1.名词的可数与不可数可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量,它有单数与复数两种形式。不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目,来统计,都成为不可数名词。不可数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an来表示数量,没有复数形式。要表示“一个……”这一概念,就须加a piece of这一类短语。要注意许多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词,在英语里却不可数。如:chalk,paper,bread,rice,grass,news等。2.名词复数的规则变化A.一般情况下加-s。B.以s, x, ch, sh, 结尾的加-esC.以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i再加-esD.以f,fe结尾的,去掉f或fe,变成v再加-es3.名词的所有格A. 单数名词词尾加’s,复数名词词尾若没有s,也要加’s。如:the worker's bike,the Children’ s ballB. 表示几个人共有一样东西,只需在最后一个人的名字后加’ s若表示各自所有,则需在各个名字后’ s。如:This is Lucy and Licy’ s room.These are Kate's and jack’ s rooms.C. 如果是通过在词尾加—s构成的复数形式的名词,只加’。如:the students’ books,the girls’ blouses(另外:名词+of+名词名词是有生命的,我们就用’s结构来表示所有关系。如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的,我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系。)
代词
人称代词,物主代词,反身代词,指示代词,不定代词1.人称代词第一人称单数I me my mine myself复数 we us our ours ourselves第二人称单数 you you your yours yourself复数 you you your yours yourselves第三人称单数 he him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its itself复数 they them their theirs themselves2.物主代词物主代词的用法:形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟上一个名词;名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语。3.反身代词反身代词的构成分两种:第一、二人称反身代词在形容词性物主代词后加上self或selves,第三人称的反身代词在宾格代词后加上self或selves.反身代词的用法:一种是作宾语,由主语发出的动作又回到动作者本身。如:I enjoyed myself at the party. 另一种是作名词或代词的同位语;用来加强语气。如:I can do it myself.4.指示代词指示代词的特殊用法:● 为了避免重复,可用that,those代替前面提到过的名词,但是this,these不可以。● this,that有时可代替句子或句子中的一部分。5.不定代词one,some,any,other,another,all,both,each,neither,many,much等
冠词
1.不定冠词an用在元音读音开头(不是指元音字母)的词前,其余用不定冠词a.2.定冠词的基本用法A. 用在重新提到的人或事物前面。B. 指谈话双方都知道的人或事物前面。C. 用在单数可数名词前面,表示某一类人或事物。3.定冠词的特殊用法A. 用在世界上独一无二的事物或方位名词前。B. 用在序数词、形容词的最高级及only所修饰的名词前。C. 用在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称前面。D. 用在由普通名词和另外一些词所构成的专有名词前面。E. 用在姓氏的复数形式前面,表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人。F. 用在乐器名称前。G. 和某些形容词连用,表示某一类人或事物。4.名词前不用冠词的情况A. 在专有名词 (包括人名、地名、节日、月份、季节) 、物质名词和抽象名词前—般不用冠词。但在以Festival组成的民间节日前要加the。B. 表示一类人或事物的复数名词前。C. 名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时,不用冠词。D. 三餐饭、球类、棋类、游戏名称前一般不用冠词。正在有些词组中,有无冠词含义不同。(sit) at table就餐; sit at the table坐在桌边go to school去上学;go to the school去那所学校;in hospital住院;in the hospital在那个医院里
1.形容词的位置A. 形容词作定语一般要放在名词前面,但当形容词修饰不定代词something,nothing,anything时要放在所修饰的不定代词之后。如:something important,nothing serious。B. 当形容词带有表示度量的词或词组作定语或表语时,定语或表语要后置。如:We have dug a hole two meters deep.The hole is about two metres deep.2.形容词的比较等级单音节词和少数双音节词,在词尾加—(e)r,—(e)st来构成比较级和最高级。其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more,most来构成比较级和最高级。如:popular———more popular———most popularimportant—more important—most important3.副词的比较等级单音节副词和个别双音节副词通过加-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级。绝大多数副词借助more,most来构成比较级和最高级。4.少数形容词和副词比较级/最高级的不规则变化:原级 比较级 最高级well —— better —— bestbadly —— worse —— worstmuch —— more —— mostlittle —— less —— leastfar —— farther —— farthestfarthest furthestlate —— later —— latest5.副词的最高级前面可以不加定冠词the。
介词
1.表示时间的介词及介词短语in, at, on, before,after,till,since,for, fromto, until, by,in the middle of,at the beginning of, at the end of,at half past five,at night,in a week,in the morning,in class,at sunrise, in spring/summer/autumn/winter,on Sunday,on Saturday afternoon,on a winter evening,for a long time,for two months,after school,since liberation,before lunch,at the time of,at the age of2.表示地点的介词及介词短语in,at,into,to,on,beside,before,behind,above,under,outside,inside,up,from,far,from,near,across, off, down, among, past,between,out of,around,in the front of, in the middle of, at the back of,at the foot of,at home,at the gate,at the table,in the sky, on the ground,in a tree, in the south,in the sun,in the bed,on one’s way home,by the side 2初中英语8大时态总结
一般现在时
1. 概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。2. 基本结构:①is/am/are;②do/does否定形式:①am/is/are + not;②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don‘t,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn’t,同时还原行为动词。3. 一般疑问句:①把is/am/are动词放于句首;②用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。4. 用法1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。例如:I leave home for school at 7 every morning。每天早上我七点离开家。2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如:The earth moves around the sun。地球绕太阳转动。Shanghai lies in the east of China。上海位于中国东部。3) 表示格言或警句。例如:Pride goes before a fall。骄者必败。注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例如:Columbus proved that the earth is round。哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如:I don‘t want so much。我不要那么多。Ann writes good English but does not speak well。安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。5) 一般现在时表示将来含义a.下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如:The train leaves at six tomorrow morning。火车明天上午六点开。When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes。汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。b.在时间或条件句中。例如:When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me。比尔来后,让他等我。I‘ll write to you as soon as I arrive there。我到了那里,就写信给你。
一般过去时
1.概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。2.基本结构:①was/were;②行为动词过去式否定形式:①was/were + not;②在行为动词前加didn‘t,同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句:①was或were放于句首;②用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。3.用法1) 在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如:Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?2) 表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如:When I was a child, I often played football in the street。我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome。那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。注意:used to + do:“过去常常”表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如:Mother used not to be so forgetful。老妈过去没那么健忘。Scarf used to take a walk。斯卡夫过去常常散步。
现在进行时
1.概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。2.时间状语:now, at this time, these days, etc。3.基本结构:am/is/are + doing否定形式:am/is/are + not + doing。一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。4.用法:1) 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如:We are waiting for you。我们正在等你。2) 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如:Mr。Green is writing another novel。他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)3) 表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。 例如:The leaves are turning red。叶子在变红。It‘s getting warmer and warmer。天越来越热了。4) 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如:You are always changing your mind。你老是改变主意。5) 用现在进行时表示将来下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等瞬时动词的现在进行时可以表示将来。例如:I‘m leaving tomorrow。明天我要走了。Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗?
过去进行时
1.概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself。我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining。我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。2.时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。3.基本结构:was/were + doing否定形式:was/were + not + doing。一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。4.用法1) 过去进行时表示过去某段时间内持续进行的动作或者事情。We were watching TV from seven to nine last night。昨天晚上七点到九点的时候我们在看电视。2) 过去进行时可以表示在过去某个时间点发生的事情。时间点可以用介词短语、副词或从句来表示。What was she doing at nine o‘clock yesterday?昨天晚上九点她在做什么? (介词短语表示时间点)She was doing her homework then。那个时候她正在写作业。(副词表示时间点)When I saw him he was decorating his room。当我看见他的时候他正在装饰房间。(when从句表示时间点)3) 在复合句中,如果主要动作和背景动作都是延续的或同时发生的,那么主从句的动词都可用过去进行时。When he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper。他边等车边看报。(两个动作都是延续的)He was cleaning his car while I was cooking。他擦车时我在做饭。(两个动作同时进行)
一般将来时
1.概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。2. 时间状语:tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by the day after tomorrow, etc。3.基本结构:①am/is/are/going to + do;②will + do。否定形式:①am/is/are + not + going to + do②will not(won‘t)+ do。一般疑问句:①am/is/are放于句首; ②will提到句首。4. will主要用于在以下三个方面:1) 表示主观意愿的将来。They will go to visit the factory tomorrow。明天他们将去厂参观工厂。I‘ll come with Wang Bing, Liu Tao and Yang Ling。我将和王兵、刘涛、杨玲一起来。2) 表示不以人的意志为转移的客观的将来。Today is Saturday。Tomorrow will be Sunday。今天是星期六。明天是(将)是星期日。He will be thirty years old this time next year。明年这个时候他就(将)三十岁。3) 表示临时决定,通常用于对话中。—Mary has been ill for a week。 玛丽病了一周了。—Oh, I didn‘t know。I will go and see her。 噢,我不知道。我去看看她。5. be going to主要用于一下两个方面:1) 表示事先经过考虑、安排好打算、计划要做某事。Dad and I are going to watch an opera this afternoon。今天下午我和爸爸打算去看歌剧。2) 表示根据目前某种迹象判断,某事非常有可能发生,表示推测。Look! There come the dark clouds。It is going to rain。 瞧!乌云密集。天要下雨了。
过去将来时
1.概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。2.时间状语:the next day(morning, year),the following month(week),etc。3.基本结构:①was/were/going to + do;②would + do。否定形式:①was/were/not + going to + do;②would + not + do。一般疑问句:①was或were放于句首;②would 提到句首。4.用法1) “would+动词原形”常表示主观意愿的将来。例如:He said he would come to see me。他说他要来看我。He told me he would go to Beijing。他告诉我他将去北京。2) “was/ were + going to + 动词原形”常表示按计划或安排即将发生的事。例如:She said she was going to start off at once。她说她将立即出发。I was told that he was going to return home。有人告诉我他准备回家。此结构还可表示根据某种迹象来看,很可能或即将发生的事情。例如:It seemed as if it was going to rain。看来好像要下雨。 3) come, go, leave, arrive, start等瞬时动词动词可用过去进行时表示过去将来的含义。例如:He said the train was leaving at six the next morning。他说火车将于第二天早晨六点离开。She told me she was coming to see me。她告诉我她要来看我。
现在完成时
1.概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在并且有可能继续下去的动作或状态。2.时间状语:recently, lately, since, for, in the past few years, etc。3. 基本结构:have/has + done否定形式:have/has + not +done。一般疑问句:have或has。4. since的三种用法1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。例如:I have been here since 1989。1989起,我一直在这儿。2) since +一段时间+ ago。例如:I have been here since five months ago。我在这儿,已经有五个月了。3) since +从句(一般过去时)。例如:Great changes have taken place since you left。你走后,变化可大了。比较since和forsince 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如:I have lived here for more than twenty years。我住在这儿二十多年了。注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。I worked here for more than twenty years。(我现在已不在这里工作。)
过去完成时
1.概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。2. 时间状语:before, by the end of last year(term, month),etc。3.基本结构:had + done。否定形式:had + not + done。一般疑问句:had放于句首。4.用法1) 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句种。例如:She said (that)she had never been to Paris。她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。2) 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如:When the police arrived, the thieves had run away。警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。3) 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean,suppose等,用过去完成时表示“原本…,未能…”。例如:We had hoped that you would come, but you didn‘t。那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来。注意:had hardly… when。。。刚。。。。。。就。。。。。。。例如:I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me。我刚打开门,他就打了我。had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如:He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it。他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。3三种基本从句 从句是指在一个句子中充当一个成分的句子,充当什么成分就叫什么从句,如:充当宾语就叫宾语从句,充当定语成分就叫定语从句。
从以上定义中我们可以得出关于从句的一个最大特点:从句是句子。
宾语从句
宾语从句是指在一个句子中充当宾语的句子,如:He said that he wanted to be a teacher when he grew up.
(1)宾语从句的连接词:宾语从句的连接词包括that、if/whether(是否)、特殊疑问词。
(2)宾语从句的语序: A. 宾语从句的连接词后一般加陈述语序(主语在前,谓语在后),如:I want to know if he can come tomorrow. B. 当连接词本身又是宾语从句的主语时,后面直接加谓语动词,如:She asked me who had helped him.
(3)宾语从句的时态只要记住以下口诀就可以了“主现则从任,主过则从过,客观真理一般现” A. 主现则从任:主句如果是一般现在时,则从句根据时间状语需要从八种时态中任选一种,如:1.He tells me he likes English very much(一般现在时) B. 主过则从过:主句如果是一般过去时,则从句根据时间状语需要从四种带“过”字的时态中任选一种,带“过”字的时态分别是如:一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时。如:He told me that he liked playing football(一般过去时) C. 客观真理一般现:客观真理永远用一般现在时。如:1.He says the moon goes around the earth.
状语从句
(1)时间状语从句:在一个句子中作时间状语的句子。连接词:when(当……时候) while(当……时候) as(当……时候) after(在……以后) before(在……以前) as soon as(一……就) since(自从……到现在) till /until(直到……才) by the time(到……为止)依旧是连接词后大多数加陈述语序。
举例:when当……的时候(一般情况下主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时。) Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.
(2)原因状语从句:在一个句子中作原因状语的句子。连接词:由连词because, since,as引导, 也可由for,now that 等词引导。 举例:I didn’t go to school yesterday because I was ill.
目的状语从句连接词:so that, so…that , in order that 引导。 结果状语从句连接词:so…that, such…that, so much/many…that引导。
举例:so…that 如此…以至于 The scientist’s report was so instructive that we were all very excited.
(5)让步状语从句 让步状语从句是指在句子中作让步的状语的句子。 连接词:though, although.,whether…or not 举例:Although he is rich, yet he is not happy.
定语从句
定语是指在句子中用来修饰名词、代词的成分。如:I will give my teacher a bunch of beautiful flower.(中beautiful就是定语)定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子,定语从句要放在所修饰的词后。如:I have met the doctor who is in the No.1 hospital.
连接词: 连接代词:who、which、whom、whose、that
连接副词:when、where、why450个必考句型 句型1:There+be +主语+地点状语/ 时间状语There're three books on the table.桌子上有三本书。句型2:What's wrong with+sb./sth.?What's wrong with your telephone?你的手机有什么毛病?句型3:How do you like…?How do you like China?你觉得中国怎么样?句型4:What do you like about…?What do you like about China?你喜欢中国的什么?句型5:had better(not)+动词原形You'd better ask that policeman over there.你最好去问问那边的那个警察。句型7:Thank+sb.+for (doing) sth.Thank you for coming to see me.感谢你来看我。句型8:So+be/情态动词/助动词+主语He is a student. So am I.他是一个学生,我也是。句型9:not…until…He didn't have supper until his parents came back.直到他的父母回来他才吃饭。句型10:比较级十and+比较级The baby cried harder and harder.那孩子哭得越来越厉害。句型11:the+比较级,the+比较级The more one has,the more one wants.拥有的越多,想要的越多。句型12:…as+adj./adv.+as……not as(so)+adj./adv.+as… Last Sunday the weather was not so wet as it is today.上个星期天的天气不如今天的天气潮湿。句型13:more/less +adj.+than…I think art is less important than music.我认为艺术不如音乐重要。句型14:stop…from doing sth.The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from blowing the earth away.绿色长城将阻挡风吹走土壤。句型15:both…and…Both you and I are students.我和你都是学生。句型16:either…or…Either you or he is wrong.不是你错就是他错。句型17:neither…nor…Neither he nor I am a student.我和他都不是学生。句型18:…as soon as…As soon as I see him, I'll give him the message.我一见到他就把你的消息告诉他。句型19:so+adj./adv.+that…I was so tired that I didn't want to speak.我累得连话也不想说了。句型20:Though…十主句Though I like writing to my pen-friend,it takes a lot of time.虽然我喜欢给笔友写信,但它要耗费我大量时间。句型21:be going toThis afternoon I'm going to buy an English book.今天下午我要去买本英语书。句型22:be different fromI think this is different from Chinese names.我认为这与汉语名字不同。句型23:Welcome (back) to…Welcome back to school!欢迎回到学校!句型24:have fun doingWe're going to have fun learning English this term.这学期我们将兴味盎然地学习讲英语。句型25:…because…/…, so..…I don't know all your names because this is our first lesson.因为这是我们的第一节课,所以我并不知道你们所有人的名字。句型26:Why don't you…/ Why not…?Why don't you come to school a little earlier?为什么不早点到校呢?句型27:make itLet's make it half past nine.让我们定在九点半吧!句型28:have nothing to doThey have nothing to do every day.他们每天无所事事。句型29:be sure/be sure of/ about sth. /be sure to do sth.I was not sure of/about the way, so I asked someone.我对于怎么走没有把握,所以我问别人了。句型30:between…and…There is a shop between the hospital and the school.在那家医院和那所学校之间有一家商店。句型31:keep sb. /sth. +adj. /V-ing /介词补语 /adv.You must keep your classroom clean.你们必须保持教室干净。Sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起,让你久等。句型32:find+宾语+宾补He finds it very hard to travel around the big city.他发现要环游这个大城市是很难的。句型33:…not…any more / longerThe old man doesn't travel any more.这位老人不再旅行了。句型34:What's the weather like…?What's the weather like in spring in your hometown?在你们家乡,春天天气怎么样?句型35:There is no time to do/have no time to doThere was no time to think.没有时间思考。I have no time to go home for lunch.我没有时间回家吃午饭。句型36:Help oneself to…Help yourself to some fish.吃鱼吧!句型37:used to doI used to read this kind of story books.我过去常读这种故事书。句型38:borrow…fromI borrowed a book from him.我从他那借了一本书。句型39:lend sb. sth. /lend sth. to sb.He lent me a story book/He lent a story book to me.他借了本故事书给我。句型40:have been toHave you ever been to Hawaii?你曾去过夏威夷吗?句型41:have gone toWhere's he? He's gone to Washington.他在哪儿?他去华盛顿了。句型42:be famous forHawaii is famous for its beautiful beaches.夏威夷以它美丽的海滩而出名。句型43:No matter+疑问句+主句No matter when you come,you are welcomed.无论你们什么时候来,都受欢迎。句型44:be afraid (of/to do/that..)Don't be afraid of making mistakes when speaking English.当说英语时不要害怕犯错误。句型45:…as…as possible/…as…as sb. canI hope to see him as soon as possible.我希望能尽快见到他。He ran here as fast as he could.他尽最大努力跑到这儿。句型46:practise /enjoy/finish doingTom enjoys playing football very much.汤姆很喜欢踢足球。He finished reading the story book.他看完了那本故事书。句型47:ask sb. (not) to do sth.Her mother ask her to clean the room.她妈妈叫她打扫房间。句型48:be worth (doing) …This book is worth reading.这本书值得读。句型49:seem to do / seem +adj. / (介词短语)He seems to be angry.他似乎生气了。The house seems too noisy.这房子似乎太吵了。句型50:It's said that…It's said that one of the most dangerous sharks is the Great White Shark.据说大白鲨是最危险的鲨鱼之一。素材:综合整理自网络,版权归原作者所有,文章贵在分享,如涉及侵权,请联系小编删除。