
国家教育部门对中学生进行问卷调查显示:86% 的学生认为英语学习中最大的困难是 “单词记不住,容易忘”,88% 的同学对英语失去兴趣源于背单词的痛苦。其实英语单词就像汉字有偏旁和部首一样,也是由前缀 + 词根 + 后缀这三段按顺序构成的。词根决定词义,前缀改变词义,后缀决定词性。利用词根词缀法记单词能从根本上解决单词死记硬背问题,达到事半功倍的效果。高中英语新课标对构词法提出了明确的要求,即了解词汇的词根、词缀,掌握词性变化规律,在语境中,理解具体词义的内涵和外延。利用构词法知识,扩充词汇量是新高考形势下的大势所趋也是高考语法填空题型的保留题目,每年必考。
A. 前缀:词加了前缀后不改变词类,只改变词义。
- 1.anti- 反对;防、抗|antibody ______;antiwar ______;antisocial ______
- 2.ante- 在…… 之前|anteroom ______;antecessor ______
- 3.auto- 自己、自动|automatic ______;autobiography ______;automobile ______
- 4.a- ①表状态:在…,以…|abroad ______;alive ______;aside ______ ②加强动作|adjust ______;attract ______;address ______ ③否定:不、非|abnormal ______;asocial ______
- 5.bi- 双,两个|bicycle ______;bilingual ______;biweekly ______
- 6.be- ①在…、是|behind ______;beside ______ ②使… 变成|befriend ______;belittle ______
- 7.co-/com-/con- 共同,一起|coexist ______;cooperate ______;contemporary ______
- 8.counter- 反,对抗|counterattack ______;counteract ______
- 9.di- ①二,双|dioxide ______;dilemma ______ ②分开、使分离|divide ______;digest ______
- 10.dis- 不;分开、否定|dislike ______;dishonest ______;distract ______;discourage ______
- 11.de- ①除去、反向、否定|decrease ______;devalue ______ ②加强、使成为|declare ______;design ______
- 12.ex- 向外;前任的|export ______;exclude ______;ex-president ______
- 13.fore- 预先,前面|foresee ______;foretell ______;forehead ______
- 14.il-/im-/in-/ir- 否定,不(同根变体,适配首字母)|illegal ______;impossible ______;inaccessible ______;irregular ______
- 15.im-/in- 进入,向内|import ______;imprison ______;indoor ______
- 16.inter- 在… 之间;相互|interact ______;international ______;interpersonal ______
- 17.micro- 微小|microscope ______;microwave ______;microbiology ______
- 18.mini- 小|minibus ______;miniskirt ______;minimum ______
- 19.mis- 错误地,坏|misspell ______;misunderstand ______;misfortune ______
- 20.multi- 多|multimedia ______;multicultural ______
- 21.non- 不,无|nonsmoking ______;nonstop ______
- 22.ob-(变体 oc-/of-/op-)朝向;反对;加强|object ______;obtain ______;oppose ______;opposite ______
- 23.out- 在外,超出|outline ______;outside ______;outward ______
- 24.over- ①过度|overwork ______;overcrowded ______ ②在上方|overlook ______;overhead ______
- 25.post- 在…… 之后|postwar ______;postpone ______;postgraduate ______
- 26.pre- 在… 之前、预先|prepay ______;prehistory ______;preposition ______
- 27.pro- 向前;支持|progress ______;propose ______;promotion ______
- 28.per- 贯穿,自始至终|perfect ______;permanent ______;perspective ______
- 29.re- 再次;向后;相反|reappear ______;rewrite ______;reverse ______;resist ______
- 30.sub-/sup-/sus- 在下方;次要|subway ______;subconscious ______;31.suffer ______;suspect ______
- super- 超级,在上方|supermarket ______;supernatural ______;supervise ______
- 32.sur- 在上面;超过|surface ______;surpass ______;survive ______
- 33.semi- 一半|semicircle ______;semifinal ______
- 34.en- 使……(变动词)|enable ______;enrich ______;enlarge ______
- 35.un- 不;解开、打开|unfortunate ______;unlock ______;unemployment ______
- 36.under- 在下方;不足|underground ______;underestimate ______;underdeveloped ______
- 37.vice- 副|vice-president ______;vice-chairman ______
- 38.uni- 单一,一个|uniform ______;unique ______;unify ______
- 39.trans- 跨越、转换|translate ______;transform ______;transplant ______
- 40.tele- 远|telephone ______;telegram ______;telescope ______
B. 后缀:一般改变词性。而词义基本上和原来词根一致。
🔴多词性后缀
41. -ent
①形容词:…… 的|confident ______,excellent ______
②名词:人|student ______,resident ______,correspondent ______
42. -ant
①形容词:…… 的|significant ______
②名词:人|assistant ______,accountant ______,participant ______
43. -ive
①形容词:有…… 性质的|active ______,aggressive ______
②名词:人|representative ______,detective ______,native ______
44. -ary
①形容词:…… 的|temporary ______,elementary ______
②名词:场所 / 物|library ______,dictionary ______,salary ______
45. -ory
①形容词:…… 的|compulsory ______,contradictory ______
②名词:场所|factory ______,dormitory ______
46. -al
①形容词:和…… 有关的|personal ______,national ______
②名词:行为、事件|arrival ______,refusal ______,proposal ______
47. -ful
①形容词:充满…… 的|careful ______,peaceful ______
②名词:一…… 的量|handful ______,mouthful ______
48. -y
①形容词:多…… 的|cloudy ______,salty ______,sleepy ______
②名词:抽象名词|difficulty ______,discovery ______
49. -ate
①形容词:富有…… 特质的|fortunate ______,considerate ______
②动词:使…… |separate ______,operate ______,indicate ______
50. -en
①形容词:由…… 制成的|golden ______,wooden ______
②动词:使变得…… |blacken ______,sadden ______
51. -ly
①形容词(名词后):具有…… 特质|friendly ______,weekly ______
②副词(形容词后):…… 地|carefully ______,surprisingly ______
52. -ish
①形容词:有点…… 的|foolish ______,selfish ______
②动词:做、使(少量高频)|punish ______,finish ______
53. -th
①名词:状态、度量|truth ______,growth ______,depth ______
②序数词后缀:第…… |fourth ______,fifth ______
54. -ward
①形容词:向…… 的|upward ______,backward ______
②副词:向…… |northward ______,homeward ______
🔴纯形容词后缀
55. -able /-ible 可… 的;能… 的|visible ______,responsible ______,avoidable ______
56. -ic … 的(侧重本身属性)|energetic ______,heroic ______,historic ______
57. -ical 和… 相关的|chemical ______,musical ______,historical ______
58. -ous 具有… 性质的|curious ______,adventurous ______,dangerous ______
59. -less 无…… 的|hopeless ______,careless ______,homeless ______
60. -some 令人… 的|troublesome ______,fearsome ______
61. -proof 防…… 的|waterproof ______,bulletproof ______
🔴纯名词后缀
62. -er 人 / 器物|singer ______,heater ______,explorer ______
63. -or 人|actor ______,director ______,professor ______
64. -ian 精通… 的人;某地人|musician ______,physician ______,historian ______
65. -ee 被… 的人|employee ______,trainee ______,interviewee ______
66. -ess 女性|waitress ______,princess ______,lioness ______
67. -ist … 研究者、从业者|artist ______,dentist ______,specialist ______ 68. -ism … 主义|socialism ______,idealism ______
69. -ship 身份、关系、状态|friendship ______,hardship ______,membership ______
70. -ation 行为、结果|determination ______,imagination ______
71. -tion /-sion 动作、抽象名词|conclusion ______,discussion ______,appreciation ______
72. -ance /-ence 性质、状态|importance ______,patience ______,difference ______
73. -ment 行为、结果|agreement ______,treatment ______,argument ______
74. -ure 行为 / 结果|pressure ______,exposure ______,failure ______,mixture ______
75. -age 场所 / 费用 / 行为结果|village ______,marriage ______,storage ______
76. -ness(形容词→名词,抽象)|kindness ______,tiredness ______,emptiness ______
77. -cy 性质、状态(形容词变名词)|accuracy ______,efficiency ______,privacy ______
🔵纯动词后缀
78. -ate 使……(动词)|separate ______,operate ______
79. -ize … 化|criticize ______,memorize ______
80. -fy … 化,使… |simplify ______,beautify ______
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