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壹
The idea of sea level as a reference point for elevations has by now been around for so long as to go essentially unnoticed-we mention it without even considering what it means.
【生词】
1. reference n.参考、提及、查阅、引文；adj.参考的、用于查阅的
2. elevation n.高度、海拔、立面、增加、升高
3. essentially adv.本质上、根本上、大体上、基本上
【解析】
① The idea of sea level as a reference point for elevations是句子的主语，of sea level是介词短语做后置定语，修饰the idea，as a reference point是介词短语做sea level的后置补足语，说明海平面的身份，for elevations是介词短语做后置定语，修饰a reference point，表示：将海平面作为海拔基准点的观念；has been around是谓语动词，by now是副词短语做状语，修饰谓语，强调：到目前为止；for so long是介词短语做状语，修饰谓语，表示持续的时间之长，as to go essentially unnoticed是动词不定式短语，由as to引导，做结果状语（固定结构so…as to do：如此…以至于…），to go unnoticed是不定式短语，go为系动词+过去分词unnoticed 构成表语，essentially是副词，修饰unnoticed，作程度状语，表示：以至于几乎完全被人们视若无睹；句子意思是：将海平面作为海拔基准点的观念，至今已存在了如此之久，以至于几乎完全被人们视若无睹；
② we mention it without even considering what it means在破折号后面，是并列分句，解释说明，与主句并列，we是分句主语，mention是谓语动词，it是宾语，指代主句主语The idea of sea level as a reference point for elevations，without even considering what it means是介词短语做方式状语，without considering是介词 + 动名词构成介宾核心，even是副词修饰considering，what it means是when引导的宾语从句，作considering 的宾语，it是从句主语，指代前文的idea，means是谓语动词，句子意思是：在我们提及它时，甚至不曾想过它究竟意味着什么；
【句子成分结构树状图】
[句子] The idea of sea level as a reference point for elevations has by now been around for so long as to go essentially unnoticed-we mention it without even considering what it means.
│
├───[并列分句1] The idea of sea level as a reference point for elevations has by now been around for so long as to go essentially unnoticed
│ │ (将海平面作为高程基准点的观念至今已存在了如此之久，以至于几乎完全不被注意)
│ ├───[主语] The idea of sea level as a reference point for elevations (将海平面作为高程基准点的观念)
│ │ ├───[限定词] The
│ │ ├───[核心名词] idea (观念)
│ │ ├───[后置定语：介词短语] of sea level (海平面的)
│ │ │ ├───[介词] of
│ │ │ └───[宾语] sea level (海平面)
│ │ ├───[后置定语：介词短语] as a reference point (作为基准点)
│ │ │ ├───[介词] as
│ │ │ └───[宾语] a reference point (一个基准点)
│ │ │ ├───[限定词] a
│ │ │ ├───[核心名词] reference point (基准点)
│ │ │ └───[后置定语：介词短语] for elevations (用于高程的)
│ │ │ ├───[介词] for
│ │ │ └───[宾语] elevations (高程)
│ ├───[时间状语] by now (至今)
│ │ ├───[介词] by
│ │ └───[宾语] now (现在)
│ ├───[谓语动词短语] has been around (已存在)
│ │ ├───[助动词] has
│ │ └───[主要动词] been around (存在)
│ ├───[持续时间状语] for so long (如此之久)
│ │ ├───[介词] for
│ │ └───[宾语] so long (这么长的时间)
│ └───[结果状语] as to go essentially unnoticed (以至于几乎完全不被注意)
│ ├───[连接词] as to (以至于)
│ └───[不定式短语] to go essentially unnoticed (变得几乎不被注意)
│ ├───[不定式标志] to
│ ├───[系动词] go (变得)
│ └───[表语] essentially unnoticed (几乎不被注意的)
│ ├───[状语] essentially (本质上/几乎)
│ └───[形容词] unnoticed (未被注意的)
├───[破折号] — (连接并列分句)
└───[并列分句2] we mention it without even considering what it means
│ (我们提及它时甚至不考虑它意味着什么)
├───[主语] we (我们)
├───[谓语动词] mention (提及)
├───[宾语] it (它，指代前文的“观念”)
└───[方式状语] without even considering what it means (甚至不考虑它意味着什么)
├───[介词] without
└───[动名词短语] even considering what it means (甚至考虑它意味着什么)
├───[状语] even (甚至)
├───[谓语动词] considering (考虑)
└───[宾语从句] what it means (它意味着什么)
├───[连接代词] what (什么)
├───[主语] it (它)
└───[谓语动词] means (意味着)
【句意】将海平面作为海拔基准点的观念，至今已存在了如此之久，以至于几乎完全被人们视若无睹——在我们提及它时，甚至不曾想过它究竟意味着什么；
贰
Since I began thinking about this project in August 2011, the issue of sea-level rise and the need to place it historically have only become more urgent: between then and the end of 2022 the global sea rose by almost 5 centimeters, about half of the overall rise recorded by satellites since 1993.
【生词】
1. issue n.议题、争论点、问题、后果；v.发表、颁布、分发；
2. sea-level 海平面
3. historically adv.关于历史事件、从历史观点上说、在过去
4. global adj.全球的、全世界的、全面的、整体的
5. centimeter n.厘米、公分
6. satellite n.卫星、人造卫星、附属国；adj.卫星传送的、使用卫星技术的
【解析】
① Since I began thinking about this project in August 2011是since引导的时间状语从句, 修饰主句谓语动词have become，I是从句的主语，began是谓语动词，thinking about this project是动名词短语做宾语，in August 2011是介词短语做时间状语，从句意思是：自从我在2011年8月开始思考这个项目以来；
② the issue of sea-level rise and the need to place it是and连接的并列主语，of sea-level rise是后置定语修饰the issue，表示：海平面上升问题；to place it historically是to do不定式做后置定语修饰need，其中it指代 sea-level rise，表示：将其置于历史背景中考察的必要性；have become是谓语动词，副词only强调：恰恰、愈发；become为系动词，more urgent是形容词比较级，作表语，句子意思是：海平面上升的问题以及将其置于历史背景中考察的必要性，已变得愈发紧迫；
③ between then and the end of 2022 the global sea rose by almost 5 centimeters, about half of the overall rise recorded by satellites since 1993在冒号后面起到解释说明的作用，between then and the end of 2022是介词短语，做时间状语，修饰rose，the global sea是主语，rose是谓语动词，by almost 5 centimeters是介词短语做状语，修饰谓语动词rose, 表示上升的具体幅度，意思是：从那时到2022年底，全球海平面上升了近5厘米；
④ about half of the overall rise recorded by satellites since 1993是名词短语，作5 centimeters的同位语，进行补充说明和量化对比，recorded by satellites是过去分词短语做后置定语，修饰the overall rise，表示：被卫星记录的总体上升；since 1993是介词短语做时间状语，修饰过去分词分词recorded，句子意思是：约占自1993年以来卫星记录的总上升量的一半；
【句子成分结构树状图】
[句子] Since I began thinking about this project in August 2011, the issue of sea-level rise and the need to place it historically have only become more urgent: between then and the end of 2022 the global sea rose by almost 5 centimeters, about half of the overall rise recorded by satellites since 1993.
│
├───[状语：时间状语从句] Since I began thinking about this project in August 2011
│ │ (自从我于2011年8月开始思考这个项目以来)
│ ├───[从属连词] Since (自从)
│ ├───[主语] I (我)
│ ├───[谓语动词] began (开始)
│ └───[宾语：动名词短语] thinking about this project in August 2011 (思考这个项目，在2011年8月)
│ ├───[动名词] thinking (思考)
│ ├───[状语：介词短语] about this project (关于这个项目)
│ │ ├───[介词] about
│ │ └───[宾语] this project (这个项目)
│ │ ├───[限定词] this
│ │ └───[核心名词] project
│ └───[状语：介词短语] in August 2011 (在2011年8月)
│ ├───[介词] in
│ └───[宾语] August 2011
│ ├───[专有名词] August
│ └───[数词] 2011
├───[主句]
│ ├───[主语（并列）] the issue of sea-level rise and the need to place it historically
│ │ │ (海平面上升问题以及将其置于历史背景中考察的必要性)
│ │ ├───[并列连词] and
│ │ ├───[主语部分1] the issue of sea-level rise (海平面上升的问题)
│ │ │ ├───[限定词] the
│ │ │ ├───[核心名词] issue (问题)
│ │ │ └───[后置定语：介词短语] of sea-level rise (海平面上升的)
│ │ │ ├───[介词] of
│ │ │ └───[宾语] sea-level rise (海平面上升)
│ │ └───[主语部分2] the need to place it historically (将其置于历史背景中的必要性)
│ │ ├───[限定词] the
│ │ ├───[核心名词] need (必要性)
│ │ └───[后置定语：不定式短语] to place it historically (将之置于历史背景中)
│ │ ├───[不定式标志] to
│ │ ├───[谓语动词] place (放置)
│ │ ├───[宾语] it (它，指代海平面上升)
│ │ └───[方式状语] historically (从历史角度)
│ ├───[谓语动词短语] have only become (已变得愈发)
│ │ ├───[助动词] have
│ │ ├───[副词] only (恰恰，愈发)
│ │ └───[系动词] become (变得)
│ └───[表语] more urgent (更加紧迫)
├───[标点] : (冒号，引出具体解释)
└───[补充说明分句] between then and the end of 2022 the global sea rose by almost 5 centimeters, about half of the overall rise recorded by satellites since 1993.
│ (从那时到2022年底，全球海平面上升了近5厘米，约占自1993年以来卫星记录总上升量的一半)
├───[状语：介词短语] between then and the end of 2022 (从那时到2022年底)
│ ├───[介词] between (在……之间)
│ └───[宾语] then and the end of 2022 (那时和2022年底，并列)
│ ├───[名词] then (那时，指代2011年8月)
│ ├───[连词] and
│ └───[名词短语] the end of 2022 (2022年底)
│ ├───[限定词] the
│ ├───[核心名词] end (末尾)
│ └───[后置定语：介词短语] of 2022 (2022年的)
│ ├───[介词] of
│ └───[宾语] 2022
├───[主语] the global sea (全球海平面)
│ ├───[限定词] the
│ ├───[形容词] global (全球的)
│ └───[核心名词] sea (海平面)
├───[谓语动词] rose (上升了)
├───[状语：介词短语] by almost 5 centimeters (上升了近5厘米)
│ ├───[介词] by (以……幅度)
│ └───[宾语] almost 5 centimeters (近5厘米)
│ ├───[副词] almost (大约)
│ └───[数词短语] 5 centimeters (5厘米)
│ ├───[数词] 5
│ └───[名词] centimeters (厘米)
├───[逗号] , (分隔同位语)
└───[同位语/补充说明] about half of the overall rise recorded by satellites since 1993
│ (约占自1993年以来卫星记录的总上升量的一半)
├───[副词] about (大约，修饰half)
├───[核心名词] half (一半)
├───[后置定语：介词短语] of the overall rise (总上升量的)
│ ├───[介词] of
│ └───[宾语] the overall rise (总上升量)
│ ├───[限定词] the
│ ├───[形容词] overall (整体的)
│ └───[核心名词] rise (上升量)
└───[后置定语：过去分词短语] recorded by satellites since 1993 (由卫星自1993年以来记录的)
├───[过去分词] recorded (记录的)
├───[施动者：介词短语] by satellites (由卫星)
│ ├───[介词] by
│ └───[宾语] satellites (卫星)
└───[时间状语：介词短语] since 1993 (自1993年以来)
├───[介词] since
└───[宾语] 1993
【句意】自从我在2011年8月开始思考这个项目以来，海平面上升的问题以及将其置于历史背景中考察的必要性，已变得愈发紧迫：从那时到2022年底，全球海平面上升了近5厘米，约占自1993年以来卫星记录的总上升量的一半；
图文 | 排版 ：Oliver
