高考英语必会前缀+后缀80例 (测试版)

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高考英语必会前缀+后缀80例 (测试版)
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国家教育部门对中学生进行问卷调查显示:86% 的学生认为英语学习中最大的困难是 “单词记不住,容易忘”,88% 的同学对英语失去兴趣源于背单词的痛苦。其实英语单词就像汉字有偏旁和部首一样,也是由前缀 + 词根 + 后缀这三段按顺序构成的。词根决定词义,前缀改变词义,后缀决定词性。利用词根词缀法记单词能从根本上解决单词死记硬背问题,达到事半功倍的效果。高中英语新课标对构词法提出了明确的要求,即了解词汇的词根、词缀,掌握词性变化规律,在语境中,理解具体词义的内涵和外延。利用构词法知识,扩充词汇量是新高考形势下的大势所趋也是高考语法填空题型的保留题目,每年必考。

A. 前缀:词加了前缀后不改变词类,只改变词义。

  1. 1.anti-     反对;防、抗|antibody ______;antiwar ______;antisocial      ______
  2. 2.ante-     在…… 之前|anteroom ______;antecessor      ______
  3. 3.auto-     自己、自动|automatic ______;autobiography ______;automobile ______
  4. 4.a- ①表状态:在…,以…|abroad      ______;alive ______;aside ______ ②加强动作|adjust      ______;attract ______;address ______ ③否定:不、非|abnormal      ______;asocial ______
  5. 5.bi-     双,两个|bicycle ______;bilingual ______;biweekly      ______
  6. 6.be-     ①在…、是|behind ______;beside      ______ ②使… 变成|befriend      ______;belittle ______
  7. 7.co-/com-/con-     共同,一起|coexist ______;cooperate ______;contemporary      ______
  8. 8.counter-     反,对抗|counterattack ______;counteract ______
  9. 9.di-     ①二,双|dioxide ______;dilemma ______ ②分开、使分离|divide ______;digest      ______
  10. 10.dis-     不;分开、否定|dislike ______;dishonest ______;distract      ______;discourage ______
  11. 11.de-     ①除去、反向、否定|decrease ______;devalue ______ ②加强、使成为|declare ______;design      ______
  12. 12.ex-     向外;前任的|export ______;exclude ______;ex-president      ______
  13. 13.fore-     预先,前面|foresee ______;foretell ______;forehead      ______
  14. 14.il-/im-/in-/ir-     否定,不(同根变体,适配首字母)|illegal ______;impossible ______;inaccessible      ______;irregular ______
  15. 15.im-/in-     进入,向内|import ______;imprison ______;indoor      ______
  16. 16.inter-     在… 之间;相互|interact ______;international      ______;interpersonal ______
  17. 17.micro-     微小|microscope ______;microwave ______;microbiology      ______
  18. 18.mini-     小|minibus ______;miniskirt ______;minimum      ______
  19. 19.mis-     错误地,坏|misspell ______;misunderstand ______;misfortune ______
  20. 20.multi-     多|multimedia ______;multicultural ______
  21. 21.non-     不,无|nonsmoking ______;nonstop ______
  22. 22.ob-(变体 oc-/of-/op-)朝向;反对;加强|object ______;obtain      ______;oppose ______;opposite ______
  23. 23.out-     在外,超出|outline ______;outside ______;outward      ______
  24. 24.over-     ①过度|overwork ______;overcrowded ______ ②在上方|overlook ______;overhead      ______
  25. 25.post-     在…… 之后|postwar ______;postpone      ______;postgraduate ______
  26. 26.pre-     在… 之前、预先|prepay ______;prehistory      ______;preposition ______
  27. 27.pro-     向前;支持|progress ______;propose ______;promotion      ______
  28. 28.per-     贯穿,自始至终|perfect ______;permanent ______;perspective      ______
  29. 29.re-     再次;向后;相反|reappear ______;rewrite ______;reverse      ______;resist ______
  30. 30.sub-/sup-/sus-     在下方;次要|subway ______;subconscious ______;31.suffer      ______;suspect ______
  31. super-     超级,在上方|supermarket ______;supernatural ______;supervise      ______
  32. 32.sur-     在上面;超过|surface ______;surpass ______;survive      ______
  33. 33.semi-     一半|semicircle ______;semifinal ______
  34. 34.en-     使……(变动词)|enable      ______;enrich ______;enlarge ______
  35. 35.un-     不;解开、打开|unfortunate ______;unlock ______;unemployment      ______
  36. 36.under-     在下方;不足|underground ______;underestimate ______;underdeveloped ______
  37. 37.vice-     副|vice-president ______;vice-chairman ______
  38. 38.uni-     单一,一个|uniform ______;unique ______;unify      ______
  39. 39.trans-     跨越、转换|translate ______;transform ______;transplant      ______
  40. 40.tele-     远|telephone ______;telegram ______;telescope      ______

B. 后缀:一般改变词性。而词义基本上和原来词根一致。 

🔴多词性后缀

41. -ent 

①形容词:…… 的|confident ______,excellent ______ 

②名词:人|student ______,resident ______,correspondent ______ 

42. -ant 

①形容词:…… 的|significant ______

②名词:人|assistant ______,accountant ______,participant ______

43. -ive

①形容词:有…… 性质的|active ______,aggressive ______ 

②名词:人|representative ______,detective ______,native ______ 

44. -ary 

①形容词:…… 的|temporary ______,elementary ______ 

②名词:场所 / 物|library ______,dictionary ______,salary ______ 

45. -ory 

①形容词:…… 的|compulsory ______,contradictory ______ 

②名词:场所|factory ______,dormitory ______ 

46. -al 

①形容词:和…… 有关的|personal ______,national ______ 

②名词:行为、事件|arrival ______,refusal ______,proposal ______ 

47. -ful 

①形容词:充满…… 的|careful ______,peaceful ______ 

②名词:一…… 的量|handful ______,mouthful ______ 

48. -y 

①形容词:多…… 的|cloudy ______,salty ______,sleepy ______ 

②名词:抽象名词|difficulty ______,discovery ______ 

49. -ate 

①形容词:富有…… 特质的|fortunate ______,considerate ______ 

②动词:使…… |separate ______,operate ______,indicate ______ 

50. -en 

①形容词:由…… 制成的|golden ______,wooden ______ 

②动词:使变得…… |blacken ______,sadden ______ 

51. -ly 

①形容词(名词后):具有…… 特质|friendly ______,weekly ______ 

②副词(形容词后):…… 地|carefully ______,surprisingly ______ 

52. -ish 

①形容词:有点…… 的|foolish ______,selfish ______ 

②动词:做、使(少量高频)|punish ______,finish ______ 

53. -th 

①名词:状态、度量|truth ______,growth ______,depth ______ 

②序数词后缀:第…… |fourth ______,fifth ______ 

54. -ward 

①形容词:向…… 的|upward ______,backward ______ 

②副词:向…… |northward ______,homeward ______

🔴纯形容词后缀

55. -able /-ible 可… 的;能… 的|visible ______,responsible ______,avoidable ______ 

56. -ic … 的(侧重本身属性)|energetic ______,heroic ______,historic ______ 

57. -ical 和… 相关的|chemical ______,musical ______,historical ______ 

58. -ous 具有… 性质的|curious ______,adventurous ______,dangerous ______ 

59. -less 无…… 的|hopeless ______,careless ______,homeless ______ 

60. -some 令人… 的|troublesome ______,fearsome ______

61. -proof 防…… 的|waterproof ______,bulletproof ______

🔴纯名词后缀

62. -er 人 / 器物|singer ______,heater ______,explorer ______ 

63. -or 人|actor ______,director ______,professor ______ 

64. -ian 精通… 的人;某地人|musician ______,physician ______,historian ______ 

65. -ee 被… 的人|employee ______,trainee ______,interviewee ______ 

66. -ess 女性|waitress ______,princess ______,lioness ______ 

67. -ist … 研究者、从业者|artist ______,dentist ______,specialist ______ 68. -ism … 主义|socialism ______,idealism ______ 

69. -ship 身份、关系、状态|friendship ______,hardship ______,membership ______

70. -ation 行为、结果|determination ______,imagination ______ 

71. -tion /-sion 动作、抽象名词|conclusion ______,discussion ______,appreciation ______ 

72. -ance /-ence 性质、状态|importance ______,patience ______,difference ______ 

73. -ment 行为、结果|agreement ______,treatment ______,argument ______ 

74. -ure 行为 / 结果|pressure ______,exposure ______,failure ______,mixture ______ 

75. -age 场所 / 费用 / 行为结果|village ______,marriage ______,storage ______ 

76. -ness(形容词→名词,抽象)|kindness ______,tiredness ______,emptiness ______ 

77. -cy 性质、状态(形容词变名词)|accuracy ______,efficiency ______,privacy ______

🔵纯动词后缀

78. -ate 使……(动词)|separate ______,operate ______ 

79. -ize … 化|criticize ______,memorize ______ 

80. -fy … 化,使… |simplify ______,beautify ______

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