Passage 1会“吃”二氧化碳的混凝土：更强，还能吸碳

体裁：说明文（时事·科技环保·材料）　词数：381　难度：★★★☆（对标 C 篇中难偏上）

原文（先做后看解析；仅真超纲词就近标注，其余请语境自猜）

Concrete is the most widely used building material on Earth, and the cement that binds it together is responsible for roughly eight per cent of global carbon dioxide emissions. Engineers have spent decades trying to make that figure smaller. A team in India approached the problem from a different angle: rather than only cutting the emissions that concrete causes, they asked whether the finished material could take some carbon dioxide back in.

The mixture they developed replaces half of the fine aggregate — the sand and crushed stone that give concrete its bulk — with zeolite（沸石）, a mineral whose structure is porous enough to trap gas molecules, and swaps one per cent of the cement for biochar（生物炭）, a carbon-rich powder made by heating plant waste with very little oxygen. The two additives work in different ways. Zeolite draws carbon dioxide in from the air and holds it as a solid mineral inside the block; biochar stiffens the paste between particles, producing a denser internal structure.

The laboratory numbers were encouraging. The best-performing mix, labelled ZB5, reached a compressive strength of 38.49 megapascals（兆帕） — about 7.48 per cent higher than the ordinary concrete used as a control — and its resistance to being pulled apart rose by fifteen per cent. Carbon uptake was measured in a sealed carbonation chamber, where the blocks took in about 1.2 grams of carbon dioxide each day. Over a week the gas travelled 15 millimetres into the material.

Questions remain, and the team is straightforward about them. Everything so far has happened in a laboratory, on small samples under controlled conditions; nobody yet knows how the blocks will behave after twenty winters, or under the weight of a real structure. Zeolite must be mined and carried to the site, which brings emissions of its own. And carbonation, the very reaction that locks carbon away, slowly lowers the protection that concrete normally gives to steel bars — a serious matter for the reinforced structures that make up most of the built environment.

Even with those reservations, the study points somewhere useful. It treats a building material not only as a source of carbon dioxide but as a possible place to put it. If the approach can be scaled beyond the laboratory, buildings might one day hold a small share of the carbon that their own production released.

题目（Q1–Q4）

1. What does the passage indicate about the two additives used in the mix?A. Both were chosen mainly to bring down the cost of construction.B. Biochar does the carbon capturing, while zeolite adds strength to the blocks.C. Zeolite captures carbon dioxide, while biochar helps the blocks hold together better.D. Both have to be imported, which limits the mixture to wealthy countries.
2. The figure of fifteen millimetres after seven days is given mainly to show that ______.A. the carbon dioxide was not merely resting on the surface but moving into the material.B. the blocks took in gas far more quickly than the researchers had expected.C. the strength of the blocks depends on how deep the reaction travels.D. the mixture would have to be redesigned before use in damp conditions.
3. The word “porous” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______.A. able to be cut and shaped without breaking.B. likely to contain a high proportion of metal.C. strong enough to carry heavy loads for years.D. full of tiny holes through which air can pass.
4. What is the passage mainly about?A. Why cement production has become the fastest-growing source of emissions worldwide.B. How engineers in India managed to bring down the cost of concrete by a wide margin.C. How a building material that takes in carbon dioxide was developed, and what remains to be proved.D. Whether bamboo biochar can replace cement in large public building projects.

逐题解析

Q1 答案：C

原文依据：第二段 “The two additives work in different ways. Zeolite draws carbon dioxide in from the air and holds it as a solid mineral inside the block; biochar stiffens the paste between particles, producing a denser internal structure.” 一句把两种外加剂的分工写成了对照结构，C 项正是这条“并列—对照”关系的同义复现（stiffens the paste → helps the blocks hold together better）。

干扰项：A（无中生有——全文未提成本，第三段比较的是强度与吸碳量）；B（张冠李戴——把两种外加剂的功能对调，吸碳的是 zeolite）；D（无中生有——原文只提“沸石需开采运输、自带排放”，从未涉及进口或国别限制）。

Q2 答案：A ★踮脚

原文依据：第三段末句 “Over a week the gas travelled 15 millimetres into the material.” 数据紧跟在“碳化箱中每天吸收约 1.2 克二氧化碳”之后。15 毫米是“渗入深度”，说明反应不只在表层发生，而是一层层向内推进——这正是把一个数字读成“证据”的一步推断，故 A。★踮脚点在于：选项不说“渗入”而改说“not merely resting on the surface”，需要学生自己完成“深度＝不是表面附着”的转换。

干扰项：B（无中生有——原文没有任何“超出预期”的表述，研究者强调的是 proof of concept）；C（张冠李戴——第三段把强度提升归因于铝硅酸盐骨架与生物炭硬度形成的致密基体，与碳化深度无关）；D（无中生有——原文的保留意见是长期耐久性与实际工况，未提潮湿环境下的配方缺陷）。

Q3 答案：D

原文依据：第二段目标词所在句 “a mineral whose structure is porous enough to trap gas molecules”，其后紧跟的举例 “Zeolite draws carbon dioxide in from the air and holds it as a solid mineral inside the block” 提供了语境线索：结构能“困住气体分子”，必然是内部有大量微小空隙，故 D。构词上 pore（孔）+ -ous（多……的）也指向“多孔的”。

干扰项：A（偷换概念——把“内部有空隙”换成“容易切割成型”，用加工性能替换结构特征）；B（无中生有——沸石是铝硅酸盐矿物，原文未提金属成分）；C（张冠李戴——抗压承载是第三段 ZB5 配方的整体性能，不是 porous 一词的含义）。

Q4 答案：C

原文依据：全文结构为“问题（水泥排放）—方案（沸石＋生物炭配方）—证据（强度 38.49 MPa、吸碳 1.2 克/日）—局限（实验室尺度、沸石运输、碳化削弱钢筋保护）—意义（建材可成为储碳场所）”。C 项同时覆盖“开发过程”与“尚待证明”，是唯一能罩住全部五段的概括。

干扰项：A（以偏概全——只是第一段的问题背景，全文重心并非排放趋势）；B（无中生有——成本从未进入讨论，“降成本”与文中“更强的混凝土”方向也相反）；D（程度错位——原文只提生物炭替代 1% 的水泥，D 项放大成“替代水泥”，且主旨不只落在生物炭上）。

语篇分析

体裁：说明文（科技环保·时事，改写自 2026-09-21 ScienceDaily 报道）
结构骨架：问题（水泥占全球碳排放约 8%）→ 方案（zeolite 替代细骨料 50%＋bamboo biochar 替代水泥 1%）→ 证据（抗压 38.49 MPa／+7.48%，7 天碳化渗入 15 mm，日吸碳 1.2 g）→ 局限（仅实验室 proof of concept、沸石开采运输自带排放、碳化降低钢筋保护）→ 意义（建材从排放源变成储碳场所）
难度提示：数据密度高（5 组数字），但数字都为“证据链”服务；拉分点在第三段末的数据归属（15 mm 属碳化深度而非吸水）与第四段的让步转折（Questions remain / Even with those reservations）。长难句集中在第四段，含 now...that... 与 which 非限定从句叠加。

阅读提示：先给全文划出“哪一段在证明哪一句话”，再去做 Q2、Q4；主旨题必须在“证据段＋局限段”取交集，只看开头会掉进 A 项。

核心词汇（10 个，含派生词构词法）

词组 / 固定搭配

be responsible for 是……的原因；对……负责take ... back in 重新吸收（碳）take a different angle 换一个角度切入be straightforward about 对……直言不讳a source of ……的来源be scaled beyond the laboratory 从实验室走向规模化

阅读知识点

① 说明文里的“数字三连”要读成证据，不是装饰：本篇 38.49 MPa 证“性能更强”、1.2 g/日 证“确实在吸碳”、7 天 15 mm 证“反应深入材料内部”。做推理题时，先判断这个数字服务于哪一句结论，再判断选项是否与“这句结论”等价——Q2 就是这样把“深度”等价成“不是表面附着”的。
② 用“边界词”判断作者有没有过度承诺：Questions remain / the team is straightforward about them / a proof of concept / Even with those reservations —— 这一类短语共同划定作者的立场边界，主旨与写作目的题要在“证据段＋局限段”的交集处作答，只读前两段就会被 B、D 这类“把前景说满”的选项带走。

练习建议：做 Q3 先圈出 “porous enough to trap gas molecules”，不要先查词典；目标词已加粗，请靠上下文推义。

Passage 2幽灵堵车：没有事故，路为什么还是堵了

体裁：说明文（交通流物理·外刊科普）　词数：473　难度：★★★★（对标最难 D 篇 / 外刊）

原文（先做后看解析；仅真超纲词就近标注，其余请语境自猜）

You are on a motorway when the traffic ahead slows, tightens and then stops. You sit still for a minute, creep forward, stop again. Ten minutes later the road is clear. There was no crash, no roadworks, no traffic light — nothing you could point at. Drivers have a name for this: the phantom jam. For a long time they blamed the driver in front, or the one in front of that. Traffic engineers take a different view. A jam of this kind is not really an object at all; it is a wave.

The mechanism is easy to describe and hard to avoid. Each driver needs about a second to notice that the car ahead has braked and to press the pedal. By then the gap has already shrunk, so the response is slightly stronger than the event that caused it, and the next driver's response is stronger still. Below a certain density, traffic absorbs these small errors and nothing happens. Once more cars crowd onto the same stretch of road, though, the errors begin to reinforce one another, and a disturbance that should have faded grows into a band of braking that no one intended.

The clearest demonstration came from an unusual experiment. In 2008 a group of physicists in Japan put twenty-two drivers on a circular track and asked them to drive at a steady speed with an even gap, as though they were following a slow lorry. No one was told to stop. Within minutes, without any obstacle（障碍物） and without anyone braking on purpose, a stop-and-go wave appeared in the ring and began to travel backwards through the line of cars, moving past driver after driver at walking pace. The track removed the usual suspects. Mathematicians now call these travelling pulses jamitons（拥堵波）, and the same wave-like behaviour has since been filmed on real motorways.

Because the cause is a wave rather than a blockage, clearing it is not simply a matter of removing an obstruction. Everything that pushes traffic past the unstable density helps: limits that drop before a queue forms, ramp signals that release vehicles in small groups, longer following distances. Cars that keep a steady gap on their own are promising for the same reason. In one widely reported trial, about twenty vehicles circulated on a test track in Arizona with a single computer-controlled car among them, and the waves that formed behind the group shrank instead of growing.

This way of seeing congestion changes what counts as a solution, and it also changes who is to blame. If waves are produced by the system as a whole, then the driver at the front of the queue is usually as much a victim as the drivers behind. It also means that small changes, applied to enough cars, can matter far more than any single improvement in one driver's skill.

题目（Q5–Q8）

1. Why was a circular track a useful place to study jams?A. It allowed the drivers to reach much higher speeds than a public road permits.B. With no junction or blockage present, any jam that formed had to come from the drivers themselves.C. It gave researchers a way to compare drivers from several countries under equal conditions.D. It made it possible to keep every car at an identical speed for several hours.
2. Why does the passage mention that the waves travel backwards?A. To explain why drivers rarely see the cause of a jam ahead of them.B. To show that average motorway speeds have fallen over recent decades.C. To suggest that jamitons belong to the laboratory rather than the road.D. To explain why a jam can pass a driver long before it reaches the spot that started it.
3. What does the Arizona trial suggest about computer-controlled cars?A. A small number of them may be enough to calm the waves that human drivers set off.B. They will take over motorway driving from human beings within a few years.C. They remove the need for the speed limits and ramp signals now in use.D. They produce sharper waves because their reactions are quicker than ours.
4. What is the author's main purpose in writing this text?A. To argue that widening motorways is a waste of public money.B. To explain a puzzling everyday experience through the science of traffic flow.C. To persuade readers to keep a larger distance from the car in front.D. To compare the driving habits of Japan, the United States and Europe.

逐题解析

Q5 答案：B

原文依据：跨段综合。第一段先否定常规解释——“There was no crash, no roadworks, no traffic light — nothing you could point at”；第三段紧接 “No one was told to stop. Within minutes, without any obstacle and without anyone braking on purpose, a stop-and-go wave appeared”。环形跑道之所以有用，正因为它把“外部原因”全部排除，剩下的只能来自驾驶行为本身，故 B。注意题干问的是“为什么有用”，答案在“控制变量”这一层，而非跑道本身的物理形状。

干扰项：A（无中生有——实验要求稳速慢行，与跑得更快相反）；C（无中生有——原文只有 2008 年日本一组实验，未涉及多国对比）；D（程度错位——原文强调“稳态速、等间距”是实验设定，而实验恰恰说明这种设定几分钟内就崩解了）。

Q6 答案：D ★踮脚

原文依据：第三段 “began to travel backwards through the line of cars, moving past driver after driver at walking pace” ＋ 第一段 “Ten minutes later the road is clear. There was no crash...”。波向后传，意味着塞车会先经过你、后到达它真正的“起点”，所以当事人往往先被堵住、再看到畅通的路面，找不到可见元凶，故 D。★踮脚点在于“方向”与“体验”的因果联结：学生需自己把“波向后退”翻译成“堵在前、因在后”。

干扰项：A（张冠李戴——文中说的是驾驶者看不到“可指认的原因”，并非原因总在更前方，方向恰好相反）；B（无中生有——全文未涉及车速的长期变化）；C（以偏概全——环形跑道只是“最清楚的演示”，原文明确说同类波动已在真实高速公路上拍到）。

Q7 答案：A ★踮脚

原文依据：第四段 “about twenty vehicles circulated on a test track in Arizona with a single computer-controlled car among them, and the waves that formed behind the group shrank instead of growing”，其前一句给出理论前提 “Cars that keep a steady gap on their own are promising for the same reason.” 一辆车、二十辆车的规模，波动不增反减，说明少数受控车辆即可衰减波动，故 A。★踮脚点在于“单一辆”与“整队受益”的比例推断。

干扰项：B（过度推断——原文只描述一次试验中的抑波效果，未给任何普及时间表）；C（程度范围错位——原文把限速与匝道信号列为“同样有效的手段”，与新车型并存，而不是被取代）；D（张冠李戴——把“反应快”当作产生更剧波动的理由，与第二段“响应比诱因更强才放大波动”的机制相反）。

Q8 答案：B ★踮脚

原文依据：全文由“日常经验”起笔（第一段堵车场景），再给机制（第二段反应延迟）、实验证据（第三段环形跑道）、应对手段（第四段限速与受控车辆）、认知含义（第五段无人该被单独归咎）。“用一个日常困惑切入、以交通流科学给出解释”是全文的写作主线，故 B。★踮脚点在于：B 与 C 都“看起来像”，必须回到全文重心——作者要解释现象，而不是给驾驶建议。

干扰项：A（无中生有——全文未涉及道路扩建的花费问题）；C（以偏概全——保持车距只是第四段提到的诸多手段之一，且全文并未以劝说驾驶者为目的）；D（无中生有——日本与美国只出现为实验地点，中心不是国际驾驶习惯比较）。

语篇分析

体裁：说明文（外刊科普·交通流物理）
结构骨架：现象（无事故也堵车）→ 机制（反应延迟 × 密度越界 → 扰动被放大成波动）→ 证据（2008 年日本 22 车环形跑道实验；jamiton 命名；真实高速公路拍摄印证）→ 应对（限速下压、匝道分组放行、车距控制、受控车辆抑波）→ 含义（拥堵是系统涌现，不该归罪于某一个驾驶人）
难度提示：高难。术语密度较高（phantom / density / disturbance / jamiton / obstruction），机制句含多级因果（By then... so... and...；Once... though...），第二段与第四段各有一次“临界点”条件句，是 Q5、Q7 的证据来源。第五段为观点收束段，句式短、判断强，易被误当作“说服意图”的证据（见 Q8 干扰项 C）。

阅读提示：读这类科普先给每段贴一个功能标签（现象/机制/实验/对策/含义）；做 Q7 时把“一辆受控车 ＋ 波动衰减”圈出来，比例关系即答案。

核心词汇（12 个，含派生词构词法）

词组 / 固定搭配

creep forward 缓慢向前挪动press the pedal 踩踏板reinforce one another 相互强化travel backwards through 反向穿过at walking pace 以步行的速度be simply a matter of 仅仅是……的问题as much a victim as 与……一样是受害者

阅读知识点

① 科普文的“功能标签法”：外刊说明文几乎都按“现象—机制—实验—对策—含义”铺开。落笔前先给五段各贴一个标签，主旨题与目的题就有了骨架（Q8 排除 C 的关键，就是认出第四段属于“对策”、而非全文目的）。
② 条件句是推理题的证据仓库：“Below a certain density...”“Once more cars crowd onto... though...” 这类句子标出系统的“临界点”，答案常藏在“低于/越过某个门槛”的对比里（Q5 靠排除外部变量、Q7 靠“一辆受控车 vs 整队波动”的比例）。读到一个 only if / below / once 结构，就应在旁边写“临界条件”。

练习建议：Q6 先把 “travel backwards” 用箭头画出方向，再对照第一段“十分钟后路就通了”，方向感一建立，答案自然浮现。

七选五City walk：用脚步重新发现城市

体裁：说明＋建议（生活方式）　词数：342　难度：★★★☆（5 空·逻辑衔接 / 指代 / 段落主旨）

原文（先通读、再选句填入 ____36____–____40____）

A city walk is easy to describe and hard to explain. You pick a starting point, set off with no destination, and let the streets choose the route. There is no ticket and no checklist, and nobody is counting the distance. In a city organised around getting somewhere, this looks like doing nothing at all. ____36____

Speed is the first thing that changes. From a car or a train the city arrives as a blur of shopfronts and traffic lights; on foot it arrives in pieces small enough to hold. A street reads differently when you can study the signs, hear the vendors（小贩） and smell the food. The pace also changes what you are willing to do: you stop at a doorway you would otherwise pass, and you turn down the street that looks interesting without first checking where it leads. ____37____

Then there is the question of what counts as worth seeing. A guidebook sends everyone to the same few monuments（遗迹）, and you arrive with the photograph already in mind. A walker carries no such list. A weathered tile, a wall of old shop signs, a courtyard where neighbours grow vegetables — none of them would appear on a map, and all of them say something about how the place works. ____38____

None of this needs equipment, which is part of the appeal: comfortable shoes and an hour of free time are enough. The one rule worth keeping is to resist the urge to optimise. The moment you start hunting for the perfect route, checking a map every few minutes or worrying about what you have missed, the walk turns back into a task. ____39____

The habit also changes as it settles. Early walks are about novelty — the street you have never turned down. Later ones are about recognition: how a district shifts with the seasons, which shop has a new owner, where the afternoon light lands in October. ____40____

That may be why the habit has lasted. A city walk adds nothing to a city; it removes the speed that usually keeps us from seeing one.

题目（七选五·从 A–G 中选 5 项填入，两项多余）

A. What matters is not the destination but the amount of attention you pay on the way.

B. Ordinary things become worth looking at once nobody has told you which sights matter.

C. Walking long distances is also one of the simplest ways to keep fit.

D. Slowing down is what makes that kind of noticing possible.

E. Treated this way, a familiar city stops being a background and becomes a place you know.

F. Professional guides are trained to explain the most important buildings in a city.

G. Leaving the route open is part of the exercise, not a failure of planning.

逐题解析

36 答案：A

空在首段末尾，前一句刚把“城市以到达为目标”与“散步什么都不做”对上，A 项用 destination 与 getting somewhere 形成反义呼应，同时抛出全篇关键词 attention，为下一段“速度改变了什么”搭桥。段落主旨句的位置在段尾，任务＝收住本段＋领起下段。

干扰项：C（主题漂移——全文围绕“注意力与发现”，健身从未出现）；F（张冠李戴——guides 属于第三段的“导览书”话题，且与本段“清单/ticket”的语义链不相接）。

37 答案：D

本段首句直接给出话题词 Speed is the first thing that changes，段中列举“招牌看得清、声音听得到、气味闻得着”，D 项的 Slowing down 是对首句 Speed 的反向承接，that kind of noticing 回指段中那些“看得见听得见”的细节，指代关系闭合。

干扰项：C（无中生有——与本段“慢下来才能注意”的因果链无关）；F（换话题——本段写步行者的感受，F 却转到专业导游的培训）。

38 答案：B

本段对比“导览书的清单”和“步行者没有清单”，随后举出瓦片、旧招牌、种菜的院子等普通事物，B 项先复现 nobody has told you which sights matter（对应 guidebook / no such list），再总结“普通事物由此变得值得看”，是段尾归纳句。

干扰项：C（无关项）；F（张冠李戴——虽是同一话题域，但讲的是导游的培训方式，没有回答“什么才算值得看”这一本段问题）。

39 答案：G

本段的核心建议是 resist the urge to optimise，并列出“找最优路线、频繁查图、担心错过”三种反例，G 项用 Leaving the route open 与 planning 直接对上这些反例，把“不规划”重新定义为“练习的一部分而非失误”，与段首 the one rule 的建议语气一致。

干扰项：C（超出话题）；F（与前文“不需要装备、只要鞋和时间”的语境无关）。

40 答案：E

本段以“早期散步＝novelty，后来＝recognition”作时间对比，E 项 Treated this way 承接“以这种方式走”，a familiar city stops being a background and becomes a place you know 正是 recognition 的同义展开；其后紧接的收束段“它减掉的是速度”也与之顺接。

干扰项：C（与“认识城市”的主题不合）；F（本段写步行者与城市的关系，与导游职业无关）。

语篇分析 / 解题知识点

体裁：说明＋建议类（生活方式随笔）
结构骨架：定义（什么是 city walk）→ 机制（速度改变感知）→ 视角（什么值得看）→ 做法（不设最优路线）→ 变化（从新鲜到熟悉）→ 收束（减掉的是速度）
难度提示：七选五考的是“衔接信号”而非字面匹配。本篇三处信号：① 代词回指（that kind of noticing）；② 词汇复现（destination / guidebook→sights / planning）；③ 时间与逻辑推进（Early...Later...）。

解题顺序建议：先读七个选项，圈出各自的“抓手词”（destination、slowing down、ordinary things、route、familiar city），再带着抓手词回空位找复现，最后用“两项多余”的办法排除 C、F。

核心词汇（10 个，含派生词构词法）

词组 / 固定搭配

set off 出发on foot 步行count as 算作resist the urge to 忍住……的冲动turn back into 又变回keep ... from doing 使……无法做

阅读知识点（七选五）

① 三种衔接信号优先于“意思差不多”：七选五错项的典型特征是“意思仿佛对、指代接不上”。本篇 38 空若只看“遗迹”二字，F 项也像；但 F 的主语是 guides，而本段主语始终是 walker，指代链一断即排除。
② 段尾空＝双任务：既要收住本段，也要为下一段留钩子。36 空若只写“散步不设目的地”，下一段“速度是第一件改变的事”就会显得突兀；A 项的 attention 正是那个钩子。

练习建议：先把 C、F 两项划掉并各写一句“它为什么不属于这篇”，再做剩下的五空，正确率会明显提高。