听考研真题|2022年英二阅读3:点进去就退不出来?是时候整治手机中的黑暗模式了!

We have all encountered them, in both our personal and professional lives. Think about the times you felt tricked or frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless sign-up process but was later difficult to cancel. 

【生词】encounter v.遇到, 遭遇, 偶然碰到

subscription n.（报刊等的）订阅费，订阅，订购, 捐款

seamless adj.无缝的, 无漏洞的

【翻译】无论是在个人生活还是职业生涯中，我们都曾遇到过这种情况：曾有过这样的经历——某项会员或订阅服务注册流程十分便捷，但后续却难以取消，这让你感到被欺骗或倍感沮丧。

Something that should be simple and transparent can be complicated, intentionally or unintentionally, in ways that impair consumer choice. These are examples of dark patterns.

【生词】transparent adj.透明的, 易懂的, 易识破的

impair vt.损害，削弱

【翻译】本应简单且透明的机制，却可能因有意或无意地设计，以损害消费者选择权的方式变得复杂。这些便是“暗黑模式”的典型示例。

First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brignull, “dark patterns”is a catch-all term for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users. 

【生词】catch-all term 通用术语

manipulate vt.操作，处理, 巧妙地控制, 操纵

interface n.界面

【翻译】“黑暗模式”一词最早由用户体验专家哈里·布里努尔于 2010 年提出，它是一个统称，用于指代那些通过操纵用户界面来影响用户决策能力的各种实践手段。

Brignull identifies 12 types of common dark patterns, ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to “roach motel,”where a user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start, but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.

【生词】roach n.蟑螂

intuitive adj.直觉的, 凭直觉获知的, 直观的

In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000 websites, researchers found that about one in 10 employs these design practices. 

Though widely prevalent, the concept of dark patterns is still not well understood. Business and nonprofit leaders should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areas they engender.

【生词】prevalent adj.流行的，盛行的, 普遍存在的，普遍发生的

engender vt.产生, 造成, 引起; vi.形成, 引起

【翻译】尽管“暗黑模式”已广泛出现，但其概念仍未被充分理解。商业及非营利组织领导者应警惕此类模式，并尽量避免其引发的灰色地带。

Where is the line between ethical, persuasive design and dark patterns? 

【生词】ethical adj.伦理学的, 道德的，伦理的

Businesses should engage in conversations with IT, compliance, risk, and legal teams to review their privacy policy, and include in the discussion the customer/user experience designers and coders responsible for the company’s user interface, as well as the marketers and advertisers responsible for sign-ups, checkout baskets, pricing, and promotions. 

【生词】compliance n.遵守, 服从

sign-up n. 报名, 注册

checkout n.检验，校验, 结账, 借阅

【翻译】企业应与IT、合规、风险及法律团队展开沟通，共同审查其隐私政策，并在讨论中纳入负责公司用户界面的客户/用户体验设计师与开发人员，以及负责用户注册、购物车、定价及促销活动的相关营销与广告人员。

Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding “digital deception”.

【生词】deception n.欺骗, 骗局

Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around dark patterns, most recently at the state level. 

【生词】ambiguity n.歧义, 不明确，模棱两可, 暧昧

In March, the California Attorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) that “ensure that consumers will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights.”

【生词】attorney n.律师, 代理人

Attorney General  n.检察总长；首席检察官；司法部长

【翻译】3月，加利福尼亚州总检察长宣布批准根据《加利福尼亚州消费者隐私法》（CCPA）制定的额外法规，这些法规旨在“确保消费者在行使数据隐私权利时不会感到困惑或受到误导”。

The regulations aim to ban dark patterns--this means prohibiting companies from using a confusing language or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to click through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldn’t opt out.

【翻译】这些法规旨在禁止“暗黑模式”——即禁止企业使用令人困惑的措辞或设置不必要的操作环节，例如强制用户跨越多个界面进行点击，或要求其听取不应退出服务的理由。

As more states consider promulgating additional regulations, there is a need for greater accountability from within the business community. 

【生词】promulgate vt.宣扬, 传播, 公布, 颁布

accountability n.有责任，有义务, 〈财〉会计责任

Dark patterns also can be addressed on a self-regulatory basis, but only if organizations hold themselves accountable, not just to legal requirements but also to industry best practices and standards.