管理员Mr. Ma

高考英语复习, 一是词法, 二是语法. 词汇是英语的核心。要熟记重点词汇的词形变换和常见短语。遇到的生词，针对性的选择记忆往往更加有效。选择高频词汇会比那些晦涩的词汇更有价值。

语法学习虽有难度，但一定要跟随老师的步伐，辅以适当的训练。与埋头苦学相比，跟着老师的复习往往更加系统高效。

高考英语二轮复习专项习题阅读理解 一

Passage 1 [2023新课标卷Ⅱ，B，10分]

Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.

Jaramillo's students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. "The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks," she says. "They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful." Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new.

Urban Sprouts' classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools.

Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. "We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they're eating differently," Jaramillo says.

She adds that the program's benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo's special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues." They get outside," she says, "and they feel successful."

1. What do we know about Abby Jaramillo?( D )

A. She used to be a health worker. B. She grew up in a low-income family.

C. She owns a fast food restaurant. D. She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts"可知，Abby Jaramillo是Urban Sprouts项目的发起人之一。故D项正确。

2. What was a problem facing Jaramillo at the start of the program?( C )

A. The kids' parents distrusted her. B. Students had little time for her classes.

C. Some kids disliked garden work. D. There was no space for school gardens.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段中的"The kids...come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful" "some are initially...turned off by the dirt"可知，这个项目刚开始时面临的一个问题就是一些学生不喜欢干菜园的活儿。故C项正确。

3. Which of the following best describes the impact of the program?( A )

A. Far-reaching. B. Predictable.              C. Short-lived.              D. Unidentifiable.

[解析]推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，这个学校菜园项目不仅能让学生吃得更有营养，而且对接受特殊教育的学生有镇静作用。由此可推知，该项目的影响是深远的。故A项正确。

4. What can be a suitable title for the text?( C )

A. Rescuing School Gardens B. Experiencing Country Life

C. Growing Vegetable Lovers D. Changing Local Landscape

[解析]标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo 发起Urban Sprouts项目，带领学生种植蔬菜的故事，学生们开始对园艺感兴趣，而且获得了很多好处。因此C项"蔬菜种植爱好者"适合作为本文标题。

解读：本文主要介绍了学校菜园项目Urban Sprouts的启动背景、目的、内容和意义。

Passage 2 [2023全国卷甲，B，8分]

Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY（do-it-yourself）.Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.

She credits these skills to her late grandfather and builder Derek Lloyd. From the age of six, Terri, now 26, accompanied Derek to work during her school holidays. A day's work was rewarded with ￡5 in pocket money. She says: "I'm sure I wasn't much of a help to start with. But when Derek built our family house about eight years ago, I was heavily involved（参与）, painting the rooms and putting down the flooring throughout the house. It took weeks and it was backbreaking work, but I know he was proud of my skills."

Terri, who now rents a house with friends in Wandsworth, South West London, says DIY also saves her from losing any deposit when a tenancy（租期） comes to an end. She adds: "I've moved house many times and I always like to personalise my room and put up pictures. So, it's been useful to know how to cover up holes and repaint a room to avoid any charges when I've moved out."

With millions of people likely to take on DIY projects over the coming weeks, new research shows that more than half of people are planning to make the most of the long, warm summer days to get jobs done. The average spend per project will be around ￡823. Two thirds of people aim to improve their comfort while at home. A fifth wish to increase the value of their houses. Though DIY has traditionally been seen as a male hobby, the research shows it is women now leading the charge.

1. Which is closest in meaning to "a dab hand" in paragraph 1?( C )

A. An artist. B. A winner.                 C. A specialist.             D. A pioneer.

[解析]词义猜测题。根据第一段的"Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself"可知，Terri Bolton擅长搭架子和拼装家具，她自己能做的工作从不付钱给别人做。据此可知，她是DIY方面的专家，故画线部分意为"专家"。

2. Why did Terri's grandfather give her ￡5 a day?( B )

A. For a birthday gift. B. As a treat for her work.

C. To support her DIY projects. D. To encourage her to take up a hobby.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段的"A day's work was rewarded with ￡ 5 in pocket money"可知，一天的工作使她得到五镑零用钱的奖励。据此可知，她外祖父给她零钱是为了奖励她一天的工作。故B项正确。

3. How did Terri avoid losing the deposit on the house she rented?( A )

A. By making it look like before. B. By furnishing it herself.

C. By splitting the rent with a roommate. D. By cancelling the rental agreement.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段Terri Bolton所说的话"So, it's been useful to know how to cover up holes and repaint a room to avoid any charges when I've moved out"可知，知道如何掩盖漏洞和重新粉刷房间是很有用的，这样搬出去的时候就可以避免任何费用。据此可知，她通过使房子看起来和入住时一样来避免损失押金。故A项正确。

4. What trend in DIY does the research show?( D )

A. It is becoming more costly. B. It is getting more time-consuming.

C. It is turning into a seasonal industry. D. It is gaining popularity among females.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第四段的"Though DIY has traditionally been seen as a male hobby, the research shows it is women now leading the charge"可知，尽管DIY传统上被认为是男性的爱好，但研究表明，现在是女性主导了这一潮流。据此可推知，DIY当前深受女性欢迎。故D项正确。

解读：Terri Bolton是DIY的能手，她擅长搭架子和拼装家具，这一能力得益于小时候她外祖父对她的培养。利用这一技能，她修补房子，减少押金损失。研究表明，自己动手已经成为暑期的项目，女性成为这一项目的潮流领导者。

【核心词汇】put up搭建；举起 accompany v.陪伴，陪同；伴随

rewardn.奖励，回报；赏格，悬赏金v.酬谢，奖赏

depositv.放下，放置；储蓄；存放n.押金

【熟词新义】credit常用义：n.信用，信贷；信任，相信

本文义：vt.认为是……的功劳，把……归于

Passage 1 [2022全国卷甲，C，8分]

As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins（企鹅） longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.

Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career（职业）as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge

After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. "I just decided I wanted to go," she says. "I had no idea about what I'd find there and I wasn't nervous. I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way."

In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she'd never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica. "From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has," Ginni says. "I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater."

The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.

1. Which of the following best explains "take the plunge" underlined in paragraph 2?( A )

A. Try challenging things. B. Take a degree.

C. Bring back lost memories. D. Stick to a promise.

[解析]词义猜测题。根据第二段最后一句话 "When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge"可知，当Ginni退休，儿子们离家独立后，她决定是时候冒险尝试，踏上旅途了。故选A。

2. What made Ginni decide on the trip to Antarctica?( C )

A. Lovely penguins. B. Beautiful scenery.

C. A discount fare. D. A friend's invitation.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica"和"I just decided I wanted to go"可知，发现可以得到打折船票是Ginni决定去南极洲的原因。故选C。

3. What does Ginni think about Antarctica after the journey?( C )

A. It could be a home for her. B. It should be easily accessible.

C. It should be well preserved. D. It needs to be fully introduced.

[解析]推理判断题。根据文章最后一段"The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni"可知，Ginni意识到南极洲是一片净土，应该受到人类的尊重。由此可推知，她认为南极洲应该被好好保护。故选C。

4. What is the text mainly about？( B )

A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience.

C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.

[解析]主旨大意题。文章提及Ginni喜欢旅行，着重介绍了Ginni难忘的南极洲奇遇。A项"一个童年梦想"，与全文主题不符；C项"环游世界"，范畴超过了本文内容；D项"遇见南极洲的动物"，以偏概全。故选B。

解读：本文讲述了Ginni Bazlinton难忘的南极洲之旅。

【核心词汇】kick-startv.使……尽快启动，促使……开始

last-minuteadj.紧急关头的，最后一分钟才完成（或决定、安排好）的

take the plunge 决定冒险一试，果断行事

hit home to sb. 使某人深受触动

Passage 2 [2021浙江，A，7.5分]

Leslie Nielsen's childhood was a difficult one, but he had one particular shining star in his life — his uncle, who was a well-known actor. The admiration and respect his uncle earned inspired Nielsen to make a career （职业） in acting. Even though he often felt he would be discovered to be a no-talent, he moved forward, gaining a scholarship to the Neighborhood Playhouse and making his first television appearance a few years later in 1948. However, becoming a full-time, successful actor would still be an uphill battle for another eight years until he landed a number of film roles that finally got him noticed.

But even then, what he had wasn't quite what he wanted. Nielsen always felt he should be doing comedy but his good looks and distinguished voice kept him busy in dramatic roles. It wasn't until 1980 — 32 years into his career — that he landed the role it would seem he was made for in Airplane! That movie led him into the second half of his career where his comedic presence alone could make a movie a financial success even when movie reviewers would not rate it highly.

Did Nielsen then feel content in his career? Yes and no. He was thrilled to be doing the comedy that he always felt he should do, but even during his last few years, he always had a sense of curiosity, wondering what new role or challenge might be just around the corner. He never stopped working, never retired.

Leslie Nielsen's devotion to acting is wonderfully inspiring. He built a hugely successful career with little more than plain old hard work and determination. He showed us that even a single desire, never given up on, can make for a remarkable life.

1. Why did Nielsen want to be an actor?( C )

A. He enjoyed watching movies. B. He was eager to earn money.

C. He wanted to be like his uncle. D. He felt he was good at acting.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"The admiration and respect his uncle earned inspired Nielsen to make a career（职业） in acting"可知，Nielsen的叔叔是他的榜样，激励他从事演艺事业，故选C。

2. What do we know about Nielsen in the second half of his career?( D )

A. He directed some high quality movies. B. He avoided taking on new challenges.

C. He focused on playing dramatic roles. D. He became a successful comedy actor.

[解析]细节理解题。根据题干中的"the second half of his career"可将答题线索定位于第二段中的"That movie led him into the second half of his career where his comedic presence alone could make a movie...highly"，在Nielsen演艺生涯的后半段，由他饰演喜剧角色的电影即使评价不高，票房也很高。由此可推知，他成了一名成功的喜剧演员。故选D。

3. What does Nielsen's career story tell us?( D )

A. Art is long, life is short. B. He who laughs last laughs longest.

C. It's never too late to learn. D. Where there's a will there's a way.

[解析]推理判断题。根据文章最后一段可知，通过自己不懈的努力和坚定的信念，Nielsen的演艺事业获得了成功。这正应了那句老话"有志者，事竟成"，故选D。A项表示"人生短暂，艺术长存"；B项表示"笑到最后的人笑得最好"；C项表示"活到老，学到老"，都不符合题意。

解读：文章主要讲述了演员Leslie Nielsen通过自己不懈的努力和坚定的信念，成就了自己的演艺事业。

【核心词汇】uphill adj. 漫长而艰难的，费力的 comedy n.喜剧

financialadj. 金融的，财务的 around the corner 即将到来

Passage 1 [2021浙江1月，B，7.5分]

At the start of the 20th century, an American engineer named John Elfreth Watkins made predictions about life today. His predictions about slowing population growth, mobile phones and increasing height were close to the mark. But he was wrong in one prediction: that everybody would walk 10 miles a day.

Today, in Australia, most children on average fall 2,000 steps short of the physical activity they need to avoid being overweight. In the early 1970s, 40 per cent of children walked to school, while in 2010, it was as low as 15 per cent.

The decline is not because we have all become lazy. Families are pressed for time, many with both parents working to pay for their house, often working hours not of their choosing, living in car-dependent neighborhoods with limited public transport.

The other side of the coin is equally a deprivation: for health and well-being, as well as lost opportunities（机会） for children to get to know their local surroundings. And for parents there are lost opportunities to walk and talk with their young scholar about their day.

Most parents will have eagerly asked their child about their day, only to meet with a "good", quickly followed by "I'm hungry". This is also my experience as a mother. But somewhere over the daily walk more about my son's day comes out. I hear him making sense of friendship and its limits. This is the unexpected and rare parental opportunity to hear more.

Many primary schools support walking school-bus routes（路线）, with days of regular, parent-accompanied walks. Doing just one of these a few times a week is better than nothing. It can be tough to begin and takes a little planning — running shoes by the front door, lunches made the night before, umbrellas on rainy days and hats on hot ones — but it's certainly worth trying.

1. Why does the author mention Watkins' predictions in the first paragraph?( B )

A. To make comparisons. B. To introduce the topic.

C. To support her argument. D. To provide examples.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段中的"But he was wrong in one prediction: that everybody would walk 10 miles a day"以及下文对孩子们行走步数大幅下降及其影响的介绍可知，作者提到Watkins的预测是为了引出话题。

2. What has caused the decrease in Australian children's physical activity?( C )

A. Plain laziness. B. Health problems.      C. Lack of time.            D. Security concerns.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"The decline is not because we have all become lazy. Families are pressed for time"可知，在澳大利亚，孩子们的体育活动变少是因为时间不足。

3. Why does the author find walking with her son worthwhile?( D )

A. She can get relaxed after work. B. She can keep physically fit.

C. She can help with her son's study. D. She can know her son better.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第五段中的"But somewhere over the daily walk...to hear more"可知，作者在与儿子一起散步时，儿子会跟她分享自己的想法，从而使作者能够更好地了解儿子，因此作者认为与儿子一起散步是值得的。

解读：由于生活节奏快、时间不足，澳大利亚的很多孩子行走步数大大减少，这对孩子的身心健康不利。文中作者通过自己的经历证明了和孩子一起步行的好处，并建议人们尽可能多步行。

Passage 2 [2020全国卷Ⅰ，B，8分]

Returning to a book you've read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend. There's a welcome familiarity — but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both， and thus the relationship. But books don't change， people do. And that's what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.

The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register. It's true， the older I get， the more I feel time has wings. But with reading， it's all about the present. It's about the now and what one contributes to the now，because reading is a give and take between author and reader. Each has to pull their own weight.

There are three books I reread annually. The first, which I take to reading every spring， is Ernest Hemingway's A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964， it's his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating（令人陶醉的）， an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie Dillard's Holy the Firm， her poetic 1975 ramble（随笔） about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio Cortázar's Save Twilight：Selected Poems， because poetry. And because Cortázar.

While I tend to buy a lot of books， these three were given to me as gifts，which might add to the meaning I attach to them. But I imagine that， while money is indeed wonderful and necessary， rereading an author's work is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But remember， it's you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.

1. Why does the author like rereading?( D )

A. It evaluates the writer-reader relationship. B. It's a window to a whole new world.

C. It's a substitute for drinking with a friend. D. It extends the understanding of oneself.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段及第二段内容，尤其是第一段的倒数第二句（但是书籍未变，而人变了），以及第二段的首句（重读的美妙之处在于我们与作品的联系基于我们目前的精神状态）可推知，重读书籍可以让一个人更好地审视自己、了解自己。

【干扰项分析】A项无中生有，原文并没有提到重读可以评估作者与读者的关系。B项是常理项，但是原文中没有信息支撑这个选项。C项（它可替代和朋友喝酒）与原文首句中的"感觉就像和老朋友一起喝酒一样"不符。

2. What do we know about the book A Moveable Feast?( B )

A. It's a brief account of a trip.

B. It's about Hemingway's life as a young man.

C. It's a record of a historic event.

D. It's about Hemingway's friends in Paris.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"Published in 1964, it's his classic memoir of 1920s Paris...an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time"可知，A Moveable Feast讲述的是海明威回忆年轻时在巴黎度过的日子，故选B。

3. What does the underlined word "currency" in paragraph 4 refer to?( B )

A. Debt. B. Reward.                   C. Allowance.                D. Face value.

[解析]词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句可知，虽然金钱确实是美妙而必要的，但重读作家的作品就是读者给予作家的最高"回报"（reward）。

4. What can we infer about the author from the text?( A )

A. He loves poetry. B. He's an editor.

C. He's very ambitious. D. He teaches reading.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段倒数第三句中的"poetic"及倒数第二句中的"because poetry"可推知，作者喜爱诗歌。

解读：重读一本读过很多次的书，感觉就像和老朋友一起喝酒一样。重读的美妙之处在于，我们与作品的联系是建立在我们当前的精神状态之上的， 重读能让我们重新认识自我。

Passage 1 [2020全国卷Ⅱ，D，8分]

I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.

My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old. It was a dream job and I did everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.

As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had several children and books were our main source （来源） of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.

I always read, using different voices, as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved it! It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books.

Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love it that the excitement of going to the library lives on from generation to generation.

As a novelist, I've found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library when they can't afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven （避风港） for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy （盗版行为） and I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.

1. Which word best describes the author's relationship with books as a child?( C )

A. Cooperative. B. Uneasy.                   C. Inseparable.             D. Casual.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段中的"Stories were like air to me"（对我来说，故事就像空气一样重要）可推知，作者小时候与书形影不离。故选C。

2. What does the underlined phrase "an added meaning" in paragraph 3 refer to？( B )

A. Pleasure from working in the library.

B. Joy of reading passed on in the family.

C. Wonderment from acting out the stories.

D. A closer bond developed with the readers.

[解析]词义猜测题。根据画线词组所在段可知，作者当时已是几个孩子的母亲，图书馆对作者来说多了一项新的意义。第三、四、五段讲述了作者有了孩子之后，图书馆给她及孩子们带来的新的变化。再结合第五段中的"the excitement of going to the library lives on from generation to generation"可知，此处指"家庭中传承的阅读的快乐"。

3. What does the author call on other writers to do?( C )

A. Sponsor book fairs. B. Write for social media.

C. Support libraries. D. Purchase her novels.

[解析]细节理解题。根据最后一段中的"I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can"可知，作者呼吁其他作家支持图书馆。故选C。

4. Which can be a suitable title for the text?( D )

A. Reading: A Source of Knowledge B. My Idea about Writing

C. Library: A Haven for the Young D. My Love of the Library

[解析]标题判断题。阅读全文可知，"library"是本文的线索，文章描述了作者从孩提时代到青少年时期，再到为人母、祖母时期，都有图书馆相伴，并且从图书馆中获得了无尽的快乐，由此可推知作者对图书馆充满了热爱。故D项作为标题最为合适。

解读：本文叙述了作者在不同的人生阶段作为不同的角色与图书馆的不解之缘。在图书馆看书使作者和她的家人获得了快乐，而这项传统也在她的家族中代代相传。

译文：对我们来说，装上东西去当地的图书馆是件大事，在那里我的孩子们可以挑选书来读，或者挑选他们想让我读给他们听的书。

Passage 2 [2020新高考卷Ⅰ，B，10分]

Jennifer Mauer has needed more willpower than the typical college student to pursue her goal of earning a nursing degree. That willpower bore fruit when Jennifer graduated from University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire and became the first in her large family to earn a bachelor's degree.

Mauer, of Edgar, Wisconsin, grew up on a farm in a family of 10 children. Her dad worked at a job away from the farm, and her mother ran the farm with the kids. After high school, Jennifer attended a local technical college, working to pay her tuition（学费）, because there was no extra money set aside for a college education. After graduation, she worked to help her sisters and brothers pay for their schooling.

Jennifer now is married and has three children of her own. She decided to go back to college to advance her career and to be able to better support her family while doing something she loves：nursing. She chose the UW-Eau Claire program at Ministry Saint Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield because she was able to pursue her four-year degree close to home. She could drive to class and be home in the evening to help with her kids. Jennifer received great support from her family as she worked to earn her degree：Her husband worked two jobs to cover the bills, and her 68-year-old mother helped take care of the children at times.

Through it all, she remained in good academic standing and graduated with honors. Jennifer sacrificed（牺牲） to achieve her goal, giving up many nights with her kids and missing important events to study. "Some nights my heart was breaking to have to pick between my kids and studying for exams or papers," she says. However, her children have learned an important lesson witnessing their mother earn her degree. Jennifer is a first-generation graduate and an inspiration to her family — and that's pretty powerful.

1. What did Jennifer do after high school?( C )

A. She helped her dad with his work.

B. She ran the family farm on her own.

C. She supported herself through college.

D. She taught her sisters and brothers at home.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段第三句中的"After high school, Jennifer attended a local technical college, working to pay her tuition（学费）"可知，Jennifer 在高中毕业之后上了一所当地的技术学院，自己打工挣学费。

2. Why did Jennifer choose the program at Ministry Saint Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield?( A )

A. To take care of her kids easily.  B. To learn from the best nurses.

C. To save money for her parents.  D. To find a well-paid job there.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"She chose...because she was able to pursue her four-year degree close to home...help with her kids"可知，Jennifer选择了离家近的"UW-Eau Claire"项目，是为了能在学习的同时照顾孩子，故选A。

【干扰项分析】 有的考生选择D项，是对第三段第二句中的"better support her family"的曲解，她深造后很有可能会获得更好的工作，从而让家里的经济情况得到改善，但并不是说在学习之地找工作，所以D项中的"there"是明显的错误。

3. What did Jennifer sacrifice to achieve her goal?( B )

A. Her health.  B. Her time with family.

C. Her reputation.  D. Her chance of promotion.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第四段第二句中的"giving up many nights with her kids and missing important events to study"可知，Jennifer为了达成目标牺牲了很多，为了学习，在很多个晚上没有办法陪伴孩子，还错过了许多重要活动，故选B。

4. What can we learn from Jennifer's story?( C )

A. Time is money.  B. Love breaks down barriers.

C. Hard work pays off.  D. Education is the key to success.

[解析]推理判断题。文章介绍了Jennifer在经济困难的情况下依靠自己完成了学业，婚后她既要照顾家庭又想深造,在这种情况下，她凭借顽强的意志坚持学习，最终获得了护理学学士学位。她的经历表明一个人的努力付出是会有回报的，故C项"努力终有回报/天道酬勤"符合题意。

解读：本文介绍了Jennifer Mauer不管身处哪个年龄阶段都克服困难坚持学习的事迹。她的经历告诉我们，一个人的努力付出是会有回报的。

【核心词汇】bear fruit 取得成果，成功

set aside省出，留出（钱或时间） advance v. 促进，推动

standingn. 地位，名声 witness v. 见证 pay off成功，奏效

Passage 1 [2020新高考卷Ⅱ，B，10分]

The end of the school year was in sight and spirits were high. I was back teaching after an absence of 15 years, dealing with the various kinds of "forbidden fruit" that come out of book bags. Now was the spring of the water pistol （手枪）.

I decided to think up a method of dealing with forbidden fruit.

"Please bring that pistol to me," I said. "I'm going to put it in my Grandma's Box."

"What's that?" they asked.

"It's a large wooden chest full of toys for my grandchildren," I replied.

"You don't have grandchildren," someone said.

"I don't now," I replied. "But someday I will. When I do, my box will be full of wonderful things for them."

My imaginary Grandma's Box worked like magic that spring, and later. Sometimes students would ask me to describe all the things I had in it. Then I would try to remember the different possessions I supposedly had taken away — since I seldom actually kept them. Usually the offender would appear at the end of the day, and I would return the belonging.

The years went by, and my first grandchild Gordon was born. I shared my joy with that year's class. Then someone said, "Now you can use your Grandma's Box." From then on, instead of coming to ask their possessions back, the students would say, "That's okay. Put it in your Grandma's Box for Gordon."

I loved talking about the imaginary box, not only with my students but also with my own children. They enjoyed hearing about all the forbidden fruit I had collected. Then one Christmas I received a surprise gift — a large, beautifully made wooden chest. My son Bruce had made my Grandma's Box a reality.

1. What was the author's purpose in having the conversation with the students?( A )

A. To collect the water pistol.  B. To talk about her grandchildren.

C. To recommend some toys. D. To explain her teaching method.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"dealing with the various kinds of ‘forbidden fruit’ that come out of book bags. Now was the spring of the water pistol （手枪）"以及第三段中的"Please bring that pistol to me"可知,作者与学生对话的目的是将水枪收上来，故A项正确。

2. What do the underlined words "the offender" in paragraph 8 refer to?( D )

A. The student's parent.  B. The maker of the Grandma's Box.

C. The author's grandchild.  D. The owner of the forbidden fruit.

[解析]推理判断题。根据画线词后的"I would return the belonging"并结合画线词所在句可知，通常违反纪律的学生会在一天结束的时候出现，然后作者就会归还物品。据此可知，画线词指的是"违禁品的拥有者"，故D项正确。

3. What did the students do after they learned about the birth of Gordon?( D )

A. They went to play with the baby.  B. They asked to see the Grandma's Box.

C. They made a present for Gordon. D. They stopped asking their toys back.

[解析]细节理解题。根据倒数第二段尾句可知，在得知作者的孙子出生以后，他们不再向作者要回玩具了，故D项正确。

4. What can we infer about the author?( B )

A. She enjoys telling jokes.  B. She is a strict and smart teacher.

C. She loves doing woodwork. D. She is a responsible grandmother.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段到第七段的描述可知，针对学生携带"违禁品"的问题，作者严格处理，要求他们上交"违禁品"，据此可以推知，作者是一位严格的老师；根据第八、九段的描述可知，作者虚拟出的"奶奶的大木箱"非常有用，据此可以推知，作者是一位聪明的老师。故B项正确。

解读：每次没收学生的"违禁品"（玩具）时，"我"都告诉他们，"我"会将它们放进"奶奶的大木箱"里，送给"我"的孙子玩。学生们也乐意将他们的玩具放进"奶奶的大木箱"里。这些都成了温馨的记忆……

Passage 2 [2019全国卷Ⅰ，B，8分]

For Canaan Elementary's second grade in Patchogue, N.Y., today is speech day, and right now it's Chris Palaez's turn. The 8-year-old is the joker of the class. With shining dark eyes, he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking.

But he's nervous. "I'm here to tell you today why you should...should..." Chris trips on the "-ld," a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support. "...Vote for...me..." Except for some stumbles, Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.

A son of immigrants, Chris started learning English a little over three years ago. Whaley recalls（回想起） how at the beginning of the year, when called upon to read, Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom.

Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience. What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes. "It takes a lot for any student," Whaley explains, "especially for a student who is learning English as their new language, to feel confident enough to say,‘I don't know, but I want to know.’"

Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast（夸耀） about themselves.

"Boasting about yourself, and your best qualities," Whaley says, "is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident."

1. What made Chris nervous?( B )

A. Telling a story. B. Making a speech.

C. Taking a test. D. Answering a question.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"today is speech day...Chris Palaez's turn"和第二段中的"But he's nervous"可知，Chris在进行演说，这让他感到紧张。

2. What does the underlined word "stumbles" in paragraph 2 refer to?( A )

A. Improper pauses. B. Bad manners.          C. Spelling mistakes.     D. Silly jokes.

[解析]词义猜测题。根据第二段中的"I'm here to tell you today why you should...should..."和"...Vote for...me..."，尤其是其中的省略号可知，Chris因为紧张，演说时结结巴巴，有些不恰当的停顿，因此选A。

3. We can infer that the purpose of Whaley's project is to A

A. help students see their own strengths B. assess students' public speaking skills

C. prepare students for their future jobs D. inspire students' love for politics

[解析]推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的"Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast（夸耀）about themselves"和最后一段的内容可推知，老师让学生参加竞选演说不仅仅是让学生们学会在公开场合演说，更重要的是让他们学会夸自己，发现自己的长处，从而树立自信。

4. Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher?( C )

A. Humorous. B. Ambitious.               C. Caring.                     D. Demanding.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第二段可知，当Chris发表竞选演说遇到问题时，老师小声鼓励他，并且文章最后两段解释了老师举办这项活动的初衷，由此我们可以判断这个老师是关心他人的人，因此选C。

解读：本文由学生Chris发表竞选演说的经历引出老师Thomas Whaley利用竞选演说鼓励同学们学会赞美自己，提升自信。

Passage 1 [2023全国卷乙，B，8分]

Living in Iowa and trying to become a photographer specializing in landscape（风景） can be quite a challenge, mainly because the corn state lacks geographical variation.

Although landscapes in the Midwest tend to be quite similar, either farm fields or highways, sometimes I find distinctive character in the hills or lakes. To make some of my landscape shots, I have traveled up to four hours away to shoot within a 10-minute time frame. I tend to travel with a few of my friends to state parks or to the countryside to go on adventures and take photos along the way.

Being at the right place at the right time is decisive in any style of photography. I often leave early to seek the right destinations so I can set up early to avoid missing the moment I am attempting to photograph. I have missed plenty of beautiful sunsets/sunrises due to being on the spot only five minutes before the best moment.

One time my friends and I drove three hours to Devil's Lake, Wisconsin, to climb the purple quartz（石英） rock around the lake. After we found a crazy-looking road that hung over a bunch of rocks, we decided to photograph the scene at sunset. The position enabled us to look over the lake with the sunset in the background. We managed to leave this spot to climb higher because of the spare time until sunset. However, we did not mark the route（路线） so we ended up almost missing the sunset entirely. Once we found the place, it was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time. Still, looking back on the photos, they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely.

1. How does the author deal with the challenge as a landscape photographer in the Midwest?( B )

A. By teaming up with other photographers.

B. By shooting in the countryside or state parks.

C. By studying the geographical conditions.

D. By creating settings in the corn fields.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段中的"To make some of my landscape shots...to state parks or to the countryside to go on adventures and take photos along the way"可知，作者和他的朋友们到州公园或农村去拍照，以此来应对中西部缺少地理多样性的挑战。故B项正确。

2. What is the key to successful landscape photography according to the author?( A )

A. Proper time management. B. Good shooting techniques.

C. Adventurous spirit. D. Distinctive styles.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段第一句可知，恰当的地点和恰当的时间对于拍摄任何风格的照片都起着决定性的作用。第三段的最后一句进一步验证了作者所说。故A项正确。

3. What can we infer from the author's trip with friends to Devil's Lake?( C )

A. They went crazy with the purple quartz rock.

B. They felt stressed while waiting for the sunset.

C. They reached the shooting spot later than expected.

D. They had problems with their equipment.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第四段中的"However, we did not mark the route（路线）...it was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time"可知，文中描述的是几乎彻底错过了日落，之后安置拍摄设备的时间就非常有限了，也就是说他们比预想的到达得晚。故C项正确。

4. How does the author find his photos taken at Devil's Lake?( B )

A. Amusing. B. Satisfying.                C. Encouraging.            D. Comforting.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第四段中的"Still, looking back on the photos...if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely"可知，虽然有准备不充分和时间管理不明智等方面的遗憾，作者依然将这些照片归属到自己拍的最好的照片中。故B项正确。

解读：本文叙述了美国爱荷华州的一位摄影师的拍摄日常，为了拍出优秀的风景照，摄影师付出了很多，其中不乏艰辛，当然有收获也有遗憾。

Passage 2 [2022浙江，C，10分]

Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but research has found that moderation （适度）also gets results on the job.

In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a new made-up language. Subjects who practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those who practiced extensively or not at all. High levels of knowledge can make people too attached to traditional ways of viewing problems across fields — the arts, sciences, and politics. High conscientiousness is related to lower job performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn't pay to be a perfectionist.

How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful examination in many workplaces. The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office. "People from cultures that value relationships more than ours does are shocked by the thought of eating alone in front of a computer," says Art Markman, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas, Austin. Social interaction has been shown to lift mood（情绪）and get people thinking in new directions and in ways that could help improve any post-lunch effort.

Markman also promotes off-task time. "Part of being a good thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly unrelated to what you are working on at the moment but give you fresh ideas about your work," he says. "Also, there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity. So, when people do things to increase their life satisfaction, they also make themselves more effective at work."

1. What does Ellen Langer's study show?( D )

A. It is worthwhile to be a perfectionist. B. Translation makes people knowledgeable.

C. Simpler jobs require greater caution. D. Moderate effort produces the best result.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"research has found that moderation（适度）also gets results on the job"和第二段中的研究结果"Subjects who practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors...not at all"可知，适当的努力可以带来最好的结果，故D项正确。

2. The underlined word "go-getter" in paragraph 3 refers to someone who B

A. is good at handling pressure B. works hard to become successful

C. has a natural talent for his job D. gets on well with his co-workers

[解析]词义猜测题。由画线词后的"while"可知，画线词所在分句与后一分句形成了对比。根据后一分句中的"his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office"可以推测，"eats lunch at his desk"的"young banker"会被看作一个努力工作、想要实现成功的好员工，故B项正确。go-getter"（尤指商业上的）实干家，志在必得的人"。

【熟词新义】dirty在此表示"令人厌恶的；卑鄙的；不诚实的"。give sb. a dirty look 厌恶地瞪某人一眼，给某人一个白眼。

3. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?( C )

A. A good thinker is able to inspire other people.

B. Experience unrelated to your job is useless.

C. A cheerful mood helps make a creative mind.

D. Focusing on what you do raises productivity.

[解析]推理判断题。根据最后一段中的"a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity"可知，积极的心态会让一个人更有效率和创造力，故C项正确。

4. What does the text seem to advocate?( A )

A. Middle-of-the-road work habits. B. Balance between work and family.

C. Long-standing cultural traditions.  D. Harmony in the work environment.

[解析]推理判断题。结合首段中的研究结果"moderation（适度）also gets results on the job"和下文的描述,尤其是最后一段中的"Markman also promotes off-task time"可以推断，本文旨在说明适度的努力和良好的心情有助于提升工作效率和效果，故本文似乎在提倡适中的工作习惯。middle-of-the-road"不极端的；多数人能接受的"。

解读：研究发现,适当的努力和积极的情绪有助于提升工作效率。

Passage 1 [2021新高考卷Ⅰ，B，10分]

By day, Robert Titterman is a lawyer. In his spare time though he goes on stage beside pianist Maria Raspopova — not as a musician but as her page turner. "I'm not a trained musician, but I've learnt to read music so I can help Maria in her performance."

Mr Titterman is chairman of the Omega Ensemble but has been the group's official page turner for the past four years. His job is to sit beside the pianist and turn the pages of the score so the musician doesn't have to break the flow of sound by doing it themselves. He said he became just as nervous as those playing instruments on stage.

"A lot of skills are needed for the job. You have to make sure you don't turn two pages at once and make sure you find the repeats in the music when you have to go back to the right spot," Mr Titterman explained.

Being a page turner requires plenty of practice. Some pieces of music can go for 40 minutes and require up to 50 page turns, including back turns for repeat passages. Silent onstage communication is key, and each pianist has their own style of "nodding" to indicate a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner.

But like all performances, there are moments when things go wrong. "I was turning the page to get ready for the next page, but the draft wind from the turn caused the spare pages to fall off the stand," Mr Titterman said. "Luckily I was able to catch them and put them back."

Most page turners are piano students or up-and-coming concert pianists, although Ms Raspopova has once asked her husband to help her out on stage.

"My husband is the worst page turner," she laughed. "He's absorbed in the music, feeling every note, and I have to say:‘Turn, turn!’ Robert is the best page turner I've had in my entire life."

1. What should Titterman be able to do to be a page turner?( A )

A. Read music. B. Play the piano.

C. Sing songs. D. Fix the instruments.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"I'm not a trained musician, but I've learnt to read music so I can help Maria in her performance"可知，Robert Titterman作为翻谱员，要会识乐谱，故A项正确。

2. Which of the following best describes Titterman's job on stage?( C )

A. Boring. B. Well-paid.                C. Demanding.              D. Dangerous.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段中的"A lot of skills are needed for the job"和第四段中的"Being a page turner requires plenty of practice"以及文中对翻乐谱工作的具体描述可以推断，Titterman在舞台上的工作要求颇高。demanding意为"要求高的，需要高技能的"，故C项正确。

3. What does Titterman need to practise?( B )

A. Counting the pages. B. Recognizing the "nodding".

C. Catching falling objects. D. Performing in his own style.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第四段中的"Silent onstage communication is key, and each pianist has their own style of ‘nodding’ to indicate a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner"可知，钢琴家和翻谱员在舞台上的无声交流很重要，Titterman需要在领会钢琴师的"点头示意"上多加练习，故B项正确。

4. Why is Ms Raspopova's husband "the worst page turner"?( D )

A. He has very poor eyesight. B. He ignores the audience.

C. He has no interest in music. D. He forgets to do his job.

[解析]细节理解题。根据最后一段中的"He's absorbed in the music, feeling every note, and I have to say: ‘Turn, turn!’"可知，Raspopova女士的丈夫沉浸在音乐中以至于忘了自己要翻乐谱的事情，所以Raspopova女士称其为"最糟糕的翻乐谱工作者"，故D项正确。

解读：本文主要讲述了律师Robert Titterman利用自己的业余时间去帮钢琴师翻乐谱的故事。翻乐谱看似是一份简单的工作，但是也需要进行很多练习，尤其要与每位钢琴师默契配合。

【核心词汇】by day在白天，日间 indicate v.表明，暗示，示意

up-and-comingadj. 积极进取的，有前途的

be absorbed in专心致志于，全神贯注于

Passage 2 [2019北京，B，8分]

Alice Moore is a teenager entrepreneur（创业者）, who in May 2015 set up her business AilieCandy. By the time she was 13, her company was worth millions of dollars with the invention of a super-sweet treat that could save kids' teeth, instead of destroying them.

It all began when Moore visited a bank with her dad. On the outing, she was offered a candy bar. However, her dad reminded her that sugary treats were bad for her teeth. But Moore was sick of missing out on candies. So she desired to get round the warning. "Why can't I make a healthy candy that's good for my teeth so that my parents can't say no to it?"With that in mind, Moore asked her dad if she could start her own candy company. He recommended that she do some research and talk to dentists about what a healthier candy would contain.

With her dad's permission, she spent the next two years researching online and conducting trials to get a recipe that was both tasty and tooth-friendly. She also approached dentists to learn more about teeth cleaning. Consequently, she succeeded in making a kind of candy only using natural sweeteners, which can reduce oral bacteria.

Moore then used her savings to get her business off the ground. Afterwards, she and her father secured their first business meeting with a supermarket owner, who finally agreed to sell Moore's product — CanCandy.

As CanCandy's success grows, so does Moore's credibility as a young entrepreneur. Moore is enthusiastic about the candy she created, and she's also positive about what the future might bring. She hopes that every kid can have a clean mouth and a broad smile.

Meanwhile, with her parents' help, Moore is generally able to live a normal teenage life. Although she founded her company early on in life, she wasn't driven primarily by profit. Moore wants to use her unique talent to help others find their smiles. She donates 10% of AilieCandy's profits to Big Smiles. With her talent and determination, it appears that the sky could be the limit for Alice Moore.

1. How did Moore react to her dad's warning?( B )

A. She argued with him. B. She tried to find a way out.

C. She paid no attention. D. She chose to consult dentists.

[解析]细节理解题。根据题干可把答案定位到第二段。根据该段内容可知，Moore听到爸爸的提醒之后就想："为什么我不能制作出一种对我的牙齿有益的健康糖果以使我的父母不会对它说不呢？"由此可知，她想找一个方法解决这个问题。

2. What is special about CanCandy?( A )

A. It is beneficial to dental health. B. It is free of sweeteners.

C. It is sweeter than other candies. D. It is produced to a dentists' recipe.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段的内容可知，Moore用两年时间在线研究、做试验、咨询牙医，终于成功地生产出一种只使用天然的甜味剂，且能够减少口腔细菌的糖果，这与A项"它对牙齿健康有益"吻合。

【干扰项分析】 文章中说CanCandy使用天然的甜味剂，故B项错误；C项文中未提及；文章提到她进行研究、做试验以制作配方的过程，由此可知D项错误。

3. What does Moore expect from her business?( B )

A. To earn more money. B. To help others find smiles.

C. To make herself stand out. D. To beat other candy companies.

[解析]细节理解题。根据题干中的"expect from her business"可把答案定位到最后一段，该段谈到Moore想用自己独特的天赋帮助别人找到微笑（to help others find their smiles），因此选B。

4. What can we learn from Alice Moore's story?( C )

A. Fame is a great thirst of the young.

B. A youth is to be regarded with respect.

C. Positive thinking and action result in success.

D. Success means getting personal desires satisfied.

[解析]推理判断题。通读全文可知，Moore在父亲提醒她吃甜食对牙齿不好后，就积极地思考并行动，成功地制作出了一种对牙齿有益的糖，由此可推知C项正确。

Passage 1 [2022新高考卷Ⅰ，C，10分]

The elderly residents（居民） in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely.

The project was dreamed up by a local charity（慈善组织） to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people's wellbeing. It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.

Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said:" I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school.

"I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they've gone to bed.

"It's good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I'm enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful."

There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.

Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark onthe project, said:"Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here."

Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said:"We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities."

1. What is the purpose of the project?( D )

A. To ensure harmony in care homes. B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged.

C. To raise money for medical research. D. To promote the elderly people's welfare.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第二段中的"The project was dreamed up by a local charity（慈善组织） to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people's wellbeing"可知，这个项目的目的是减少老年人的孤独感，改善老年人的健康。故选D。

2. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier?( B )

A. She has learned new life skills. B. She has gained a sense of achievement.

C. She has recovered her memory. D. She has developed a strong personality.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第五段中Ruth的话"it feels great to have done something useful"可知，做了一些有用的事情，Ruth感觉很棒，由此可知，Ruth很有成就感。故选B。

3. What do the underlined words "embark on" mean in paragraph 7?( C )

A. Improve. B. Oppose.                    C. Begin.                      D. Evaluate.

[解析]词义猜测题。由Wendy Wilson的管理人身份，画线词前的one of the first和她的话可知，她是首批"启动"这个项目的人之一。故选C。

4. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs?( A )

A. It is well received. B. It needs to be more creative.

C. It is highly profitable. D. It takes ages to see the results.

[解析]推理判断题。根据题干我们可以定位到文章的最后两段，最后两段讲述了一些组织参与到这个项目的感受。根据Wendy Wilson和Lynn Lewis两位负责人说的话可知，这个项目得到了好评。故选A项。

解读：养老院通过让老人养鸡来使他们减少孤独感，改善健康状况。

Passage 2 [2022全国卷乙，B，8分]

In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N.Y. — Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood — traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. The girls had gone to Smith College. They wore expensive clothes. So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted：The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden, who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff's granddaughter.

Why did they go then? Well， they wanted to do something useful. Soon， however， they realized what they had undertaken.

They moved in with a local family， the Harrisons， and，like them， had little privacy，rare baths， and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning. Some mornings， Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold. In spring， the snow was replaced by mud over ice.

In Wickenden's book， she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism，which of course influenced the girls' decision to go to Elkhead. A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads， which entailed（牵涉） drilling through the Rockies， often in blinding snowstorms. The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy's return to Auburn.

Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism（坚忍） of the people move her to some beautiful writing. Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff， on her horse， looking down from a hill top："When the sun slipped behind the mountains， it shed a rosy glow all around them. Then a full moon rose. The snow was marked only by small animals：foxes， coyotes， mice， and varying hares， which turned white in the winter."

1. Why did Dorothy and Rosamond go to the Rocky Mountains?( A )

A. To teach in a school. B. To study American history.

C. To write a book. D. To do sightseeing.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段的"In 1916, two girls of wealthy families...traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse"可知，Dorothy 和Rosamond 去落基山脉是为了到一所学校教学。

2. What can we learn about the girls from paragraph 3?( D )

A. They enjoyed much respect. B. They had a room with a bathtub.

C. They lived with the local kids. D. They suffered severe hardships.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段内容可知，她们和当地的一户人家一起生活，和他们一样，几乎没有隐私，很少洗澡，早上醒来的时候，被子上都是雪。有时候她们早上到学校后，发现孩子们冻得直哭。春天，雪被泥取代。由此可推知，她们在那里受了很多苦。

3. Which part of Wickenden's writing is hair-raising?( C )

A. The extreme climate of Auburn. B. The living conditions in Elkhead.

C. The railroad building in the Rockies. D. The natural beauty of the West.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第四段的"A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed（牵涉）drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms"可知，书中描述的惊险的部分应是在落基山脉修建铁路的过程。

4. What is the text?( B )

A. A news report. B. A book review.          C. A children's story.     D. A diary entry.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第四段中的"In Wickenden's book, she expanded"和"The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy's return to Auburn"以及最后一段的"Wickenden is a very good storyteller"可知，本文是一篇书评，介绍名为Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West的一本书。

解读：本文介绍了Dorothy Wickenden 写的一部书的主要内容：两个富裕家庭长大的女孩子去落基山脉的一个村落当老师，她们住在当地人的家里，和他们一样过着艰辛的生活。

题组二

Passage 1 [2021新高考卷Ⅱ，C，10分]

A British woman who won a $1 million prize after she was named the World's Best Teacher will use the cash to bring inspirational figures into UK schools.

Andria Zafirakou, a north London secondary school teacher, said she wanted to bring about a classroom revolution （变革）. "We are going to make a change," she said. "I've started a project to promote the teaching of the arts in our schools."

The project results from the difficulties many schools have in getting artists of any sort — whether an up-and-coming local musician or a major movie star — into schools to work with and inspire children.

Zafirakou began the project at Alperton Community School, her place of work for the past twelve years."I've seen those magic moments when children are talking to someone they are inspired by — their eyes are shining and their faces light up,"she said. "We need artists more than ever in our schools."

Artist Michael Craig-Martin said："Andria's brilliant project to bring artists from all fields into direct contact with children is particularly welcome at a time when the arts are being downgraded in schools." It was a mistake to see the arts as unnecessary, he added.

Historian Sir Simon Schama is also a supporter of the project. He said that arts education in schools was not just an add-on. "It is absolutely necessary. The future depends on creativity and creativity depends on the young. What will remain of us when artificial intelligence takes over will be our creativity, and it is our creative spirit, our visionary sense of freshness, that has been our strength for centuries."

1. What will Zafirakou do with her prize money?( C )

A. Make a movie. B. Build new schools.

C. Run a project. D. Help local musicians.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"use the cash to bring inspirational figures into UK schools"和第二段中的"I've started a project to promote the teaching of the arts in our schools"可知，Zafirakou用她的奖金开展了一个把艺术人士引进校园的项目。故C项正确。

2. What does Craig-Martin think of the teaching of the arts in UK schools?( D )

A. It is particularly difficult. B. It increases artists' income.

C. It opens children's mind. D. It deserves greater attention.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第五段尾句可知，Craig-Martin认为，把艺术当作不必要的课程是错误的,也就是说他认为艺术教育应该得到更多的关注。故D项正确。

3. What should be stressed in school education according to Schama?( C )

A. Moral principles. B. Interpersonal skills.

C. Creative abilities. D. Positive worldviews.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第六段中的"The future depends on creativity...for centuries"可知，他认为学校教育应该强调创造力。故C项正确。

4. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?( A )

A. Bring Artists to Schools B. When Historians Meet Artists

C. Arts Education in Britain D. The World's Best Arts Teacher

[解析]主旨大意题。本文主要讲述一位英国女教师把获得的奖金用于开展把艺术人士引进校园的项目，以推动学校艺术教育发展。故A项正确。

解读：一位英国女教师用自己的奖金开展了一个项目。该项目旨在将艺术人士引进校园，以推动学校的艺术教育发展。

译文：当人工智能接管时，留给我们的将是我们的创造力。我们的创造精神，我们对新鲜事物的远见，数百年来一直是我们的优势。

Passage 2 [2021北京，B，8分]

I remember the day during our first week of class when we were informed about our semester （学期）project of volunteering at a non-profit organization. When the teacher introduced us to the different organizations that needed our help, my last choice was Operation Iraqi Children （OIC）. My first impression of the organization was that it was not going to make enough of a difference with the plans I had in mind.

Then, an OIC representative gave us some details, which somewhat interested me. After doing some research, I believed that we could really do something for those kids. When I went online to the OIC website, I saw pictures of the Iraqi children. Their faces were so powerful in sending a message of their despair （绝望） and need that I joined this project without hesitation. We decided to collect as many school supplies as possible, and make them into kits — one kit, one child.

The most rewarding day for our group was project day, when all the efforts we put into collecting the items finally came together. When I saw the various supplies we had collected, it hit me that every kit we were to build that day would eventually be in the hands of an Iraqi child. Over the past four months, I had never imagined how I would feel once our project was completed. While making the kits, I realized that I had lost sight of the true meaning behind it. I had only focused on the fact that it was another school project and one I wanted to get a good grade on. When the kits were completed, and ready to be sent overseas, the warm feeling I had was one I would never forget.

In the beginning, I dared myself to make a difference in the life of another person. Now that our project is over, I realize that I have affected not only one life, but ten. With our efforts, ten young boys and girls will now be able to further their education.

1. How did the author feel about joining the OIC project in the beginning?( D )

A. It would affect his/her initial plans.

B. It would involve traveling overseas.

C. It would not bring him/her a good grade.

D. It would not live up to his/her expectations.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"my last choice was Operation Iraqi Children（OIC）"和本段尾句"My first impression...I had in mind"可知，作者一开始认为该组织与心中的期望不符，故D项正确。

2. What mainly helped the author change his/her attitude toward the project?( A )

A. Images of Iraqi children. B. Research by his/her classmates.

C. A teacher's introduction. D. A representative's comments.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段第四句"Their faces were so...without hesitation"可知，伊拉克儿童的面孔有力地传达了他们的绝望和需要，所以作者毫不犹豫地加入了这个项目。据此可知，伊拉克儿童的形象改变了作者对这一项目的态度，故A项正确。

3. The author's OIC project group would help ten Iraqi children to B.

A. become OIC volunteers B. further their education

C. study in foreign countries D. influence other children

[解析]细节理解题。根据本文尾句"With our efforts...further their education"可知，在作者和其他志愿者的努力下，十名伊拉克儿童得以继续接受教育，故B项正确。

4. What can we conclude from this passage?( B )

A. One's potential cannot always be underrated.

B. First impression cannot always be trusted.

C. Actions speak louder than words.

D. He who hesitates is lost.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段尾句"My first impression...in mind"可知，作者对伊拉克儿童行动组织的第一印象并不好，认为该组织与自己的期望不符；根据第二段第四句"Their faces were...without hesitation"可知，当看到伊拉克儿童有力地传达了绝望和需要的面孔时，作者决定加入这一组织；再根据尾段可知，通过加入这一组织，作者影响了十名伊拉克儿童。据此可以推知，第一印象并不可信。故B项正确。

解读：在网站上看到伊拉克儿童的面孔后作者感受到了他们的绝望和需求。于是，作者和其他志愿者决定为伊拉克儿童尽可能多地收集学习用品，这使得十名伊拉克儿童得以继续接受教育。

Passage 1 [2019全国卷Ⅰ，D，8分]

During the rosy years of elementary school（小学）, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.

Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables' plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there's the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.

Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein's studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are "most likely to engage（从事）in dangerous and risky behavior."

In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys（调查研究）. "We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us."

Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date — sharing, kindness, openness — carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.

In analyzing his and other research, Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. "Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage," he said.

1. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?( C )

A. Unkind. B. Lonely.                     C. Generous.                D. Cool.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段的第一句"During the rosy years of elementary school（小学）, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status"可知，作者在小学时乐于分享。unkind"不友好的"，lonely"孤独的"，generous"慷慨的，大方的"，cool"酷的"，故选C。

2. What is the second paragraph mainly about?( A )

A. The classification of the popular. B. The characteristics of adolescents.

C. The importance of interpersonal skills. D. The causes of dishonorable behavior.

[解析]段落大意题。根据第二段的第二句"Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers"可知，受欢迎的人被分为两类——受人喜爱的人和追求地位的人，接着第三、四句分别描述了两类受欢迎的人的特征，故A项最能概括本段主要内容。

【干扰项分析】B项意为"青少年的特征"，可排除；第二段没有提到人际交往能力的重要性和不光彩行为的原因，故可排除C、D。

3. What did Dr. Prinstein's study find about the most liked kids?( B )

A. They appeared to be aggressive. B. They tended to be more adaptable.

C. They enjoyed the highest status. D. They performed well academically.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第四段的最后一句"It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us"可知，受人喜爱会带来良好的适应力，故选B。

【干扰项分析】 根据第四段的第二句可知，最不受欢迎的青少年变得越来越好斗，故可排除A；原文没有信息支撑C、D两项，可排除。

4. What is the best title for the text?( A )

A. Be Nice — You Won't Finish Last B. The Higher the Status, the Better

C. Be the Best — You Can Make It D. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness

[解析]标题判断题。根据全文内容尤其是最后一段的第一句"In analyzing his and other research，Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too"可知，受人喜爱与积极的人生结果相关，是这些结果的成因。因此，对人友好，你的人生不会太差，故选A。

解读：本文主要探讨了青少年小学与中学阶段的受欢迎类型及其影响。

Passage 2 [2019全国卷Ⅱ，B，8分]

"You can use me as a last resort（选择）, and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it." This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids 'lacrosse（长曲棍球） club.

I guess that there's probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and Italk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren't even on... At this point the unwilling parent speaks up," Alright. Yes, I'll do it."

I'm secretly relieved because I know there's real power in sharing volunteer responsibilities among many. The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule, sends out emails, and collects money for end-of-season gifts. Somewhere along the way, the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team. The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season. Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching your own kid score a goal.

Still, most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close. That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more: Connecting to the community （社区） as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good.

In that sense, I'm pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I'd freely like to admit. However, if others benefit in the process, and I get some reward too, does it really matter where my motivation lies?

1. What can we infer about the parent from her reply in paragraph 1?( C )

A. She knows little about the club. B. She isn't good at sports.

C. She just doesn't want to volunteer. D. She's unable to meet her schedule.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段第一句"You can use me as a last resort（选择）, and if nobody else volunteers，then I will do it"和第二段中的"the unwilling parent"可推断，这位家长不想做志愿者工作。故选C。

2. What does the underlined phrase "tug at the heartstrings" in paragraph 2 mean?( B )

A. Encourage teamwork. B. Appeal to feelings.

C. Promote good deeds. D. Provide advice.

[解析]词义猜测题。根据前一句"She may just need a little persuading"以及后文作者在劝这位家长时所列举的感人事迹可知，tug at the heartstrings的意思是"打动（她）"。

3. What can we learn about the parent from paragraph 3?( D )

A. She gets interested in lacrosse. B. She is proud of her kids.

C. She'll work for another season. D. She becomes a good helper.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段第三句中的"the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team"可知，这位家长最后成了一个好帮手。

4. Why does the author like doing volunteer work?( B )

A. It gives her a sense of duty. B. It makes her very happy.

C. It enables her to work hard. D. It brings her material rewards.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第四段中的"Connecting to the community（社区）as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good"可知，作者觉得做志愿者工作很快乐。所以选B。

Passage 1 [2023新课标卷Ⅰ，C，10分]

The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it's right for you.

To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people's digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.

Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy：the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.

In the final chapter of part one, I'll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I'll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You'll hear these participants' stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.

The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate（培养）a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude（独处） and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.

1. What is the book aimed at?( B )

A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.

C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段中的"The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism"可知，本书旨在倡导一种简单的数字生活方式。故选B项。make the case for... 为……阐明理由。

2. What does the underlined word "declutter" in paragraph 3 mean?( A )

A. Clear-up. B. Add-on.                    C. Check-in.                 D. Take-over.

[解析]词义猜测题。根据画线词后面的"step away from"可知，画线词表示"清除，清理"，A项含义与画线词含义相近。

3. What is presented in the final chapter of part one?( C )

A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.

C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.

[解析]细节理解题。根据题干中的"In the final chapter of part one"可定位第四段。通读第四段可知，作者在第一部分的最后一章会利用2018年做的一次实验，实验中有1 600人进行了数字简化（生活）。根据"You'll hear these participants' stories"可知，第一部分的最后一章提供了真实的例子。

4. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two?( A )

A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.

C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.

[解析]推理判断题。根据最后一段中的"You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances"可知，作者建议读者把这些方法当成帮助自己实现极简生活的工具，即在需要的时候使用这些方法。故选A项。

解读：本文向读者介绍了一本书，该书解释了何为数字极简主义并提供了实现数字极简生活的方法。

Passage 2 [2023新课标卷Ⅱ，C，10分]

Reading Art:Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists' representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.

In this " book of books," artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed （描绘） alone in many settings and poses — absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.

Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect（才智）, wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.

Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, "off-line" activity.

1. Where is the text most probably taken from?( A )

A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing.

C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings.

[解析]出处判断题。根据全文内容尤其是第一段第一句"Reading Art:Art for Book Lovers is a celebration...three hundred artworks from museums around the world"可知，《阅读艺术:书籍爱好者的艺术》这本书里展示了来自世界各地博物馆的近300件艺术品，本文主要是对该书内容的介绍。故可以推知，本文最有可能摘自一本书的序言。

2. What are the selected artworks about?( C )

A. Wealth and intellect. B. Home and school.

C. Books and reading. D. Work and leisure.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句中的"In artists' representations of books and reading"可知，被选中的艺术品强调的是图书和阅读，故C项正确。

3. What do the underlined words "relate to" in paragraph 2 mean?( A )

A. Understand. B. Paint.                       C. Seize.                       D. Transform.

[解析]词义猜测题。根据第二段尾句"These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to"中的but表达的语境可知，这些场景可能是数百年前绘制的，但它们记录了我们都能理解的时刻。故画线词意为"理解"，A项正确。

4. What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader?( A )

A. The printed book is not totally out of date.

B. Technology has changed the way we read.

C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked.

D. People now rarely have the patience to read.

[解析]推理判断题。根据本文尾句"And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives...offers the chance of a wholly private, ‘off-line’ activity"可知，在我们日益网络化的生活中，我们所消费的信息被监控和跟踪，与之相反，印刷书仍然提供了一个完全私人的、"离线"活动的机会。该句强调了印刷书的价值，据此可知，作者提及电子书旨在说明印刷书并未完全过时，故A项正确。

解读：《阅读艺术:书籍爱好者的艺术》让我们看到了超越文化与时间的共同人性。网络化的生活中，电子书的推广并不能取代印刷书的使用，阅读印刷书仍然是完全私人的活动。

Passage 1 [2023全国卷甲，C，8分]

I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder's Sophie's World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy（哲学）.

That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for philosophy faster than people who think they understand Foucault, Baudrillard, or Confucius better than you — and then try to explain them.

Eric Weiner's The Socrates Express:In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened my love for philosophy. It is not an explanation, but an invitation to think and experience philosophy.

Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher's work in the context（背景） of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more than a book about understanding philosophy, is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life.

He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history, and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding（解读） their messages and adding his own interpretation.

The Socrates Expressis a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It's worth your time, even if time is something we don't have a lot of.

1. Who opened the door to philosophy for the author?( C )

A. Foucault. B. Eric Weiner.             C. Jostein Gaarder.       D. A college teacher.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder's Sophie's World"和"It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy（哲学）"可知，Jostein Gaarder的《苏菲的世界》把作者带进了一个哲学的世界。故Jostein Gaarder为作者打开了哲学大门。

2. Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4?( D )

A. To compare Weiner with them.

B. To give examples of great works.

C. To praise their writing skills.

D. To help readers understand Weiner's book.

[解析]推理判断题。通读第四段，特别是该段尾句"This, more than a book about understanding philosophy, is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life"可知，在列举了几位伟大的哲学家后，作者指出，这不仅仅是一本关于理解哲学的书，更是一本关于学习如何运用哲学来改善生活的书。据此可以推知，作者列举几位伟大的哲学家是为了帮助读者更好地理解Weiner的这本书。

3. What does the author like about The Socrates Express?( B )

A. Its views on history are well-presented. B. Its ideas can be applied to daily life.

C. It includes comments from readers. D. It leaves an open ending.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第五段的"He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences"可知，在《苏格拉底快车》这本书中，作者使哲学思考成为一种吸引人的体验，可以提高我们的（人生）经历的质量。结合常识可以推知，《苏格拉底快车》的思想可以用于日常生活中，故B项正确。

4. What does the author think of Weiner's book?( D )

A. Objective and plain. B. Daring and ambitious.

C. Serious and hard to follow. D. Humorous and straightforward.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第五段的"he does so with plenty of humor"可知，该书 使用了大量幽默的语言；根据尾段第一句"The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging" 可知，《苏格拉底快车》因显而易见的简单而吸引读者，并逐渐将他们带入对欲望、孤独和衰老的更深层次的思考。据此可以推知，Weiner的书幽默且易懂，故D项正确。

解读：本文重点介绍了哲学著作《苏格拉底快车》，该书语言幽默，陈述直白，却能让读者深刻思考日常生活中的欲望、孤独等哲学问题。

Passage 2 [2022新高考卷Ⅱ，D，10分]

As we age, even if we're healthy, the heart just isn't as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don't exercise, the changes can start even sooner.

"Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken," says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That's what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven't been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.

Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic （无氧）exercise — balance training and weight training — three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.

"We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30- or 35-year-old hearts," says Levine. "And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump （泵送） a lot more blood during exercise." But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn't change, he says.

"The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven't already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility," Levine says. "We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all."

Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine's findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.

1. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band?( D )

A. The right way of exercising. B. The causes of a heart attack.

C. The difficulty of keeping fit. D. The aging process of the heart.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段Dr. Ben Levine的话"Think of a rubber band... it will become dry and easily broken"以及"That's what happens to the heart"可知，Levine想通过橡皮筋来解释心脏的衰老过程，故选D项。

2. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design?( C )

A. Diet plan. B. Professional background.

C. Exercise type. D. Previous physical condition.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"The first group... more days a week"可知，第一组每周参加三次无氧运动——平衡训练和重量训练，第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多天的高强度有氧运动。由此可知，两组在研究设计上的差异是运动类型不同，故选C项。

3. What does Levine's research find?( A )

A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise.

B. High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young.

C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise.

D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"The second group ... in heart health"可知，第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多天的高强度有氧运动。两年后，第二组的心脏健康状况有了显著改善。再根据第四段中的"We took these...35-year-old hearts"可知，这些50岁的心脏回到了30或35岁时的状态。由此可知，Levine的研究发现了通过有氧运动，中年人的心脏会变得更年轻，故选A项。

4. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest?( C )

A. Making use of the findings. B. Interviewing the study participants.

C. Conducting further research. D. Clarifying the purpose of the study.

[解析]推理判断题。根据最后一段中的"But the study ... the biggest difference"可知，这项研究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产生最大的影响。由此可知，Nieca Goldberg博士建议进行进一步的研究。故选C项。

解读：研究发现，锻炼对心脏有好处。

【核心词汇】efficientadj. 有能力的，效率高的

enthusiasticadj.热情的；热烈的；满腔热忱的

randomlyadv.随意地 participate v.参与；参加

remarkableadj.显著的；引人注目的；非凡的

flexibilityn.灵活性 aspect n.方面

Passage 1 [2021全国卷甲，C，8分]

When I was 9, we packed up our home in Los Angeles and arrived at Heathrow, London on a gray January morning. Everyone in the family settled quickly into the city except me. Without my beloved beaches and endless blue-sky days, I felt at a loss and out of place. Until I made a discovery.

Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing. I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam（横杆）, I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: "Safe! Safe! Safe!" And that's what mattered — landing tricks, being a good skater.

When I was 15, my family moved to Washington. I tried skateboarding there, but the locals were far less welcoming. Within a couple of years, I'd given it up.

When I returned to London in 2004, I found myself wandering down to Southbank, spending hours there. I've traveled back several times since, most recently this past spring. The day was cold but clear；tourists and Londoners stopped to watch the skaters. Weaving（穿梭）among the kids who rushed by on their boards, I found my way to the beam. Then a rail-thin teenager, in a baggy white T-shirt, skidded（滑）up to the beam. He sat next to me. He seemed not to notice the man next to him. But soon I caught a few of his glances. "I was a local here 20 years ago," I told him. Then, slowly, he began to nod his head. "Safe, man. Safe."

"Yeah，" I said. "Safe."

1. What can we learn about the author soon after he moved to London?( A )

A. He felt disappointed. B. He gave up his hobby.

C. He liked the weather there. D. He had disagreements with his family.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"Without my beloved beaches and endless blue-sky days, I felt at a loss and out of place"可知，作者搬到伦敦后，因那里没有自己钟爱的海滩和蔚蓝的天空而感到不知所措和格格不入，所以，作者是失望的，故A项正确。

2. What do the underlined words "Safe! Safe! Safe!" probably mean?( B )

A. Be careful! B. Well done!                C. No way!                    D. Don't worry!

[解析]词义猜测题。根据画线词后的"And that's what mattered — landing tricks, being a good skater"可知，这是成为一名优秀滑冰运动员重要的着陆技巧。再结合画线词前的"when I landed the trick,my friends...shouting"可知，作者成功做了那个动作后，朋友们大声敲打自己的滑板，并大喊"Safe! Safe! Safe!"，故画线词应该是在夸赞作者表现好，故B项能解释画线词的意义。

3. Why did the author like to spend time in Southbank when he returned to London?( D )

A. To join the skateboarding. B. To make new friends.

C. To learn more tricks. D. To relive his childhood days.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段和第四段可知，作者15岁的时候搬到了华盛顿，那里没有玩滑板的氛围，于是，作者放弃了滑板运动。后来他回伦敦时总会去南岸看孩子们玩滑板，重温儿时玩滑板的快乐时光，故D项正确。

4. What message does the author seem to convey in the text?( C )

A. Children should learn a second language. B. Sport is necessary for children's health.

C. Children need a sense of belonging. D. Seeing the world is a must for children.

[解析]推理判断题。综观全文可知，作者9岁那年搬家之后，滑板让作者找到了归属感。15岁时，作者搬到了华盛顿，由于当地没有玩滑板的氛围，作者放弃了这一爱好，但是每次回到伦敦，滑板还是可以让作者找回儿时的记忆和美好，找到归属感，所以整篇文章作者想传递的信息就是儿童需要有归属感，故C项正确。

解读：本文主要讲作者儿时随家人搬到伦敦以后，倍感失落，后来他在泰晤士河南岸结识了玩滑板的新朋友，找到了归属感。作者15岁时搬到了华盛顿，那里没有玩滑板的氛围，于是作者放弃了滑板运动。之后，作者又回了几次伦敦，并去了南岸，看着孩子们滑滑板，听着熟悉的语言，他又找回了归属感。

【核心词汇】pack up打点（行装） at a loss不知所措

out of place不合时宜，格格不入 continuous adj.连续的，持续的

come over过来；顺便来访

Passage 2 [2021浙江，B，10分]

We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parks less than 10 minutes' walk from home where neighbourhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen — any screen — and stare at it for hours. They are not alone. Today's children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet.

In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago，film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say "chocolate" into his three-year-old son's ear without getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointed himself "marketing director for Nature". He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result wasProject Wild Thing, a film which chartsthe birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.

"Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference," David Bond says. "There is a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven, then being outdoors will be a habit for life." His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now:"We just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while."

Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our children as much as they need it. Let us get them out and let them play.

1. What is the problem with the author's children?( D )

A. They often annoy the neighbours.

B. They are tired of doing their homework.

C. They have no friends to play with.

D. They stay in front of screens for too long.

[解析]细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的"However, what my children...pick up a screen — any screen — and stare at it for hours"可知，作者的孩子长时间看电子产品（屏幕），故选D项。

2. How did David Bond advocate his idea?( A )

A. By making a documentary film. B. By organizing outdoor activities.

C. By advertising in London media. D. By creating a network of friends.

[解析]细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的 "He realised that something needed to change...He documented his journey ...The result was Project Wild Thing"可知，为了改变孩子们长时间看电子产品的现状，David Bond利用自身的职业优势，制作了纪录片Project Wild Thing，故选A项。

【解题线索】 此处document用作动词，表示"记录，记载"；与A项中的documentary相对应。

3. Which of the following can replace the underlined word "charts" in paragraph 2?( A )

A. records B. predicts                   C. delays                      D. confirms

[解析]词义猜测题。根据文章第二段中画线词前的"a film"及画线词后的"the birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations"可推知，这部纪录片记录了Wild Network的诞生，chart此处意思同record，故选A项。

【解题指导】chart的常见含义是"图表"，是名词，很显然，此处的charts并不是此意。文中的charts在定语从句（which charts the birth of the Wild Network）中作谓语，所以chart在此是动词，结合charts的前后信息（a film和the birth of the Wild Network）可知，chart在此意为"记录，跟踪（进展或发展）"。

4. What can be a suitable title for the text?( C )

A. Let Children Have Fun B. Young Children Need More Free Time

C. Market Nature to Children D. David Bond: A Role Model for Children

[解析]标题判断题。根据全文内容可知，本文主要提倡让孩子们走出家门，摆脱电子产品的诱惑，走向大自然，故C项能较好地概括全文，适合作文章标题。

Passage 1 [2020新高考卷Ⅰ，C，10分]

In the mid-1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.

His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way：Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.

This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan, made of friendliness and warmth, but also its darker side of society. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders, while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a mountain funeral（葬礼）followed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust storms, diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.

Mr Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references, making his tale a well-rounded picture of Uzbekistan, seen from Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stomach. As the author explains, this is neither a travel nor a history book, or even a piece of reportage. Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian traditions.

1. What made Mr Bissell return to Uzbekistan?( B )

A. His friends' invitation.  B. His interest in the country.

C. His love for teaching.  D. His desire to regain health.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan"可知，出于对乌兹别克斯坦这个国家的兴趣，他回到了这里，故B项符合题意。

2. What does the underlined word "that" in paragraph 2 refer to?( D )

A. Developing a serious mental disease. B. Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.

C. Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. D. Writing an article about the Aral Sea.

[解析]代词指代题。由第一段最后一句可知，他回乌兹别克斯坦是为了写一篇咸海消失的文章。由第二段首句可知，然而他的访问最终涉及的远不止那件事。由此可推知，那件事就是指"写一篇关于咸海的文章"。

3. Which of the following best describes Mr Bissell's road trip in Uzbekistan?( B )

A. Romantic. B. Eventful.                  C. Pleasant.                  D. Dangerous.

[解析]推理判断题。第三段中描述了Mr Bissell领略了Samarkand的建筑奇迹，在去往Bukhara的路上被警察怀疑贩毒，在Ferghana参加了一场葬礼随之而来的是一个奇怪的酒会，在Karakalpakstan遭遇沙尘暴、疾病等经历，由此可知，在此途中他经历了很多事情，故B项"充满事件的，多事的"可以表达此意。

4. What is the purpose of this text?( A )

A. To introduce a book. B. To explain a cultural phenomenon.

C. To remember a writer. D. To recommend a travel destination.

[解析]写作意图题。文章开头引出Tom Bissell写书的背景，后面三段介绍了这本书的概要、主要内容和对这本书的评价。尤其是文章最后两句提到：这不是一本游记，也不是一本历史书。不管它是什么，它都形象地描述了中亚地区的传统。全文围绕这本书展开，目的就是向读者介绍这本书，故选A。

解读：曾在乌兹别克斯坦做志愿者的Tom Bissell出于对这个国家的兴趣几年后再次回到这里，并写了一本书叙述其在该国旅行中的见闻。本文对这本书进行了简要介绍。

Passage 2 [2020全国卷Ⅰ，C，8分]

Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running， research shows， while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.

Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport's rules require that a race walker's knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact（接触） with the ground at all times. It's this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.

Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says. According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories（卡路里） per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.

However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.

As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner's knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sport's strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.

1. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes?( C )

A. They must run long distances. B. They are qualified for the marathon.

C. They have to follow special rules. D. They are good at swinging their legs.

[解析]细节理解题。由题干中的关键词conditioned athletes可将解题信息定位至第二段，根据该段中的"But the sport's rules require that a race walker's knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact（接触） with the ground at all times"可知，竞走运动的规则要求竞走者的膝关节在腿摆动的大部分时间里伸直，同时一只脚始终保持与地面接触。据此可知，竞走者必须遵循一些特殊的运动规则，故C项正确。

2. What advantage does race walking have over running?( D )

A. It's more popular at the Olympics. B. It's less challenging physically.

C. It's more effective in body building. D. It's less likely to cause knee injuries.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第五段中的"some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner's knee, are uncommon among race walkers"可知，一些与跑步有关的损伤，如跑步者的膝盖（受伤），在竞走者中并不常见。据此可知，竞走不太可能导致膝盖受伤，故D项正确。

3. What is Dr. Norberg's suggestion for someone trying race walking?( A )

A. Getting experts' opinions. B. Having a medical checkup.

C. Hiring an experienced coach. D. Doing regular exercises.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第五段中的"anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique"可知, Norberg博士建议任何希望尝试竞走的人或许应该首先咨询下教练或有经验的竞走者，以学习正确的技巧，故A项正确。

4. Which word best describes the author's attitude to race walking?( B )

A. Skeptical. B. Objective.                 C. Tolerant.                  D. Conservative.

[解析]观点态度题。根据全文内容可知，作者提到了竞走这项运动的好处，同时也指出了它的一些危害，故作者对竞走的态度是客观的（Objective），B项正确。skeptical怀疑的；tolerant宽容的；conservative保守的。

解读：本文介绍了竞走运动的特点及其利弊。

【核心词汇】fitness n. 健康

demandingadj. （工作）要求高的，费力的，（人）苛求的

calculationn. 计算，估计 approximately adv. 大约

considerableadj. 相当大的，相当多的

Passage 1 [2023全国卷乙，C，8分]

What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.

It's thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain's consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.

According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients（配料） than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and youngpeople are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK's obsession（痴迷） with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it's no longer "uncool" for boys to like cooking.

1. What do people usually think of British food?( A )

A. It is simple and plain. B. It is rich in nutrition.

C. It lacks authentic tastes. D. It deserves a high reputation.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段中的"But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine"可知，人们通常认为英国的食物简单、不吸引人。故选A。

2. Which best describes cookery programmes on British TV?( D )

A. Authoritative. B. Creative.                  C. Profitable.                D. Influential.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句"It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking"可知，英国的烹饪类电视节目对观众影响很大，改变了他们对烹饪的看法。故选D。authoritative"权威性的"；creative"富有创意的"；profitable"有利可图的"；influential"有很大影响的"。

3. Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now?( D )

A. 20%. B. 24%.                        C. 25%.                        D. 33%.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段第二句"Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients（配料） than they used to"可知，近三分之一的人表示他们现在使用的配料比以前更丰富了，故选D。

4. What might the author continue talking about?( B )

A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes.

C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句"With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it's no longer ‘uncool’ for boys to like cooking"可知，随着越来越多的男厨师出现在电视上，男孩喜欢烹饪不再是"不酷"的事了。因此可推断，接下来作者可能会介绍一些电视节目中的男厨师。故选B。

解读：英国的一些烹饪类电视节目使更多的英国人改变饮食习惯并爱上烹饪。

【核心词汇】have a reputation for 以……著称

cuisinen.烹饪；菜肴 turn away from sth. 停止使用某物;拒绝

【长难句解读】It's thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits.

分析：本句是一个强调句，被强调部分是"thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign"。

译文：多亏了这些电视节目的厨师们，而不是任何广告宣传活动，英国人正在对一荤两素和现成的饭菜失去兴趣，且在烹饪习惯上变得更有冒险精神。

Passage 2 [2023全国卷乙，D，8分]

If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity's later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate（有文字的）societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.

Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can't. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook's voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain's record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield（盾）dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.

In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact（联系） between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.

1. What is the first paragraph mainly about?( A )

A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about.

C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable.

[解析]段落大意题。根据文章首段可知，如果你想讲述一段不偏袒人类历史上任何一方的世界历史，你就不能仅依靠文字。文字是人类的后期成果之一，直到最近甚至许多有文字的社会不仅用文字，还用实物来记载他们的重要的事情。所以此段是说过去的历史事件应结合文字和实物来呈现，不能仅靠文字，故A项正确。

2. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2?( D )

A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local people.

C. He ruled over Botany Bay. D. His record was one-sided.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第二段的第三、四句"From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain's record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield（盾） dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot"可知，从英国和澳大利亚两方，我们看到的是不同的信息，也就是说，库克船长的记录是片面的。故D项正确。

3. What does the underlined word "conversation" in paragraph 3 refer to?( B )

A. Problem. B. History.                    C. Voice.                       D. Society.

[解析]词义猜测题。题干问的是画线词conversation在文中的意思。根据第三段中的"a history told through things gives them back a voice"（实物能还原历史事实）和 "all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects"（我们所有的第一手描述无法避免地会被歪曲，它只是对话的一半。如果我们想找到另一半，就必不能只解读文字，还要解读实物）可知，conversation指的是历史，故B项正确。

4. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from?( C )

A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia

C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories

[解析]主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文讲述的重点是强调历史实物考证的重要性，故C项"《100件实物中的世界历史》"正确。

【干扰项分析】A项《地图如何讲述世界的故事》和D项《艺术作品如何讲述故事》和文章内容不符；B项《澳大利亚简史》以偏概全，漏失信息。故C项正确。

解读：对于历史事件的考证不能仅凭文字记录，要注重文字记录和实物相互印证，以重现真实的历史。

【核心词汇】from one's side 从某人的观点或角度来看

twistv.曲解，歪曲; 转动，旋转；盘绕; 扭伤

accountn. 报告，描述; 账户

Passage 1 [2023浙江1月，B，10分]

Live with roommates? Have friends and family around you? Chances are that if you're looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.

I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me. I've learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you'll find encouraging if you're doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.

Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back. I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash! A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging.

Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach. I had my own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn't need. Since I had my own toiletries（洗漱用品）, I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable. I also offered to cook every so often, so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries. Perhaps your household won't entirely make the switch, but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire.

As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you're doing, which can turn itself into a whole household debate. If you have individuals who are not on board, your words probably won't do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged.

So here is my advice: Lead by action.

1. What do the underlined words "jump on that bandwagon" mean in the first paragraph?( B )

A. Share an apartment with you. B. Join you in what you're doing.

C. Transform your way of living. D. Help you to make the decision.

[解析]词义猜测题。根据画线部分前的"Live with roommates？""Have friends and family around you?"及"looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle"提及的对生活方式的渴望，再根据下文描述的作者在生活方式的选择上与家人不同时的经历可推断，此处表示当你想选择更加可持续的生活方式时，不是身边的所有人都会加入其中，故B项与画线词组的意思最为接近。

2. What was the attitude of the author's father toward buying groceries with jars?( A )

A. He disapproved of it. B. He was sympathetic to it.

C. He was tolerant of it. D. He didn't care about it.

[解析]观点态度题。根据第三段中的"my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere"可知，父亲不赞同作者买带罐子的杂货，故A项正确。

【解题线索】silly带有贬义色彩，由此可知作者的父亲并不认可作者的做法。

3. What can we infer about the author?( D )

A. She is quite good at cooking. B. She respects others' privacy.

C. She enjoys being a housewife. D. She is a determined person.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段中的"how silly it was""a bit discouraging"可知，家人并不认可作者的生活方式。根据第四段中的"Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach"可知,作者仍然坚持自己的生活方式。由此可知，作者是一个意志坚定的人，故D项正确。

4. What is the text mainly about?( C )

A. How to get on well with other family members.

B. How to have one's own personal space at home.

C. How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household.

D. How to control the budget when buying groceries.

[解析]主旨大意题。文章第一、二段讲述了在家庭生活中实行"零浪费"生活方式可能遭遇反对，第三、四段讲述了作者自身如何通过行动在家庭中改变生活方式，第五段讲述了当你改变生活方式时你可能遭遇的情况，第六段讲述了作者给读者的建议;再根据第二段尾句中的"how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household"可知，文章主要内容与如何在家庭生活中实现"零浪费"生活方式有关，故C项正确。

解读：作者在最开始尝试"零浪费"生活方式时，家人并不理解她的做法，但她仍然坚持并建议读者用行动引领生活方式的转变。

【核心词汇】radical adj. 全新的；彻底的；激进的

comment on 作出评论 portion sth. out 把……分成若干份

speak up for 明确表态；为……说好话，辩护  on board 支持

Passage 2 [2022新高考卷Ⅰ，B，10分]

Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula（芝麻菜） was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.

In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, "food waste goes against the moral grain," as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month's cover story. It's jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from "ugly" （but quite eatable） vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.

Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, "if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world."

If that's hard to understand, let's keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 boxes of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished（有瑕疵的） produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.

Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don't think. "Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won't eat," Curtin says.

1. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story?( B )

A. We pay little attention to food waste. B. We waste food unintentionally at times.

C. We waste more vegetables than meat. D. We have good reasons for wasting food.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段的故事可知，作者不假思索地买了太多芝麻菜;作者本可以用扔掉的芝麻菜做六份沙拉。由此可知，我们有时会无意中浪费食物。故选B项。

2. What is a consequence of food waste according to the text?( B )

A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm.

C. Energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"That makes food waste an environmental problem"可知，食物浪费的后果是环境问题，故选B。

3. What does Curtin's company do?( D )

A. It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.

C. It helps local farmers grow fruits. D. It makes meals out of unwanted food.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第四段中的"Curtin is CEO...turns it into healthy meals"可知，该公司回收食物并将其转变为健康食品。由此可推知，Curtin的公司把一些人们不想要的东西变成可以吃的健康食物。故选D项。

4. What does Curtin suggest people do?( A )

A. Buy only what is needed. B. Reduce food consumption.

C. Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often.

[解析]推理判断题。根据最后一段中Curtin说的话可推知，Curtin建议人们减少食物浪费。故选A项。

解读：在每年有近8亿人挨饿的世界上，"食物浪费违背了道德准则"。令人瞠目结舌的是，很多食物被扔掉了——从"丑陋"（但还可以吃）的蔬菜被杂货店拒绝，到大量没吃完的菜被扔进餐馆的垃圾桶。作者用种种事例呼吁人们不要浪费食物。

【核心词汇】mindfuladj. 留心的；记住的；警觉的  reject v.拒绝

rotv. 腐烂 round out 完成 end up doing sth. 以……而告终  throw out 扔掉  turn sth. into sth.将某物转变为某物

Passage 1 [2022新高考卷Ⅰ，D，10分]

Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common "m" and "a" to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world's languages.

More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as "f" and "v", were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.

They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned（对齐）， making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure（结构）， making it easier to produce such sounds.

The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn't have to do as much work and so didn't grow to be so large.

Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of "f" and "v" increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.

This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. "The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution," said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.

1. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi's research focus on?( D )

A. Its variety. B. Its distribution.        C. Its quantity.             D. Its development.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第二段中的"Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose"可知，Damián Blasi的研究发现了发音趋势发生的过程和原因，由此可知，他的研究集中在语音的发展上。

2. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?( C )

A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.

B. They could not open and close their lips easily.

C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.

D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned（对齐），making it hard to produce labiodentals"可知，古人的上下门牙是对齐的，很难发出唇齿音，也就是下巴构造导致的，故C项正确。

3. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?( A )

A. Supporting evidence for the research results.

B. Potential application of the research findings.

C. A further explanation of the research methods.

D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.

[解析]段落大意题。由第五段内容可知，对语言数据库的分析也证实，新石器时代之后，国际语言的发音发生了全球性的变化。第五段主要列出一些可以使研究结果更令人信服的证据。故选A项。

4. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?( C )

A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.

C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings.

[解析]推理判断题。根据文章的最后一段可知，Steven Moran认为：自人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，今天我们发现的各种语音都是像生物变化和文化进化这样的事物相互作用的产物。由此可推知，他认为人类语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。

Passage 2 [2022全国卷乙，D，8分]

The Government's sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it would generate， the first official data on the policy has shown.

First announced in April， 2016， the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity（肥胖）.It is believed that today's children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar， putting them at a higher risk of the disease.

Initially the sugar tax was expected to make￡520m a year for the Treasury. However， data of the first six months showed it would make less than half this amount. At present it is expected to generate ￡240m for the year ending in April 2019， which will go to school sports.

It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制造商） so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers' efforts to avoid the charge， according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import， depending on the sugar content.

However， some high sugar brands， like Classic Coca Cola， have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices， milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax， as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.

Today's figures， according to one government official， show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities（设施） and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance， and the industry is playing its part.

1. Why was the sugar tax introduced?( C )

A. To collect money for schools. B. To improve the quality of drinks.

C. To protect children's health. D. To encourage research in education.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段中的"First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml，was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity（肥胖）"可知，征收糖税是为了降低孩子的肥胖率，即为了保护孩子的健康。

2. How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?( D )

A. They turned to overseas markets.

B. They raised the prices of their products.

C. They cut down on their production.

D. They reduced their products' sugar content.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第四段中的"It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制造商）so they can avoid paying the tax"可知，一些饮料制造商为避税，降低了所生产饮料的含糖量。

3. From which of the following is the sugar tax collected?( D )

A. Most alcoholic drinks. B. Milk-based drinks.

C. Fruit juices. D. Classic Coke.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第五段中的"However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax"可知，可口可乐公司是需要缴税的。

4. What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy?( B )

A. It is a short-sighted decision. B. It is a success story.

C. It benefits manufacturers. D. It upsets customers.

[解析]推理判断题。根据最后一段首句可以推测出,糖税的征收是一个成功的案例。

解读：英国政府通过对部分软饮料征收糖税来降低儿童肥胖率，并直接将税收用于改进学校体育设施和保证更健康的饮食。

【段意梳理】

第一段：从官方的数据来看，糖税带来的收入比预期的数目少一半。

第二段：介绍了该税收征收的背景。

第三段：财政部预期的年征税额为五亿二千万英镑，而从前6个月的税收数据来看，预期税收收入将不及半数，预计到2019年4月税收收入仅有两亿四千万英镑。

第四段：阐述了税收不达预期的原因。

第五段：像可口可乐这样生产高含糖量饮料的大公司不在乎这些糖税，且不改变它们的配方。此外，果汁饮料、奶制品饮料、大部分含酒精饮料免征糖税。

第六段：一位政府官员表示此项征税已经显示了它的积极意义。

【核心词汇】 consumev. 消耗；吃；喝 initially adv. 开始; 最初

bring in 赚得 for fear of唯恐，以免

Passage 1 [2022全国卷甲，D，8分]

Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.

Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s， pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went our separate ways — he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.

"I'll miss these old boats," he said as we parted.

"How do you mean?" I asked.

"Oh, they're replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they're not so elegant, and they're not fun to pilot. But that's progress, I guess."

Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords （口号）, and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city's official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. "Sydney is confused about itself," she said."We can't seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It's a conflict that we aren't getting any better at resolving （解决）."

On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. "Many people say that we lack culture in this country," he told me. "What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We've got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It's a pretty hard combination to beat."

He is right, but I can't help wishing they would keep those old ferries.

1. What is the first paragraph mainly about?( C )

A. Sydney's striking architecture. B. The cultural diversity of Sydney.

C. The key to Sydney's development. D. Sydney's tourist attractions in the 1960s.

[解析]段落大意题。根据第一段中的"a significant thing happened in Sydney...But it is the harbor that makes the city"可知，本段主要讲述了悉尼发展过程中的关键，故C项正确。

2. What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds?( D )

A. He goes to work by boat. B. He looks forward to a new life.

C. He pilots catamarans well. D. He is attached to the old ferries.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段中的"I'll miss these old boats"可知，Andrew Reynolds会怀念这些旧渡船，由此可推知，他很喜欢这些旧渡船，故D项正确。

3. What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney?( A )

A. It is losing its traditions. B. It should speed up its progress.

C. It should expand its population. D. It is becoming more international.

[解析]推理判断题。根据第六段中的"Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings"可以看出，Shirley Fitzgerald觉得悉尼在发展过程中丢弃了太多过去的事情，故A项正确。

4. Which statement will the author probably agree with?( A )

A. A city can be young and old at the same time.

B. A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.

C. Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.

D. Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.

[解析]推理判断题。根据最后两段中的"being young and old at the same time has its attractions"及"I can't help wishing they would keep those old ferries"可知，作者认为新旧交融自有其魅力，希望悉尼能够保留那些旧渡船，故作者很可能认同A项"一个城市可以新旧交融在一起"。

Passage 2 [2022浙江，A，7.5分]

Pasta and pizza were on everyone's lunch menu in my native land of Italy. Everyone who had such a lunch was fair-skinned and spoke Italian. A few years later, as I stood in the lunch line with my kindergarten class in a school in Brooklyn, I realized things were no longer that simple. My classmates ranged from those kids with pale skin and large blue eyes to those with rich brown skin and dark hair. The food choices were almost as diverse as the students. In front of me was an array of foods I couldn't even name in my native language. Fearing that I would pick out something awful, I desperately tried to ask the boy ahead of me for a recommendation. Unfortunately, between us stood the barrier of language.

Although my kindergarten experience feels like a century ago, the lessons I learned will stick in my mind forever. For the past three summers, I have worked in a government agency in New York. New immigrants much like the little girl in the lunch line flooded our office seeking help. I often had to be an interpreter for the Italian-speaking ones. As I served the role of vital communication link, I was reminded of my desperate struggle to converse before I learned English. I watched with great sympathy as elderly Italians tried to hold a conversation in Italian with people who did not speak the language. It suddenly became very clear to me how lucky I was to be fluent in two languages.

In New York, a multicultural city, students like me are blessed with a chance to work with a diverse population. In my English to Italian translations, I've learned about social programs that I didn't know existed. This work expanded my mind in ways that are impossible inside the four walls of a classroom. Walking through the streets of Brooklyn today, I am no longer confused by this city's sounds and smells. Instead, I enjoy its diversity.

1. What did the author realize after entering school in Brooklyn?( D )

A. Time passed quickly. B. English was hard to learn.

C. The food was terrible. D. People were very different.

[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"I realized things were no longer that simple"以及后面两句中不同肤色和食物可知，作者在布鲁克林上学后意识到人是非常不同的，故D项正确。

2. Who does "the little girl" in paragraph 2 refer to?( C )

A. An Italian teacher. B. A government official.

C. The author herself. D. The author's classmate.

[解析]推理判断题。"the little girl in the lunch line"意为"排队打午饭的小女孩"，结合第一段中讲到的"I stood in the lunch line with my kindergarten class in a school in Brooklyn"可知，排队打午饭的小女孩指的正是作者本人，故C项正确。

3. How did the summer job benefit the author?( C )

A. It strengthened her love for school. B. It helped sharpen her sense of direction.

C. It opened her eyes to the real world. D. It made her childhood dream come true.

[解析]细节理解题。根据最后一段中的"This work expanded my mind in ways that are impossible inside the four walls of a classroom"可知，在纽约政府机构的夏季工作拓展了作者的思维，让作者认识了现实世界，故C项正确。

【解题线索】expand one's mind与open ones' eyes意义相近，可直接得出答案。

【核心词汇】barrier n. 障碍；屏障；隔阂；分界线

conversev. 交谈 pick out挑选

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