听考研真题|2024年英一阅读2:异亲抚育,带娃新思路

Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children, researchers have suggested.

【生词】contented adj.满意的，满足的

【翻译】研究人员指出，从非洲的狩猎采集者处获取的育儿建议，或将成为培养出更幸福孩子的关键。

The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana, where each child is cored of by many adults. 

【翻译】这一理念源于对博茨瓦纳昆格人等社群的研究：每个儿童都由多名成年昆格人照料。

Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and “baby-wearing”, in which infants are carried in slings, is considered the norm.

【翻译】年仅四岁的昆格儿童便会协助照看更年幼的同伴，而“婴儿背带”——即用吊带携带婴儿——已成为当地普遍习俗。

According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University, these practices, knows as alloparenting, could lead to less anxiety for children and parents.

【生词】evolutionary adj.进化的，发展的

anthropologist n.人类学家

alloparenting 异亲抚育

【翻译】剑桥大学进化人类学家尼基尔·乔杜里博士指出，这种被称为“异亲抚育”的行为，或可减轻儿童与父母双方的焦虑情绪。

Dr Annie Swanepoel, a child psychiatrist, believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life. 

【生词】psychiatrist n.精神病专家，精神病医生, 精神病医生

In Germany, one scheme has paired an old people’s home with a nursery. The residents help to look after the children, an arrangement akin to alloparenting.

【生词】nursery n.托儿所, 幼儿园, 育儿室, 苗圃; adj.幼儿教育的

akin adj.类似的，相似的

Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children in different school years to mimic the supervised mixed-age play groups in hunter-gatherer communities.

【生词】mimic n.巧于模仿的人; vt.模仿，学样, 摹拟

【翻译】另一项措施可以是鼓励不同学段儿童之间建立友谊，以效仿狩猎采集社群中设有监督的跨年龄游戏小组模式。

In a paper published in theJournal of child Psychology and Psychiatry, researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which broke with evolutionary history.  

This abrupt shift to an “intensive mothering narrative”which suggests that mothers should manage child care alone, was likely to have been harmful.  

【翻译】这种突然转向“密集型育儿叙事”——即主张母亲应独自承担育儿责任——的做法，很可能产生了有害影响。

“Such narratives can lead to maternal exhaustion and have dangerous consequences.”they wrote.

【生词】maternal adj.母亲的, 母亲般的, 母系的, 母亲方面的

exhaustion n.精疲力竭, 枯竭

By contrast, in hunter-gatherer societies, adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child’s care. 

【翻译】相比之下，在狩猎采集社会中，除父母之外的其他成年人可为儿童提供近一半的照料。

One previous study looked at the people of the Democratic Republic of Congo. 

    【翻译】此前的一项研究以刚果民主共和国的居民为研究对象。

It found that infants had an average of 14 all parents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old and were passed between care givers eight times an hour.

Chaudhary said that parents now had less child care support from family and social networks than during most of humans evolutionary history, but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression, which could have a “knock-on”benefit to child’s wellbeing. 

【生词】knock-on 连锁反应

And infant born to a hunter- gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers -- this contrasts starkly to nursery setting in the UK where regulation can set for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.

【生词】starkly adv.完全，分明地，赤裸裸地

【翻译】在狩猎采集社会中，婴儿可能拥有超过十名照料者——这与英国托儿机构的现状形成鲜明对比：后者规定每四名两至三岁儿童仅可配备一名照料者。

While hunter-gatherer children learn from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups, researchers said that western “instructive teaching”, where pupils are asked to sit still may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. 

【生词】attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 注意缺陷障碍 ADHD

【翻译】尽管狩猎采集者的儿童在异龄游戏小组中通过观察与模仿进行学习，但研究人员指出，西方“指令式教学”——即要求学生静坐——可能增加患注意缺陷多动障碍等疾病的风险。

Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents might also enhance their own social development.

【翻译】乔杜里表示，英国应探讨年长兄弟姐妹帮助父母一事，是否也能促进他们自身的社会化发展。