄的”；形容金钱（a handsome sum）则是“可观的，相当多的”。
- sharp：形容刀是“锋利的”；形容人是“机敏的”；形容时间（at 9 sharp）是“准时的”。
2. 使用对象的改变
在不同专业领域，同一个词有特定的含义。
- action：律师口中是“法律诉讼” (legal action)；士兵口中是“军事行动” (military action)。
- drive：司机指“驾驶”；高尔夫球手指“击球”；心理学家指“驱动力”。
3. 出于修辞的需要
通过比喻、借代等手法，赋予旧词新义。
eye：本义是“眼睛”，比喻成“针眼” (eye of a needle) 或“掌上明珠” (the apple of his eye)。
mouth：本义是“嘴巴”，用来指“河口” (the mouth of a river)。
三、考场破局：掌握“基本义+语境”公式
破解“熟词生义”最有效的方法，就是牢记这个公式：
基本义 + 语境 = 衍生义 / 引申义
我们以高频词 run 为例：
基本义：跑
为了名次“跑” → 赛跑
为了职位“跑” → 竞选
使液体“跑”起来 → 流动
使机器“跑”起来 → 运行；操作
使公司“跑”起来 → 经营；管理
使交通工具“跑”起来 → 行驶
只要抓住了“跑”这个核心动作，再结合语境，就能轻松推断出 run 在句子中的具体含义。
四、小试牛刀：实战演练
【例题】
Now Mr Brown is rich. He doesn’t need to make money. But he says, “I’m really thankful to Steve and other kind people for helping me. I want to help others, too.” He keeps on selling ice-cream. He gives ice-cream to kids for free. He also gives his money to poor families.
The underlined word “free” means ______.
A. 自由的 B. 空闲的 C. 免费的 D. 不受约束的
【解析】
选项都是 free 的常见释义。我们需要结合语境判断。
前文提到布朗先生很富有，想帮助别人。
后文提到他还把钱捐给贫困家庭。
由此可知，他给孩子们冰淇淋是免费的。
所以，正确答案是 C. 免费的。
五、备考清单：这样准备最有效
1. 建立“熟词生义”错题本：把每次遇到的“熟词生义”记下来，标注其本义、生义和例句，定期复习。
2. 追本溯源：遇到生词时，多查词典，看看它的词源和不同义项，理解词义之间的联系，而不是孤立地记忆。
3. 语境猜词训练：在做阅读和完形时，刻意练习不查字典，根据上下文推断词义，锻炼自己的逻辑推理能力。
“熟词生义”并不可怕，它只是命题人在考察你对语言深度的理解能力。只要我们掌握了方法，就能把这些“陷阱”变成“提分点”。
上例题：
1. coat
【例题】
Many medicine pills taste bitter, so producers often coat them with a thin layer of sugar. This makes the pills easier to swallow for children and adults who dislike strong flavors.
The underlined word “coated” means ______.
A. 穿上外套 B. 覆盖；涂上 C. 包裹 D. 装饰
2. book
【例题】
The summer music festival is very popular every year. If you want to attend, you’d better book your tickets online at least a month in advance. Otherwise, you might find that all tickets are sold out.
The underlined word “book” means ______.
A. 预订 B. 书写 C. 登记 D. 阅读
3. picture
【例题】
The travel blogger shared amazing stories about her trip to the rainforest. When she described the colorful birds and hidden waterfalls, the listeners could easily picture the beautiful scenes in their minds.
The underlined word “picture” means ______.
A. 画画 B. 想象；描绘 C. 拍照 D. 回忆
4. name
【例题】
The famous scientist made a huge contribution to the field of physics. To honor his work, the local university decided to name a new research center after him. This way, his legacy will be remembered for generations.
The underlined word “name” means ______.
A. 提名 B. 命名 C. 说出名字 D. 称呼
5. walk
【例题】
Living in the city center is very convenient. My apartment is only a five-minute walk to the nearest subway station. I don’t need to take a bus or drive, which saves me a lot of time every morning.
The underlined word “walk” means ______.
A. 步行的距离 B. 步态 C. 行业 D. 散步
6. run
【例题】
The local community theater puts on several plays each year. Their latest children’s play was so popular that it had a successful run of six weeks. Many families came to watch it over the weekends.
The underlined word “run” means ______.
A. 奔跑 B. 连续的演出 C. 经营 D. 行驶
7. try
【例题】
Learning a new language is never easy. At first, I made a lot of mistakes when speaking French. But every small try helped me get better, and now I can have simple conversations with native speakers.
The underlined word “try” means ______.
A. 尝试 B. 努力 C. 触地得分 D. 审判
8. drive
【例题】
My grandparents live in a quiet town by the sea. It is a three-hour drive from my home, so we usually visit them on long weekends. The road along the coast is very scenic.
The underlined word “drive” means ______.
A. 驾驶 B. 车程 C. 驱动力 D. 干劲
9. empty
【例题】
After the big family dinner, there were a lot of leftover drinks in the bottles. Before we could recycle the glass, we had to empty all the bottles first. This kept the recycling bin clean.
The underlined word “empty” means ______.
A. 空的 B. 倒空 C. 清空 D. 空虚
10. slow
【例题】
The road through the small village is very narrow. When you see a sign that says “Children at play”, you must slow down to avoid any accidents. It is important to be extra careful in these areas.
The underlined word “slow” means ______.
A. 慢的 B. 放慢；减速 C. 迟钝 D. 拖延
11. dirty
【例题】
The children were excited to play in the park after the rain. Their mother warned them not to dirty their new white sneakers while running through the wet grass. She knew they would be hard to clean.
The underlined word “dirty” means ______.
A. 脏的 B. 弄脏 C. 玷污 D. 卑鄙
12. sharp
【例题】
The school library has strict rules for returning books. The librarian told the students that the borrowed materials must be returned by 3 p.m. sharp on the due date. No exceptions will be made.
The underlined word “sharp” means ______.
A. 锋利的 B. 准时的 C. 机敏的 D. 辛辣的
13. handsome
【例题】
The local charity organized a fundraiser to build a new community center. A successful local businessman donated a handsome amount of money to the project. His generosity helped the charity reach its goal quickly.
The underlined word “handsome” means ______.
A. 英俊的 B. 可观的；相当多的 C. 慷慨的 D. 健美端庄的
14. action
【例题】
The online store delivered a broken product to the customer. When the store refused to refund her money, the customer decided to take legal action. She hired a lawyer to help her get her money back.
The underlined word “action” means ______.
A. 行动 B. 法律诉讼 C. 军事行动 D. 动作场面
15. address
【例题】
The environmental problem of plastic waste is getting worse. At the conference, the minister promised to address this issue with new laws and public education campaigns. Everyone hoped for real change.
The underlined word “address” means ______.
A. 地址 B. 演说；讲话 C. 处理 D. 称呼
16. eye
【例题】
Grandma loves all her grandchildren, but her youngest grandson is truly the apple of her eye. She always saves the biggest piece of cake for him and tells him the most wonderful bedtime stories.
The underlined phrase “apple of her eye” means ______.
A. 眼中的苹果 B. 掌上明珠 C. 眼中钉 D. 重要的人
17. mouth
【例题】
The Amazon River is the largest river in the world by volume. Its mouth, where it flows into the Atlantic Ocean, is a huge area of wetlands. This region is home to thousands of different species of plants and animals.
The underlined word “mouth” means ______.
A. 嘴巴 B. 河口 C. 开口处 D. 入口
18. foot
【例题】
We planned a day hike to the top of the small mountain. We started at the foot of the mountain just after sunrise. The trail was steep, but the view from the top made all the effort worth it.
The underlined word “foot” means ______.
A. 脚 B. 底部 C. 英尺 D. 音步
