Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
Text 4
Pristine, undeveloped coastline has grown rare worldwide, but conservation ecologist Grégoire Touron-Gardic believes stretches of West Africa's shoreline still qualify. Countries such as Senegal and Liberia retain the kind of untouched beaches that once defined surf destinations elsewhere before tourism and development moved in. Touron-Gardic sees an opportunity to keep it that way by pairing surfers with conservationists—an approach he calls a new angle on marine protection.
The idea took shape after Touron-Gardic encountered the concept of wave reserves, protected zones for surfing that echo the marine protected areas he had studied in northwest Africa. Waves themselves perform real ecological work, enriching beaches with sediment, exchanging gases between ocean and atmosphere, and sheltering marine species; the surf breaks that shape rideable waves—often reefs or sandbars—can in turn be damaged by pollution, coastal development, or changes in how rivers feed into the sea.
Building on earlier work showing that surf spots often sit near areas already valued for biodiversity, Touron-Gardic and colleagues mapped 146 surf breaks across West Africa and North Africa's Atlantic Maghreb. Nearly two-thirds turned out to lie in or near a recognised biodiversity hotspot, though only 59 fell within a marine protected area offering legal safeguards. Extending such protections to the rest, the researchers argue, could shield both the waves and the ecosystems surrounding them, supporting environmental monitoring, restricting harmful development and even funding habitat restoration.
Among the standout locations are southern Morocco, Senegal's capital Dakar, Ghana's Gold Coast, and Robertsport in Liberia, where world-class waves have drawn relatively few tourists so far, largely because civil conflict once kept visitors away. As the country stabilises, Touron-Gardic sees a narrow window to establish conservation frameworks before large-scale tourism infrastructure arrives, arguing that early protection tends to steer development toward small, sustainable businesses rather than sprawling resorts.
Surfers and conservationists have not always been natural allies. In Malibu, a decades-long dispute erupted after pollution from inland development began fouling a famed break; ecologists pushed to restore coastal wetlands that would filter the runoff, but many local surfers resisted, fearing the project would alter the underwater contours that shaped their waves. The restoration went ahead and reportedly improved water quality, though surfers maintain the waves themselves changed for years afterward.
Surfing's growth is not risk-free elsewhere either: crowded breaks in Australia and Indonesia have been linked to habitat disturbance, unchecked coastal development and pollution from surfboard wax and broken equipment. Yet advocates argue that thoughtfully managed surf reserves can reconcile these tensions, extending a form of protection to a stretch of coastline—the surf zone—that many countries otherwise overlook when planning conservation, treating it as neither fully ocean nor fully land, but a shared resource for wildlife and human wellbeing alike.
36. According to Paragraphs 1 and 2, Touron-Gardic's concept of wave reserves was inspired by ____
[A] a government initiative specifically designed to promote tourism in West Africa
[B] his personal experience competing as a professional surfer in Senegal
[C] a desire to prevent all forms of human activity along West African coastlines
[D] recognizing parallels between protecting surf breaks and the marine protected areas he had already studied
37. The findings described in Paragraph 3 mainly serve to show that ____
[A] the majority of surf breaks studied are already located within legally protected marine areas
[B] a substantial share of surf spots already coincide with areas of ecological importance, though most still lack formal protection
[C] biodiversity hotspots are more common in West Africa than in any other surfing region
[D] nearly all surf spots examined face no meaningful environmental threats
38. Robertsport, Liberia is presented as a particularly promising site for conservation planning mainly because ____
[A] significant tourism development has not yet taken hold there, leaving time to establish protections in advance
[B] its waves are considered more ecologically valuable than those found elsewhere in West Africa
[C] its government has already committed substantial funding to marine conservation projects
[D] it has attracted the largest number of surf tourists of any site examined in the study
39. Local surfers in Malibu opposed the wetland restoration project mainly out of concern that it would ____
[A] permanently close public access to the beach during construction
[B] increase the level of water pollution entering the area
[C] change the underwater conditions responsible for producing their favoured waves
[D] eliminate the possibility of surfing at that location altogether
40. Which of the following best captures the overall argument of the text?
[A] surf zones represent an overlooked but valuable opportunity to advance both ecological and human interests
[B] conservation efforts should prioritise surfers' interests over those of marine ecosystems
[C] surfing and marine conservation have generally proven to be incompatible goals
[D] formal marine protected areas alone are sufficient to safeguard the world's surf breaks
附注：根据历年考研英语真题阅读题源外刊等，摘选最新文章，模拟仿真出题。
参考答案见以下。
Quick look: CBADA
36.【正确答案】D
【解析】题型：细节理解题
定位：第二段"The idea took shape after Touron-Gardic encountered the concept of wave reserves...that echo the marine protected areas he had studied in northwest Africa."
分析：Touron-Gardic的"波浪保护区"构想，源于他注意到冲浪保护区与他此前在西北非洲研究过的海洋保护区之间存在相似之处。选项D准确概括了这一灵感来源。
干扰项：[A]"一项专门旨在促进西非旅游业的政府倡议"——无中生有，原文未提及政府倡议；[B]"他在塞内加尔作为职业冲浪运动员的个人经历"——张冠李戴，Touron-Gardic是保护生态学家，原文并未说明他是职业冲浪运动员；[C]"希望阻止西非海岸线上一切形式的人类活动"——偷换概念，全文强调的是"冲浪者与保护者合作"，而非彻底阻止人类活动。
37.【正确答案】B
【解析】题型：举例目的题
定位：第三段"Nearly two-thirds turned out to lie in or near a recognised biodiversity hotspot, though only 59 fell within a marine protected area offering legal safeguards."
分析：这组数据表明，近三分之二的冲浪点已经与重要的生物多样性区域重合，但其中只有59处真正处于具有法律保障的海洋保护区内——大部分具有生态价值的冲浪点目前仍缺乏正式保护。选项B准确概括了这一发现。
干扰项：[A]"研究中调查的大多数冲浪断浪点已经位于受法律保护的海洋区域内"——事实相反，原文明确说只有59处（不到一半）处于保护区内；[C]"生物多样性热点地区在西非比在任何其他冲浪区域都更为常见"——无中生有，原文未做跨区域比较；[D]"研究调查的冲浪点几乎都不面临任何有意义的环境威胁"——程度夸大，全文多处强调冲浪断浪点面临污染、开发等威胁。
38.【正确答案】A
【解析】题型：推理判断题
定位：第四段"world-class waves have drawn relatively few tourists so far, largely because civil conflict once kept visitors away...Touron-Gardic sees a narrow window to establish conservation frameworks before large-scale tourism infrastructure arrives."
分析：罗伯茨波特之所以被视为特别有利的保护规划地点，是因为当地大规模旅游开发尚未形成，仍有时间提前建立保护框架。选项A准确概括了这一推论。
干扰项：[B]"其海浪被认为比西非其他地方的海浪更具生态价值"——无中生有，原文未做此类跨地区生态价值比较；[C]"其政府已经为海洋保护项目投入大量资金"——无中生有，原文未提及政府资金投入；[D]"它吸引了研究中所有地点里数量最多的冲浪游客"——事实相反，原文明确说该地"迄今吸引的游客相对较少"。
39.【正确答案】C
【解析】题型：推理判断题
定位：第五段"many local surfers resisted, fearing the project would alter the underwater contours that shaped their waves."
分析：当地冲浪者反对湿地修复项目，主要是担心该项目会改变塑造他们心仪海浪的水下地形条件。选项C准确复述了这一担忧。
干扰项：[A]"在施工期间永久关闭海滩的公共通道"——无中生有，原文未提及海滩通道关闭；[B]"增加该区域的水污染程度"——偷换概念，修复项目本意是净化径流、改善水质，冲浪者担心的并非污染加剧，而是海浪本身的变化；[D]"彻底消除该地点冲浪的可能性"——程度夸大，原文说的是海浪"发生了变化"，并非"彻底无法冲浪"。
40.【正确答案】A
【解析】题型：主旨大意题
定位：末段"treating it as neither fully ocean nor fully land, but a shared resource for wildlife and human wellbeing alike."
分析：全文最终落脚于冲浪区域这一常被忽视的地带，主张它同时对生态系统和人类福祉具有价值，是值得重视的保护对象。选项A精准概括了这一核心论点。
干扰项：[B]"保护工作应优先考虑冲浪者的利益，而非海洋生态系统的利益"——以偏概全，全文强调的是二者兼顾而非孰先孰后；[C]"冲浪与海洋保护总体上被证明是不相容的目标"——事实相反，全文的核心正是论证二者可以相互促进；[D]"仅靠正式的海洋保护区就足以保护全世界的冲浪断浪点"——程度夸大，原文提到只有部分冲浪点处于正式保护区内，且强调需要扩展保护、探索新形式，并未说现有保护区"已经足够"。
【词汇注释】
pristine: adjective (UNSPOILED) in its original condition; unspoiled 未受破坏的；原始的
inundate: verb (OVERWHELM) to overwhelm with things or people to be dealt with 涌入；充斥
sediment: noun (DEPOSITED MATERIAL) matter that settles to the bottom of a liquid, or material deposited by water, wind or ice 沉积物
hotspot: noun (KEY AREA) a place of significant activity, or an area especially rich in a particular resource 热点地区（文中指生物多样性丰富的重要区域）
contour: noun (SHAPE/OUTLINE) an outline representing the shape or form of something 轮廓；地形（文中指海底地形轮廓）
reconcile: verb (MAKE COMPATIBLE) to make two apparently conflicting things compatible with each other 调和；使一致
stakeholder: noun (INTERESTED PARTY) a person with an interest or concern in something, especially an organisation or project 利益相关方
【长难句】In Malibu, a decades-long dispute erupted after pollution from inland development began fouling a famed break; ecologists pushed to restore coastal wetlands that would filter the runoff, but many local surfers resisted, fearing the project would alter the underwater contours that shaped their waves.
分号前a decades-long dispute erupted after pollution from inland development began fouling a famed break为第一层信息，交代冲突的起因； 分号后由but连接两个对立分句：ecologists pushed to restore coastal wetlands that would filter the runoff为让步内容（that引导定语从句修饰wetlands），but many local surfers resisted为转折后的核心内容； fearing the project would alter the underwater contours that shaped their waves为现在分词短语作原因状语，说明冲浪者反对的原因，其中that shaped their waves为定语从句修饰contours。
【参考译文】
在全球范围内，未受破坏的原始海岸线已日益稀缺，但保护生态学家格雷瓜尔·图龙-加迪克（Grégoire Touron-Gardic）认为，西非的部分海岸线仍属此类。塞内加尔和利比里亚等国保留了那种未受干扰的海滩——在旅游业和开发浪潮席卷之前，其他地区的冲浪胜地也曾拥有这种风貌。图龙-加迪克看到了一个契机，可以通过让冲浪者与环保人士携手合作来维持这种状态；他将这种方法称为海洋保护的新视角。
这一构想的形成，源于图龙-加迪克接触到了“海浪保护区”（wave reserves）这一概念——即专为冲浪设立的保护区，这与他此前在西北非研究的海洋保护区有着异曲同工之妙。海浪本身发挥着重要的生态作用：它们为海滩输送沉积物，促进海洋与大气间的气体交换，并为海洋物种提供栖息地；而那些能形成适宜冲浪海浪的地貌（通常是礁石或沙洲），反过来也可能因污染、沿海开发或河流入海方式的改变而遭到破坏。
既往研究表明，冲浪点往往毗邻具有重要生物多样性价值的区域；在此基础上，图龙-加迪克及其同事绘制了西非及北非大西洋沿岸马格里布地区共146个冲浪点的分布图。结果显示，近三分之二的冲浪点位于公认的生物多样性热点地区或其周边，但仅有59个处于受法律保障的海洋保护区内。研究人员主张，若能将此类保护措施推广至其余冲浪点，不仅能保护海浪及其周边的生态系统，还能支持环境监测、限制有害开发，甚至为栖息地修复提供资金。
其中的热门地点包括摩洛哥南部、塞内加尔首都达喀尔、加纳的黄金海岸以及利比里亚的罗伯茨波特（Robertsport）。这些地方拥有世界级的海浪，但迄今为止游客相对较少，这在很大程度上是因为内战曾一度阻挡了游客的脚步。随着局势趋于稳定，图龙-加迪克认为，在大规模旅游基础设施进驻之前，建立保护框架的窗口期稍纵即逝；他指出，及早采取保护措施往往能引导开发向小型、可持续的商业模式发展，从而避免出现那种大肆扩张的度假村。
冲浪者与环保人士并非总是天然的盟友。以马里布（Malibu）为例，当地曾爆发过一场持续数十年的争端：当时，内陆开发产生的污染开始破坏一处著名的冲浪点；生态学家提议恢复沿海湿地以过滤径流，但许多当地冲浪者对此表示抵触，担心该项目会改变塑造海浪的水下地形。修复工程得以推进，据称水质因此改善，不过冲浪者们坚称，此后数年间海浪本身的形态也发生了变化。
冲浪运动在其他地区的扩张也并非没有风险：在澳大利亚和印度尼西亚，热门冲浪点人满为患，这与栖息地受扰、无序的海岸开发以及冲浪板蜡和破损装备造成的污染不无关系。然而，支持者们主张，通过审慎管理的“冲浪保护区”可以化解这些矛盾，从而为一段海岸线——即冲浪区域——提供保护；在规划自然保护时，许多国家往往忽视这一区域，既不将其完全视为海洋，也不完全视为陆地，而应将其视为野生动物与人类福祉共享的资源。
附注：