Passage 1中国银发经济：从"养老"到"享老"的新蓝海

体裁：新闻报道（中国时事·文化民生·非科技）　|　词数：约 400　|　难度：中难（对标新课标 I 卷 C 篇）

原文

China's population is aging fast, yet the change is opening a market few expected. According to industry research, the country's silver economy — built around the needs of older adults — surpassed 10.8 trillion yuan in 2026, growing more than 15% year on year. By 2035 it could reach 30 trillion yuan and account for about one tenth of GDP. Behind the numbers lies a simple fact: by the end of 2025, some 320 million citizens were aged 60 or above, nearly a quarter of the population, marking a stage the government calls "moderate aging." The old idea of mere care is giving way to a richer goal — not just to be looked after, but to live well.

This is no longer only about hospitals and nursing homes. The sector now stretches into smart assistive products, wellness tourism, health care and quality consumption. A new generation of older consumers cares less about bare survival and more about health, daily comfort and meaningful experience. Their demand has pushed elderly services to blend with medicine, traditional Chinese remedies, culture and travel, and digital technology. From smart wristbands to senior trips, the line between care and enjoyment keeps blurring — and that is where new businesses appear.

Policy has moved to catch up. A 2024 State Council document became the first national plan named for the silver economy, with 26 measures across four areas. In 2026 a consumption subsidy for those with moderate or higher care needs began, and it can be claimed away from one's registered hometown; by late July more than 6.5 billion yuan of such vouchers had been used. Long-term care insurance is set to cover the whole nation by the end of 2028. In elder finance, savings bonds joined the personal-pension pool, expanding choices from four to five types, while the central bank created a 500-billion-yuan lending tool. A July 2026 State Council plan set the shape of care: home-based, community-supported, institution-backed and combined with medicine.

The road is not smooth, however. Over 430,000 care firms and 400,000 stations now exist, yet nursing-home occupancy stays below half while community care remains insufficient. The mismatch — empty beds beside unmet needs — shows the sector must shift from building facilities to delivering services. Broadly, the silver economy is more than elderly spending; it is a system of health, leisure, finance and dignity that may reshape later life in China.

题目（Q1–Q4：细节1 · 推理1 · 猜词1 · 目的1）

1. What does the passage say about China's silver economy in 2026?A. It shrank for the first time because of an aging population.B. It mainly serves young consumers through online platforms.C. Its market size surpassed 10.8 trillion yuan with over 15% growth.D. Its growth rate dropped below the national GDP growth.
2. Why does the author highlight the shift from "yanglao" (care) to "xianglao" (enjoyment)?A. It shows older consumers now seek quality and meaning, not just survival.B. The change was required by a new national law on language.C. Younger people have stopped caring for the elderly.D. The term refers to building more large nursing homes.
3. The word "silver" in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______.A. expensive and rareB. related to older or aging peopleC. shining like a metalD. coming from rural areas
4. What is the main purpose of Paragraph 3?A. To criticize weak regulation of elderly-care firms.B. To compare the incomes of urban and rural seniors.C. To list the names of newly founded companies.D. To explain the policy support driving the sector's growth.

逐题解析（证据定位）

Q1 答案：C

细节理解。首段明确给出"surpassed 10.8 trillion yuan in 2026, growing more than 15% year on year"，与选项 C 完全对应。

干扰项：A 与"surpassed/growing"相反（实为增长）；B 错在"mainly serves young consumers"（银发经济围绕老年人需求）；D 与"faster than the broader economy"矛盾。

Q2 答案：A

推理判断（★踮脚）。第二段讲新一代老人"cares less about bare survival and more about health, daily comfort and meaningful experience"，末段又说该经济关乎"dignity"与"a good later life"，可推知作者强调"养老→享老"是要说明老人需求已从生存转向品质与意义，驱动产业升级。须跨段归纳，非直接陈述。

干扰项：B 制造虚假因果（文中只说理念转变，无法律强制）；C 与"younger people stopped caring"无依据且夸大；D 缩小为"建更多养老院"，与"享老"的多元内涵不符。

Q3 答案：B

词义猜测。首段"the country's silver economy — built around the needs of older adults"中破折号直接解释 silver economy 是围绕老年人需求的经济，silver（银发）在此指"与老年人/老龄化相关的"，对应 B。

干扰项：A expensive（昂贵）／C shining（闪亮）／D rural（乡村）均不能呼应"older adults"的释义。

Q4 答案：D

写作目的。第三段集中罗列 2024 国务院文件、2026 失能老人消费补贴（核销 65 亿+）、长护险 2028 全国覆盖、养老金融扩容、央行 5000 亿再贷款、《扩大消费"十五五"规划》，全段功能在说明"政策托底、助推产业"，对应 D。

干扰项：A 非批评（段中为正面列举政策）；B 无城乡收入对比；C 未列企业名单。

语篇分析

结构：现象引入（首段：规模+老龄化背景）→ 内涵扩展（二段：从照护到享老、跨界融合）→ 政策托底（三段：专项政策+补贴+长护险+养老金融）→ 挑战与展望（末段：供需错配、从设施到服务、重新定义晚年）。
文体：中国时事非虚构报道改写，数据密集（10.8万亿/+15.2%/30万亿/320M/23%/65亿/2028/5000亿/43万/40万/50%），夹叙夹议。
衔接："Behind the numbers"/"This is no longer only about"/"Policy has moved to catch up"/"The road is not smooth" 形成"现象—内涵—政策—反思"推进链。

核心词汇（8–12 个，含派生词构词法）

词组与搭配（5–8 个）

give way to 让位于，被……取代year on year 同比（与上年同期比）account for 占（比重）blend with 与……融合catch up 赶上，补上shift from A to B 从 A 转向 B

阅读知识点

① 数据型细节题定位：Q1/Q5 这类题答案常是原文数字的"同义转写"，先锁定题干关键词（2026 / 10.8 trillion / subsidy / disabled），再用"数字＋单位＋比较级"三要素回原文比对，避免被偷换单位或比较对象的干扰项误导。
② 推理题的"跨段归纳"：★踮脚 Q2/Q6 的正确项往往不在单一句子，而需把二段"需求升级"与末段"尊严/供需错配"整合；解题时先排除与原文直接矛盾的选项，再选"可由多段证据推出的合理结论"，而非原文原句。

Passage 2损失厌恶：为什么亏损比获利更让人难忍

体裁：议论文（外刊 D 篇·社会心理）　|　词数：约 421　|　难度：高难（对标新课标 I 卷 D 篇，长难句密）

原文

In 1979, psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky asked a question that would reshape economics: why do people treat the same money so differently? In one test, they handed participants 1,000 units and offered a choice — a 50% chance to reach 2,000, or a sure 1,500. The two endings are mathematically identical in expected value, yet 84% took the certain sum. Faced with a possible gain, most of us turn cautious and cling to what we can keep. The puzzle was not the number. It was the mind behind it.

Then came the twist. The same people, now given 2,000 units, faced a mirror-image choice: a 50% chance to lose 1,000, or a sure loss of 500. Here the outcomes are again equivalent, but 69% chose the gamble. In other words, when the frame shifted from gain to loss, caution flipped into risk-taking. The researchers called this the "reflection effect": our attitude toward risk is not fixed but reflects whether we feel we are winning or losing. Identical stakes, opposite behavior — all because of how the problem was described.

The deeper rule is starker still. Across many studies, a loss feels roughly two to two and a half times as painful as an equal gain feels pleasant. Losing 100 hurts more than gaining 100 comforts. This asymmetry, known as loss aversion, explains quiet habits we rarely notice. Investors hold losing stocks too long, hoping to break even, while selling winners too soon — the "disposition effect." Shoppers over-insure against small misfortunes. In a famous 1981 study, people favored a sure saving of lives but, when the same scenario was framed as deaths prevented, they suddenly preferred a risky plan. The wording changed, and so did the choice. Evolution may explain the skew: for early humans a lost resource could mean starvation, while a gain meant only comfort, so the mind learned to guard against loss first.

To be clear, loss aversion is a tendency, not a law. Context, experience and attention can soften it; a person who reframes a setback as a smaller gain may act more calmly. Yet the bias is stubborn enough to show up in markets, negotiations and everyday plans, often when we least expect it. Knowing the trick does not erase it, but it helps us pause before a loss makes us reach for a gamble we would never touch in calmer light. That is why a small fee stings more than a small discount pleases. Understanding the aversion, rather than denying it, is the first step toward choosing on purpose.

题目（Q5–Q8：细节1 · 推理1 · 态度1 · 主旨1）

1. In the first problem, what did most participants choose?A. The certain gain of 1,500 over the 50% chance of 2,000.B. The 50% gamble because it could double their money.C. To refuse both options and keep the original 1,000.D. To give the money to another participant.
2. What does the "reflection effect" mainly show?A. People ignore how a problem is described.B. Gains and losses are felt with exactly equal strength.C. The same outcomes are judged differently when framed as gain versus loss.D. Experts alone can explain why the choices differ.
3. The author's tone in the passage is best described as ______.A. angry and dismissive of the research.B. playful and mainly humorous.C. strongly promotional of risky gambling.D. objective and explanatory.
4. What is the passage mainly about?A. Why people should avoid taking any risk.B. Loss aversion: losses weigh heavier than gains and reshape our choices.C. How to multiply your money by gambling.D. The full history of the Nobel Prize in economics.

逐题解析（证据定位）

Q5 答案：A

细节理解。首段"a 50% chance to reach 2,000, or a sure 1,500 ... yet 84% took the certain sum"直接说明多数人在第一组选择确定可得的 1500，对应 A。

干扰项：B 与"84% took the certain sum"相反（多数没选赌博）；C "refuse both" 与文中二选一不符；D "give to another" 未提及。

Q6 答案：C

推理判断（★踮脚）。二段"Identical stakes, opposite behavior — all because of how the problem was described"与首段"mathematically identical in expected value"共同说明：终点财富相同，仅因"收益/损失"框架不同，风险偏好就反转，即同一结果在被框为得或失时被差异化评判。须整合两段推断，故为 C。

干扰项：A "ignore how described" 与文意相反（正是描述方式改变了选择）；B "equal strength" 与三段"two to two and a half times"矛盾；D "experts alone" 缩小且无依据。

Q7 答案：D

态度/观点。全文以"实验—反转—机制—提醒"的科普结构展开，末段"To be clear ... is a tendency, not a law""Knowing the trick does not erase it"等表述客观、解释性强，无愤怒、调侃或推销语气，对应 D（客观且具解释性）。

干扰项：A "angry/dismissive"、B "playful/humorous"、C "promotional of gambling" 均与全文冷静科普基调不符（末段反而劝人勿因损失冲动下注）。

Q8 答案：B

主旨大意。全文围绕"损失厌恶"展开：提出实验（首段）、反射效应（二段）、损失痛苦约为收益 2–2.5 倍及现实表现（三段）、倾向而非铁律与应对（末段），核心论点即"损失比收益更重、并重塑选择"，B 最全面。

干扰项：A "avoid any risk" 过度推论且文中肯定冷静风险；C 与末段劝阻冲动下注相反；D 偏离（诺奖仅背景，非主题）。

语篇分析

结构：实验引入（首段：1000 单位·确定收益偏好）→ 镜像反转（二段：2000 单位·损失框架下的风险偏好·反射效应）→ 机制与例证（三段：损失约为收益 2–2.5 倍·处置效应·亚洲疾病 framing）→ 限定与启示（末段：倾向非定律·可软化的 bias·理解优于否认）。
文体：外刊社会心理议论文，长难句密（嵌套从句、插入语、破折号补充说明），抽象概念多。
论证：以对照实验为锚，再用"股市处置效应/保险/亚洲疾病"三例外推，最后加限定语避免绝对化，体现学术写作的谨慎。

核心词汇（8–12 个，含派生词构词法）

词组与搭配（5–8 个）

cling to 紧抓，固守in other words 换言之break even 不盈不亏，回本soften the bias 削弱偏见on purpose 有意识地，故意地rather than 而不是

阅读知识点

① 长难句拆解（插入语与破折号）：二段末"Identical stakes, opposite behavior — all because of how the problem was described"中破折号引出因果结论，是段落主旨句；阅读时先抓主句主干（stakes/behavior），再把破折号内容当作"解释"，可快速定位推理题 Q6 的证据。
② 实验类说明文的命题规律：此类 D 篇常考"实验结论推断（Q6）+ 作者态度（Q7）+ 主旨（Q8）"；态度题优先排除带强烈情绪词（angry/playful/promotional）的选项，选"objective/explanatory"类中性词。

完形雨夜借伞：一把伞里的社区善意

体裁：记叙文（完形填空·15 空）　|　词数：约 292　|　难度：中难（含近义辨析/固定搭配/语境推理）

原文

It was a wet evening when I ____(1)____ home late, only to find my umbrella still on the bus. Rain fell hard, and I stood at the building gate, unsure what to do. An old neighbor, Mrs. Chen, ____(2)____ a spare umbrella and ____(3)____ it to me without a word of condition. I was so surprised that I could not ____(4)____ at once. Rain soaked my shoulders, yet the small umbrella kept me dry all the way up the stairs.

The next morning I ____(5)____ to return it, but she ____(6)____ me in and said the rain might return by noon. Her small balcony held a row of ____(7)____ umbrellas that neighbors had taken and later brought back. She ____(8)____ this quiet exchange as the most natural thing in the world. A kettle whistled behind her, and the smell of tea made the gate feel less like a hallway and more like a home.

Weeks went by. Whenever it poured, someone in the building would ____(9)____ an umbrella from her little stand and ____(10)____ it within a day or two. The system ran not on rules but on ____(11)____. I began to ____(12)____ how one simple object could tie strangers into a small, warm circle. No one kept a list, and no one asked for proof; the umbrellas simply moved, like quiet greetings passed from hand to hand.

One winter Mrs. Chen moved away. Before leaving, she ____(13)____ the stand to the building committee. That humble rack now ____(14)____ as a quiet symbol of trust among us. Children in the building now know the rack by heart, and new neighbors learn the habit within a week. I understood then that a kindness, once ____(15)____, rarely stays with a single person — it keeps moving, like rain that feeds every root.

题目（15 空，每空 4 选 1）

1. ____(1)____A. hurriedB. cycledC. droveD. fled
2. ____(2)____A. boughtB. searchedC. heldD. hid
3. ____(3)____A. threwB. handedC. soldD. posted
4. ____(4)____A. smileB. leaveC. askD. decline
5. ____(5)____A. forgotB. wentC. refusedD. hesitated
6. ____(6)____A. wavedB. pushedC. draggedD. locked
7. ____(7)____A. brokenB. newC. borrowedD. stolen
8. ____(8)____A. calledB. drewC. keptD. treated
9. ____(9)____A. takeB. buyC. makeD. lose
10. ____(10)____A. forgetB. returnC. breakD. hide
11. ____(11)____A. chanceB. lawC. trustD. fear
12. ____(12)____A. explainB. doubtC. forgetD. wonder
13. ____(13)____A. passedB. soldC. threwD. lent
14. ____(14)____A. waitsB. standsC. fallsD. rests
15. ____(15)____A. foundB. lostC. sharedD. hidden

逐空解析（证据定位）

空 (1) 答案：A

语境推理。后文"only to find my umbrella still on the bus"说明是匆忙间把伞落车上，hurried（匆忙赶回）与"late / wet evening"呼应，是忘带伞的起因。

干扰项：B cycled（骑车，与后文公交矛盾）／C drove（开车，同矛盾）／D fled（逃跑，语义不符）。

空 (2) 答案：C

语境搭配。陈阿姨"拿出/举着"一把备用伞，held a spare umbrella 描写她递伞前的动作，自然引出下一空"handed it to me"。

干扰项：A bought（买，语境无商店）／B searched（翻找，与从容递伞不符）／D hid（藏，语义反）。

空 (3) 答案：B

语境逻辑。"without a word of condition"表明无偿相助，handed it to me（递给我）最贴合"借伞"动作链。

干扰项：A threw（扔，不礼貌）／C sold（卖，与"无偿"矛盾）／D posted（寄，不合场景）。

空 (4) 答案：D

语境逻辑。太意外以至于一时"没能拒绝"，decline（婉拒）与"too surprised"形成"受宠若惊、来不及推辞"的画面。

干扰项：A smile／B leave／C ask 均不能与"too surprised to"构成合理"来不及做"的语义。

空 (5) 答案：B

语境逻辑。第二天早上"去还伞"，went to return it 是还物自然动作，与后文"she waved me in"衔接。

干扰项：A forgot（忘，与"去还"矛盾）／C refused（拒绝还，语义反）／D hesitated（犹豫，后文直接进门不符）。

空 (6) 答案：A

固定搭配。wave someone in 是"招手让……进来"的常用搭配，与"said the rain might return"邀请语气一致。

干扰项：B pushed（推）／C dragged（拖）／D locked（锁）均含强迫或拒绝意味，与善意语境冲突。

空 (7) 答案：C

复现呼应。后文"neighbors had taken and later brought back"直接说明这些伞是邻居borrowed（借来又送回）的，原词复现。

干扰项：A broken／B new／D stolen 均无后文"借还"证据支持。

空 (8) 答案：D

固定搭配。treat ... as（把……视为）是固定用法，treated this quiet exchange as the most natural thing 体现她视互助为平常。

干扰项：A called（叫，后接名称而非 as）／B drew（画）／C kept（保留，不接 as natural）。

空 (9) 答案：A

语境逻辑。下雨时有人从伞架"take an umbrella"（取走一把伞），与后文"return it"形成借—还闭环。

干扰项：B buy（买，公益伞架非售卖）／C make（做）／D lose（丢）均破坏借还逻辑。

空 (10) 答案：B

复现呼应。与空(9)的 take 对应，一两天内"return it"（归还），且前文阳台"borrowed ... brought back"已铺垫。

干扰项：A forget（忘还，与"within a day or two"有序归还矛盾）／C break／D hide 无依据。

空 (11) 答案：C

主旨呼应。全文讲邻里互信，系统"不靠规则而靠trust（信任）"运转，与末段"symbol of trust"首尾呼应。

干扰项：A chance（偶然）／B law（法律）／D fear（恐惧）均与"靠信任维持"的主题相反。

空 (12) 答案：D

语境逻辑。目睹借还循环后"我开始wonder（思索）一件普通物件如何把陌生人连成温暖圈子"，wonder 表 passive reflection，契合叙事者视角。

干扰项：A explain（解释，叙事者未必有答案）／B doubt（怀疑）／C forget（忘记）均不符。

空 (13) 答案：A

语境逻辑。搬走前把伞架"passed ... to the committee"（移交/传交），pass sth to sb 表"转交"，让善意延续。

干扰项：B sold（卖，与公益语境不符）／C threw（扔）／D lent（借出，委员会非临时借用）。

空 (14) 答案：B

固定搭配。stand as（作为……而立／堪称）是固定表达，stands as a quiet symbol of trust 与"symbol"搭配自然。

干扰项：A waits（等待）／C falls（倒下）／D rests（休息）均不能与 as a symbol 搭配。

空 (15) 答案：C

主旨呼应。善意"一旦被shared（分享/传递）就很少停留于一人"，与全文"借还流转、善意传递"及末句"keeps moving"呼应。

干扰项：A found（发现）／B lost（失去）／D hidden（隐藏）均与"流转传递"语义相反。

语篇分析

结构：起因（首段：雨夜落伞、邻居借伞）→ 发展（二段：次日还伞、阳台借还一角）→ 延展（三段：借还循环、信任维系）→ 升华（末段：陈阿姨搬走、移交伞架、善意传递）。
线索：以"伞"为物线，"借—还—再借—移交"推进；情感线由"surprised"到"wonder"到"understood"，完成陌生人→邻里的温情认知。
手法：细节白描（wave me in / a row of borrowed umbrellas）+ 点题句（stands as a symbol of trust / keeps moving like rain）。

核心词汇（8–12 个，含派生词构词法）

词组与搭配（5–8 个）

wave someone in 招手让……进来treat ... as 把……视为stand as 作为……而立pass ... to 把……移交给within a day or two 一两天内tie ... into 把……连成

阅读知识点

① 完形"原词/同义复现"定位：空(7) borrowed、空(10) return 均能在前后文找到"taken and brought back""return it"的直接复现，这类题优先找上下文复现词，再排除无证据的干扰项。
② 完形"主旨呼应"题：空(11) trust、空(15) shared 的答案不在单句，而需看全文主题（邻里信任与善意传递）；解题时先概括段落与全文基调，再用"首尾呼应词"验证，避免被局部字面误导。