考研英语真题拆解:正确答案和原文到底差在哪

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考研英语真题拆解:正确答案和原文到底差在哪

跟着老夏·英语不怕

文 老夏 考研大纲主编

"老夏,我明明在原文里找到那句话了,可选项里怎么没有一个长得像的?"

有个学生说,24年真题第31题他定位到了"Rutkowski is a Polish digital artist...",可四个选项里没有一个说"Polish"或者"digital artist"。纠结了半天,最后选了个带"classical painting"的,错了。

这就是问题所在。考研英语阅读的细节题,正确答案从来不是原文的"复制粘贴",而是原文的"同义改写"。命题人手里有5把"改写的刀",把原文的意思切成不同的形状,塞进选项里。不认识这5把刀,就永远在做"连连看"。

今天老夏把这5把刀一把一把亮出来——同义替换的5种手法:近义、反义、上下义、概括、具体。用2024年英语一Text 3(AI生成艺术与艺术家Rutkowski)来拆解,每一道细节题,都说明命题人用了哪把刀。

考研英语真题拆解:正确答案和原文到底差在哪-第1张图片-四季读书网

一、先看一道题,感受一下"改写"的威力

先读第一段和第二段,老夏配上翻译:

原文(第一段):Rutkowski is a Polish digital artist who uses classical painting styles to create dreamy fantasy landscapes. He has made illustrations for games... And he's become a sudden hit in the new world of text-to-image AI generation.

翻译:Rutkowski是一位波兰数字艺术家,使用古典绘画风格创作梦幻般的幻想风景。他为游戏制作过插图……他在文本到图像AI生成的新领域突然走红。

原文(第二段):His distinctive style is now one of the most commonly used prompts in the new open-source AI art generator Stable Diffusion...

翻译:他独特的风格现在是新的开源AI艺术生成器Stable Diffusion中最常用的提示词之一……

第31题:What can be learned about Rutkowski from the first two paragraphs?

A. He is enthusiastic about using AI models.

B. He is popular with users of an AI art generator.

C. He attracts admiration from other illustrators.

D. He specializes in classical painting digitalization.

定位到第一段"become a sudden hit"和第二段"most commonly used prompts"。原文说他在AI艺术生成领域"突然走红",他的风格是"最常用的提示词"。选项B说"He is popular with users"——"popular"和"hit""most commonly used"是近义复现。这就是第一把刀:近义替换

正确答案是B。如果非要在选项里找"Polish""digital artist""classical painting",就被A和D骗了——那些是原文词,但不是这道题的答案。

考研英语真题拆解:正确答案和原文到底差在哪-第2张图片-四季读书网

二、5种同义替换手法,逐题拆解

手法1:近义替换(最常用)

定义:用意思相近但不完全相同的词替换原文。

真题演示:第31题(已讲)

再举一例:第34题

原文(第六段):One suggestion is that AI models could be trained on images in the public domain, and AI companies could forge partnerships with museums and artists.

翻译:一个建议是,AI模型可以用公共领域的图像来训练,AI公司可以与博物馆和艺术家建立合作关系。

第34题:According to Ortiz, AI companies are advised to ______.

A. campaign for new policies or regulation

B. offer their services to public institutions

C. strengthen their relationship with AI users

D. adopt a different strategy for AI model training

原文"trained on images in the public domain"是一种不同于"从网上随意抓取"的训练策略。选项D说"adopt a different strategy"——"different strategy"和"trained on public domain images"是近义替换(用上位的"strategy"替换具体的"training method")。答案是D。

手法2:反义替换(正话反说)

定义:用反义词或否定结构来表达相同的意思。常见于转折处或双重否定。

真题演示:第32题

原文(第三段):But these open-source programs are built by scraping images from the Internet, often without permission and proper attribution to artists.

翻译:但这些开源程序是通过从互联网上抓取图像构建的,通常未经许可,也没有给艺术家适当的署名。

第32题:The problem with open-source AI art generators is that they ______.

A. lack flexibility in responding to prompts

B. produce artworks in unpredictable styles

C. make unauthorized use of online images

D. collect user information without consent

原文"without permission" = 未经许可。选项C"make unauthorized use" = 进行未经授权的使用。"unauthorized"和"without permission"是反义替换(用否定前缀un-)。答案是C。

注意:有时候原文是肯定,选项是否定,或者反过来。比如原文说"not uncommon",选项说"common"。要能转过这个弯来。

手法3:上下义替换(抽象↔具体)

定义:上义词(大概念)和下义词(小概念)之间的替换。比如"fruit"是上义词,"apple"是下义词。

真题演示:第33题

原文(第四段):The online search brought back work that had his name attached to it but wasn't his.

翻译:在线搜索返回的作品上附有他的名字,但不是他的。

第33题:After searching online, Rutkowski found ______.

A. a unique way to reach audiences

B. a new method to identify AI images

C. AI-generated work bearing his name

D. heated disputes regarding his copyright

原文"work that had his name attached to it"是具体描述。选项C"AI-generated work bearing his name"中,"bearing his name"是对"had his name attached"的上义概括(用"bearing"替换"had...attached"),同时"work"被明确为"AI-generated"。这是上下义替换。答案是C。

反向例子:如果原文说"fruit",选项说"apple",那就是下义替换(具体化)。

手法4:概括替换(用总结词替代具体描述)

定义:把原文中一连串具体动作、状态或现象,用一个概括性词语总结。

真题演示:第35题(主旨题,但也是概括替换的典型)

原文(第四段到第六段):Rutkowski initially thought it might be a good way to reach new audiences... Then he found work that wasn't his... "That's concerning." ... There is a coalition growing within artist industries to figure out how to tackle or mitigate this.

翻译:Rutkowski起初认为这可能是接触新观众的好方法……然后他发现不是他的作品……"这很令人担忧。"……艺术家行业内正在形成一个联盟,想办法应对或缓解这个问题。

第35题:What is the text mainly about?

A. Artists' responses to AI art generation

B. AI's expanded role in artistic creation

C. Privacy issues in the application of AI

D. Opposing views on AI development

文中描述了Rutkowski从惊喜到担忧再到艺术家联盟采取行动——这一系列行为可以概括为"Artists' responses"(艺术家的回应)。A选项就是用概括替换将具体行为总结为一个抽象名词"responses"。答案是A。

手法5:具体替换(用实例替代抽象概念)

定义:把原文中抽象的说法,用一个具体的例子或表现来替换。这种手法在例证题和推断题中常见。

真题演示:第33题的另一个角度

原文"work that had his name attached to it but wasn't his"是一个抽象描述(指代不明来源的AI作品)。选项C"AI-generated work bearing his name"把"work"具体化为"AI-generated work"——这就是具体替换。

再举一个例子:如果原文说"many people liked his art",选项说"his style became one of the most commonly used prompts"——那就是把抽象的"liked"具体化为"commonly used prompts"。命题人常用具体数据或事例来替换抽象观点。

考研英语真题拆解:正确答案和原文到底差在哪-第3张图片-四季读书网

三、老夏点睛:命题人怎么用这5把刀"切"你?

这5种手法,命题人往往不是单独用,而是组合用。比如第34题的正确答案D"adopt a different strategy":

• 它是近义替换(different strategy ≈ train on public domain images)

• 同时又是概括替换(把具体训练方法概括为strategy)

更狠的是,命题人会把干扰项也做成同义替换的样子,但替换错了对象或方向。比如第31题的A选项"enthusiastic about using AI models"——原文说他是"hit"(走红),但"hit"是被动的,不代表他自己"热衷"。这是替换错了主体。

对策:做细节题,先定位原文,然后问自己:正确答案和原文之间用了哪种替换?是近义、反义、上下义、概括还是具体?如果找不到任何一种替换关系,那这个选项八成是错的。

考研英语真题拆解:正确答案和原文到底差在哪-第4张图片-四季读书网

四、你们自己练一道

今天讲的5种同义替换手法——近义、反义、上下义、概括、具体——是考研英语阅读的"解码器"。掌握了这些手法,细节题就不再是"猜谜",而是"翻译"——把选项翻译回原文的意思。

方法讲完了,该你们动手了。看下面这道题,老夏改写了一段话,判断它用了哪种替换手法。

原文:The artist was initially surprised by the popularity of his work online, but he quickly grew concerned about the lack of credit.

翻译:这位艺术家起初对自己的作品在网上走红感到惊讶,但很快他就对缺乏署名感到担忧。

题目:以下哪个选项是对原文的同义替换?

A. The artist was first amazed and then worried about not being recognized.

B. The artist was always happy about the attention he received.

C. The artist didn't care about the online popularity.

D. The artist's work was ignored by the public.

正确选项是哪个?它用了哪种(或哪几种)替换手法?评论区告诉老夏。

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