Passage 1废塑料变燃油：橡树岭的低温熔盐解法

体裁：说明文（科技·环保·时事）　词数：约 380　难度：★★★☆（对标 C 篇中难偏上）

原文（先做后看解析；仅真超纲词就近标注，其余请语境自猜）

Every year the world produces hundreds of millions of tonnes of plastic, and a large share of it is polyethylene（聚乙烯） — the cheap, durable material in shopping bags, food wrappers and white cutting boards. Because it is chemically stable, polyethylene is notoriously hard to recycle, and most of it ends up buried in landfills or drifting in the ocean. For decades, scientists have searched for a clean way to give this stubborn plastic a second life.

In September 2026, researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory reported a surprisingly simple route. They mixed polyethylene waste with molten（熔融的） salts containing aluminum chloride and heated the mixture to just below 200 degrees Celsius — about the temperature of a kitchen oven. In laboratory tests the process turned the plastic into gasoline- and diesel-like fuels, with a gasoline yield of roughly 60 percent under mild conditions. The work was published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.

Traditional plastic-to-fuel methods rely on pyrolysis（热解）, which cracks polymers apart at 450 to 500 degrees Celsius. The Oak Ridge approach needs none of the usual costly extras: no noble-metal catalysts, no organic solvents and no external supply of hydrogen. The molten salts do two jobs at once, acting both as the reaction medium and as the catalyst that drives the change.

Charged aluminum atoms in the salt form strongly acidic sites that attack the long carbon-hydrogen chains of polyethylene and split them into shorter hydrocarbons. Simpler chains tend to become gasoline-like molecules, while more complex chains produce diesel-like ones. The team confirmed the pathway with neutron scattering, soft X-rays and other tools, and has applied for a patent.

Most polyethylene ends up in landfills or the ocean. The Oak Ridge method offers a practical way to upcycle it into valuable transportation fuels while using far less energy. The salts are hygroscopic（吸湿的） and still need stabilising before industry can use them, yet the low temperature and cheap ingredients make scaling far easier than before. If the method leaves the lab, it could turn a mountain of waste into something the world actually burns through. For now the result is a promising lab-scale proof, but it points to a future in which yesterday's packaging helps power tomorrow's journey.

题目（Q1–Q4）

1. What is the main advantage of the Oak Ridge method over traditional pyrolysis?A. It handles several plastic types, including PVC, in one step.B. It produces diesel but almost no gasoline.C. It runs at far lower temperatures and needs no costly catalysts or outside hydrogen.D. It demands temperatures above 500°C before it can proceed.
2. What can be inferred about why molten salts are promising for industrial use?A. Their low cost and stability could make large-scale use practical and affordable.B. They were first developed for plastic recycling in the 1960s.C. They remove the need for a chemical reaction to take place.D. They work in laboratories but show little promise for larger use.
3. The word "upcycle" in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to ______.A. to burn waste for energyB. to bury rubbish in a landfill undergroundC. to crush a solid into fine powderD. to turn waste into a product of greater value
4. According to the text, what decides whether the product is gasoline-like or diesel-like?A. The reaction temperature alone.B. The amount of external hydrogen added.C. The structure of the starting polymer chains.D. The colour of the molten salt used.

逐题解析

Q1 答案：C

正确原因：细节理解题（跨段综合）。第二段 "just below 200 degrees Celsius" 与第三段 "needs none of the usual costly extras: no noble-metal catalysts ... no external supply of hydrogen" 合并即 C：低温运行且无需昂贵催化剂或外供氢气。选项 C 为两处原文的同义复现。

干扰项：A 无中生有——原文只说处理 polyethylene，未称可处理 PVC 等多种塑料；B 与 "gasoline yield of roughly 60 percent" 矛盾（汽油占比高，非"几乎无汽油"）；D 与 "<200°C" 相反（热解才需 450–500°C）。

Q2 答案：A　★踮脚

正确原因：推理判断题（推一步）。第三段说熔盐 "commercially available inorganic salts"（易得）、第五段说 "cheap ingredients" 与 "stable under harsh conditions"（稳定）、且 "scaling far easier"，综合推出 A：低成本与稳定性使大规模应用可行且可负担。需跨段整合才能判断。

干扰项：B 偷换概念——原文说 ORNL 的熔盐研究始于 1960 年代核反应堆，并非为塑料回收而发明；C 无中生有——反应照样发生，只是无需贵金属/溶剂/外氢；D 与 "scaling far easier" 相反。

Q3 答案：D

正确原因：词义猜测题。第五段前文 "Most polyethylene ends up in landfills or the ocean" 点出塑料沦为废弃物，紧接着 "a practical way to upcycle it into valuable transportation fuels" 形成对比——把废弃物变成 "valuable（有价值的）" 燃料，结合 "while using far less energy" 的增益色彩，可推 upcycle = 把废物升级再利用为更有价值的产品，对应 D。

干扰项：A 焚烧、B 填埋、C 粉碎均与 "valuable fuels / far less energy" 的升级再利用语义相反，且未体现 "废→有价值" 的语境转折。

Q4 答案：C

正确原因：细节理解题。第四段末 "Simpler chains tend to become gasoline-like molecules, while more complex chains produce diesel-like ones" 明确决定因素是起始聚合物链的结构（简单→汽油，复杂→柴油），对应 C。

干扰项：A 温度只是反应条件，并非汽/柴油之分的决定因素；B 与 "no external supply of hydrogen" 矛盾；D 盐的颜色文中未提，属无中生有。

语篇分析

体裁：说明文（现象—问题—突破—原理—意义与局限 结构）。
结构：第1段提问题（聚乙烯难回收、沦为废物）；第2段亮突破（ORNL 低温熔盐法＋产率）；第3段作对比（对比热解，突出低成本无附加物）；第4段讲原理（酸性铝位点断链、链结构决定产物）；第5段说意义与局限（升级回收、吸湿待改进、仍处实验室）。
难度提示：Q2 为拉分推理题，答案不在原句，须把"易得/便宜/稳定/易放大"四线索合成"利于产业化"；Q3 猜词靠"废→有价值"的语境反差。长难句如 "They mixed polyethylene waste with molten salts containing aluminum chloride and heated the mixture to just below 200 degrees Celsius" 含并列谓语与分词定语。

核心词汇（8–12 个，含派生词构词法）

词组 / 固定搭配

end up 最终处于（某种状态）search for 寻找under mild conditions 在温和条件下rely on 依赖act as 充当，起…作用apply for a patent 申请专利turn ... into 把…变成point to 指向，预示

阅读知识点

① 细节理解题——"跨段综合"法：高考进阶题常把答案拆在两段。Q1 的正确项 C 不在单句，而要把第二段 "below 200°C" 与第三段 "no noble-metal catalysts ... no external hydrogen" 拼合，再比对选项。凡选项出现"单段字面检索"式设问（如"第几段说了什么"）本套已规避。
② 推理判断题——"线索合成推一步"法：Q2 不能选原词，须把 "commercially available / cheap / stable / easier to scale" 四条线索归拢成"利于产业化"这一结论，属"原文证据＋一步合理推断"。

练习建议：做推理题先圈出所有相关形容词（cheap, stable, easy），再问自己"这些词共同指向什么结果"，答案往往就是那个结果。

Passage 2旁观者效应：人群中我们为何更少出手

体裁：议论文（社会心理·科学解读）　词数：约 475　难度：★★★★☆（对标 D 篇 / 外刊高难）

原文（先做后看解析；仅真超纲词就近标注，其余请语境自猜）

You are walking through a busy square when someone nearby suddenly clutches their chest and collapses. Around you, a dozen strangers freeze. Paradoxically, the more people who witness an emergency, the less likely any single one is to step forward. The instinct to help is real, yet the presence of others can silence it in ways most of us never notice. Psychologists call this the bystander（旁观者） effect, and understanding why it happens can help us respond better when it matters most.

The puzzle drew serious study after a notorious attack in New York in 1964, when, according to widely repeated contemporary accounts, neighbours failed to act as a woman was harmed. Before their work, people explained inaction as simple apathy（冷漠）; the experiments showed the crowd itself changed behaviour. In the years that followed, researchers Bibb Latané and John Darley ran controlled tests showing the effect was real and measurable, not just a story about one city.

Their first insight was diffusion of responsibility. When several people see the same problem, each one silently assumes someone else will call for help, so no one feels personally obliged to move. The responsibility that would be clear for a lone witness is spread so thin across the crowd that it dissolves. In one classic test, a person in another room appeared to suffer a seizure（癫痫发作）; lone subjects often rushed to help, while those who believed others were listening rarely did.

A second force is pluralistic ignorance. In a vague situation — a person slumped but not obviously hurt — bystanders glance at one another. If everyone else looks calm, each concludes the scene is not a real emergency, and so nobody acts. The group's quietness becomes false proof that nothing is wrong. This is why a faint cry in a packed train may be ignored while the same cry on an empty street brings instant aid.

Latané and Darley laid out the steps a helper must take: notice the event, interpret it as an emergency, decide it is one's own responsibility, know how to help, and finally step in. The bystander effect strikes at the middle steps, where the crowd's presence quietly hijacks both interpretation and responsibility. A person who has rehearsed the steps is far less likely to be paralysed by the crowd.

The good news is that the effect can be beaten. Helping rises when a group is small, when one specific person is clearly asked to act, and when people have training that tells them exactly what to do. Simply making eye contact and saying "you, call an ambulance" can cut through the fog that a crowd creates.

None of this means bystanders are cold-hearted; the failure is built into the situation, not the soul. Knowing the trap is the first move toward springing it. When we name the effect, we reclaim the choice to act.

题目（Q5–Q8）

1. What can be inferred about why a person might not help in a crowd?A. They are naturally less caring than people who help alone.B. They may assume others will act, so personal duty feels shared and weak.C. They cannot physically see what is happening.D. They are legally barred from stepping in.
2. According to the text, what is "pluralistic ignorance"?A. A person's lack of first-aid knowledge.B. Refusal to help because of personal dislike.C. Copying others' calm and wrongly concluding there is no emergency.D. A rule that requires bystanders to call the police.
3. What can be inferred about how to increase helping behaviour?A. Asking one named person to act tends to raise the chance that someone helps.B. Adding more bystanders generally improves the response.C. Telling people to ignore those around them.D. Dropping training so people rely on instinct.
4. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Most emergencies occur where no one is present to see them.B. The presence of others can lower individual helping, yet knowing why can improve our response.C. Professional rescuers are better than ordinary people at handling emergencies.D. City dwellers are less moral than people in small towns.

逐题解析

Q5 答案：B　★踮脚

正确原因：推理判断题（推一步）。第三段 "each one silently assumes someone else will call for help, so no one feels personally obliged" 推出 B：个体以为别人会出手，于是个人责任被分摊、变弱。需从"假设他人行动→责任稀释"推一步，原文无原句。

干扰项：A 与末段 "failure is built into the situation, not the soul" 矛盾（效应是情境性的，非性格冷淡）；C 文中未说看不见；D 无中生有，文中无法律禁止之说。

Q6 答案：C

正确原因：细节理解题。第四段 "bystanders glance at one another. If everyone else looks calm, each concludes the scene is not a real emergency" 即 pluralistic ignorance 的定义：模仿他人的平静、误判并非紧急，对应 C。

干扰项：A 缺乏急救知识非该术语所指；B 因个人好恶拒绝帮助，文中未提；D 强制报警的规定属无中生有。

Q7 答案：A　★踮脚

正确原因：推理判断题（推一步）。第六段 "when one specific person is clearly asked to act ... Simply making eye contact and saying 'you, call an ambulance'" 推出 A：明确指派某一个人，能破除责任扩散、提高有人出手的概率。须把"指定一人"与"提升助人"建立因果，属推一步。

干扰项：B 与第六段相反——人越多责任越分散，助人反而下降，并非"改善"；C 文中未主张"无视他人"，而主张"明确指派"；D 与 "when people have training" 相反，训练有助而非应丢弃。

Q8 答案：B

正确原因：主旨大意题。全文结构为"现象（他人在场降低助人）→ 两大机制（责任扩散、多元无知）→ 干预步骤 → 如何破解 → 升华"，B 全面概括"他人在场会削弱个体助人，但理解成因可改善应对"，首尾段均可印证，且不过度。

干扰项：A 与首段"人群中反而更少出手"无关，且"多数紧急事件无人目睹"无据；C 以偏概全（专业救援只是第六段一例，非全文主张）；D 程度范围错位且带地域偏见，文中明言效应是情境而非地域道德差异。

语篇分析

体裁：议论文（提出现象—溯源研究—两大机制—干预模型—破解策略—价值升华）。
结构：第1段现象+下定义；第2段历史缘起（1964 事件→Latané & Darley 实验）；第3段机制一（diffusion of responsibility＋经典癫痫实验）；第4段机制二（pluralistic ignorance＋对比例证）；第5段助人五步模型，点明效应卡在中间步骤；第6段破解策略（小群体/指定一人/训练）；第7段升华（情境非人性，命名即夺回选择）。
难度提示：Q5、Q7 为拉分推理题，均需"推一步"（从机制推表现/从策略推效果），不可在原文找原句；长难句如 "The responsibility that would be clear for a lone witness is spread so thin across the crowd that it dissolves" 含定语从句＋so...that 结果状语。

核心词汇（8–12 个，含派生词构词法）

词组 / 固定搭配

step forward 站出来（帮忙）call for help 呼救diffusion of responsibility 责任扩散glance at 瞥向conclude ... is not 断定…不是lay out 列出，阐明cut through 冲破，穿透build into 根植于

阅读知识点

① 主旨大意题——"首尾段定位法"：Q8 抓首段"他人在场反而更少助人"与末段"命名效应即夺回选择"，可知全文主张"现象可解释、亦可破解"，B 为最佳概括；含地域偏见或绝对化结论的 C、D 优先排除（但须回原文Confirm，非仅凭语感）。
② 推理题——"机制→表现"反推：拉分题 Q5/Q7 皆要求把文中机制（责任扩散／指定一人）转化为表现或对策，答案必是"证据＋一步推断"，凡能在原文抄到原句的选项多是干扰项。

练习建议：遇到社会心理类议论文，先划出"机制名词"（diffusion / pluralistic ignorance），主旨与推理题几乎都围绕它们展开。

七选五重启被搁置的爱好

体裁：说明/指导文（自我成长）　词数：约 320　难度：★★★☆（中难·考逻辑衔接/指代/段旨）

原文（从选项 A–G 中选 5 项填入 36–40；先做后看解析）

Many of us carry a hobby we once loved and then quietly abandoned（放弃的） — a guitar, a sketchbook, a morning run. Work piled up, and the thing that used to refresh us slipped to the bottom of the list. We tell ourselves we no longer have time, yet the loss sits in the background, a small dull ache we have learned to ignore. ____(36)____ A gap of a few years does not erase the skill or the joy; it only pauses them.

The good news is that you do not have to return at your old level. Progress in a neglected interest is not linear, and expecting instant mastery only feeds the urge to quit again. Small, regular contact beats occasional heroics. ____(37)____ If you once played concert pieces, today a single scale is enough. The aim is to reopen the door, not to impress anyone.

Next, rebuild a tiny routine（日常） instead of waiting for a free weekend that never comes. Habits stick when they ride on habits you already keep, so tie the old pursuit to a moment you will not skip. ____(38)____ Ten minutes beside the kettle is easier to keep than a grand Saturday plan that collapses under real life.

Then let go of the "should". Comparison with your former self, or with strangers on the internet, is the fastest way to drain the fun out of it. ____(39)____ No one is grading the result, and the point is the doing, not a perfect product to post online.

Finally, pay attention to how the practice changes your week. The mind relaxes when it works with the hands or moves the body for no audience and no reward. ____(40)____ That steadier mood is the real dividend, quieter than any achievement.

A lost hobby is not a failure; it is a thread you can pick up again whenever you like. Every return is a fresh start, lighter than the first because the pressure is gone.

选项（A–G，选 5 项）

A. Start with the smallest possible version of the activity.
B. Treat the time as play, not as a task with a deadline.
C. The first step is to stop blaming yourself for the gap.
D. Some people would rather learn a new skill than return to an old one.
E. Link it to a habit you already keep each morning, like your coffee.
F. You may find it gives your week a different rhythm and a steadier mood.
G. Most experts believe natural talent matters far more than daily practice.

题目（36–40）

1. 36. ________
2. 37. ________
3. 38. ________
4. 39. ________
5. 40. ________

逐题解析

36 答案：C

正确依据：空格前说"我们告诉自己没时间，损失潜伏背景"，空格后说"几年的空白不会抹去技能与快乐，只是暂停"。C "第一步是停止为这段空白责怪自己" 承上（停止自责）启下（空白只是暂停），逻辑衔接紧密。

干扰项：D 主张"学新技能而非回归旧爱好"，与全文"重启旧爱好"主旨相悖；G "天赋比练习重要"为虚假论断且与语境无关。

37 答案：A

正确依据：空格前"不必回到旧水平／小步接触胜过大干一场"，空格后举例"曾弹协奏曲，今天一个音阶足矣"。A "从最小版本开始" 完美衔接"降低门槛"的建议与后文举例。

干扰项：D 转向"学新技能"偏离；G 天赋论无支撑且与"小步接触"矛盾。

38 答案：E

正确依据：空格前"把习惯绑在已有习惯上，系于不会跳过的时刻"，空格后"水壶旁十分钟比宏大的周六计划更易坚持"。E "把它连到你每天早晨已有的习惯，比如咖啡" 正是对"绑定已有习惯"的具体化，与后文"kettle（水壶）"呼应。

干扰项：D/G 同上，偏离"建立微习惯"主线。

39 答案：B

正确依据：空格前"放下'应该'／与过去或网友比较最扫兴"，空格后"无人打分，重在过程而非发网上的完美成品"。B "把时间当玩耍，而非带截止日的任务" 承接"去应该化"、引出"不为成品"，指代与语义连贯。

干扰项：D 学新技能、G 天赋论均无法衔接"去比较／去任务化"段落。

40 答案：F

正确依据：空格前"留意练习如何改变一周／动手或动身无观众无回报地放松"，空格后"那份更稳的情绪才是真红利"。F "你会发现它给一周不同节奏与更稳情绪" 直接预言后文"steadier mood（更稳情绪）"，词汇复现锁定。

干扰项：D/G 与"情绪红利"收尾无关，且 G 为错误观点。

语篇分析

体裁：说明/指导文（问题—对策—收益 结构）。
结构骨架：第1段提现象（爱好被弃＋心理空白）；第2–5段逐条对策（停止自责→最小起步→绑定习惯→去任务化）；第6段点收益（情绪红利）＋收束（随时可拾起）。五空分别落在"承上启下句"，考逻辑衔接、指代（kettle/steadier mood）与段落主旨。
难度提示：正确项多在段首/段尾起衔接作用；干扰项 D（学新技能）与 G（天赋论）属"主题外＋错误观点"，靠抓全文主旨"重启旧爱好"即可排除。

核心词汇（8–12 个，含派生词构词法）

词组 / 固定搭配

slip to the bottom 滑到末尾pile up 堆积return at one's old level 回到原有水平tie ... to 把…系于let go of 放下，释怀pay attention to 留意pick up 捡起，重新开始

阅读知识点

① 七选五——"段首/段尾衔接句"法：本题五空多在段首或段尾，正确项必同时呼应上一句与下一句。如 38 空，E 的 "habit you already keep" 接前文 "habits you already keep"，"like your coffee" 又预指后文 "kettle（水壶）"，前后双锁。
② 七选五——"主旨排谬"法：干扰项 D（学新技能）、G（天赋论）与全文"重启旧爱好"主旨冲突，且 G 为明显错误观点；只要先抓准文章主线，这类选项可快速排除，不必逐词比对。

练习建议：做七选五先通读抓"主线句"（本文每段首句即对策），再把选项按"是否承接上句＋是否预指下句"双向验证。