英语单词的词性非常活跃,名词用作动词,动词转化为名词,形容词用作动词等现象非常普遍,这种把一种词性用作另一种词性的方式就叫做词性的转化。阅读中经常出现转化词,只要抓住单词的原始意思,结合句子成分,就容易弄清它们的引申义。1. 动词和名词之间的相互转化。有时意思变化不大,有时有一定的变化。Shall we go out for a drive next Sunday?句中的drive由动词转化为名词(词意引申为“驱车旅行”)。I often go there for a walk.Have you booked your ticket?(句中book由名词转化为动词,词意引申为“订购”)Hand me your knife, please.(句中hand由名词转化为动词,词意引申为“传递”)The train slowed down to half its speed.(句中slow由形容词转化为动词,词意引申为“减速”)Don't dirty your clothes.别把你的衣服弄脏了。(句中dirty由形容词转化为动词,词意引申为“弄脏”)The poor were not allowed to go into this park those days.(句中poor由形容词转化为名词,词意引申为“穷人”)They took the sick to hospital yesterday.(句中sick由形容词转化为名词,词意引申为“病人”)4. 有些词可以词形不变,只因重音变化而发生词类转化,有时词义也可能变化。如:record [reˈkɔːd] v.记录 record [rɪˈkɔːd] n.记录5. 有些词词形不变,只因词尾的清浊音变化而发生词类转化,有时词形也可以变化。如:excuse [ɪksˈkjuːz] v.原谅 excuse [ɪksˈkjuːs] n.原谅use [juːz] v.用 use [juːs] n.用派生词是在一个单词前面加前缀或后面加后缀构成新词。如:前缀一般不造成词类的转换,但能引起词义的变化。前缀中有相当一部分可构成反义词。常用的前缀有:
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| | dislike, disappear, dishonest |
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| | misuse, misunderstand, mistrust |
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| | telephone, telegram, television |
| | unfair, unusual, unable, unlike |
| | underground, undergraduate |
en-可以和名词或形容词构成动词:enlarge(扩大), enable(使能够), encourage(鼓励);a-可以和名词构成形容词:asleep(睡着的);out-可以和一些动词构成名词:outcome(结果), outlet(出口), outlook(观点)。2. 通过加后缀构成另一个词。后缀不仅能改变词义,也能改变词类。
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| | worker, singer, recorder, teacher |
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| | chemist, dentist, scientist, |
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| | government, movement, development |
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| | discussion, decision, organization |
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| | American, musician, historian |
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| | widen, strengthen, darken, |
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| | agreeable, payable, readable |
| | European, American, Canadian |
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| | careful, painful, hopeful |
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| | careless, homeless, endless |
| | friendly, lovely, motherly |
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| | rainy, dirty, sunny, cloudy, sleepy |
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| | thirteen; fifteen; eighteen |
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将两个或两个以上的单词合成在一起而构成的新词,叫做合成词。合成词在英语中比较活跃,广泛运用在涉及各个领域的语言文字中。常用的合成词的构成方法如下:
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| white-haired, warm-hearted, kind-hearted |
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| hard-working, well-meaning |
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| English-speaking, south-facing |
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| 180-foot-high, 10-year-old |
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| classroom, schoolgirl, weekend, bookshop |
| highway, blackboard, hotdog, greenhouse |
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| handwriting, storytelling |
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| dining room, sleeping car, reading-room |
maybe,forever,myself,wholeheartedly, however, everyone, somethinghandbag, handball, handwriting, hand-made
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