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If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’sWorld Cuptournament/ˈtʊrnəmənt/n.锦标赛,联赛;(中世纪的)骑士比武大会;阅兵式, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirkn.怪癖, 怪异的性格(或行为);(偶然发生的)怪事,奇事;急转,急弯;(建筑)狭凹槽,深槽;<美>借口v.(人的嘴巴或眉毛)突然翘起,扭曲: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed v.输送人才the World Cup and professionalranks(组织或团体的)成员, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even morepronouncedadj.明显的,显著的;讲出来的v.发音;宣告;断言(pronounce 的过去式和过去分词).
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如果查看一下参加2006年世界杯足球锦标赛每位运动员的出生证,你很可能会发现一件值得注意的奇事:出色的足球运动员更有可能出生在一年中的前几个月,而非后几个月。如果再看一下为世界杯和职业球队输送球员的欧洲国家青年队,你会发现这一奇怪现象甚至更加明显。
What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certainastrological adj.占星的;占星学的,占星术的signs confersuperior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceivev.构思,设想;使受孕,怀孕children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccermania;d) none of the above.
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这种奇怪现象可能的成因是什么呢?下面是几种猜想:a)某些星座赋予球员高超的足球技能;b)冬天出生的孩子氧容量往往很高,这会增加踢足球时的耐力;c)(22)痴迷足球的父母更有可能在春季,也就是一年中足球狂热的高峰期孕育子女;d)以上猜想都不对。
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superioradj.(规模或实力)更大的,更强的,(在品质上)更好的;(尤用于广告中指产品或服务)高质量的,优质的;上级的,(在级别、重要性或职位上)更高的;有优越感的,高傲的,傲慢的;在其他器官之上的;(字母,数字,符号)上标的;(花的子房)上位的,(子房)在萼上的
n.上级,上司;<正式>优胜者,高手;修道院院长(或其他宗教机构的负责人);(印刷)上标字母(或数字、符号)
Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80numbers.”
佛罗里达州立大学58岁的心理学教授安德斯·埃里克森称他坚信“以上猜想都不对”。埃里克森在瑞典长大,早先学习核工程,直到他意识到如果转而学习心理学,会有更多的机会进行自己的研究。大约在30年前,他做的第一个实验与记忆力有关:训练一个人听一系列随机的数字,然后进行复述。“在经过大约20个小时的训练以后,第一位受试者的数字记忆跨度由7个上升到20个,”埃里克森回忆道,“他不断地进步,在经过大的200个小时的训练以后,他记忆的数字上升到了80多个。
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recallsv.记起,回想起;使想起,使想到;召回,叫回(某人);召回(运动员),使归队;收回(有问题的产品);检索,调用(计算机储存的数据);<美> 罢免;使重新集中注意力;<古> 撤销,废止(行动,决定)
n.记忆力,记性;召回;(因产品有问题的)收回;(将运动员的)召回归队;<美>(请愿后经投票对政府官员的)罢免;回索率,检索率;撤销
This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizingis more of 不如说……a cognitive exercisethan与其说……an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborndifferences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice刻意练习. Deliberate practiceentails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback andconcentratingas muchon technique as onoutcome.
这次实验的成功以及后来表明记忆力本身并非由genetically基因【generaladj.总体的,普遍的】决定的研究让埃里克森得出结论记忆行为与其说是一种直觉活动,不如说是一种认知活动。换言之,(23)无论两个人在记忆能力方面表现出多大的先天性差别,这些差别都会被个人“编码”信息能力的强弱所掩盖。埃里克森断定,学习有目的地编码信息的最佳途径是一个被称为“刻意练习”的过程。“刻意练习”所需要的不仅仅是简单地重复一项任务。更确切地说,它包括制定明确的目标、得到即时反馈,要关注技巧和结果,且两者并重。
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is more ofAthanB: 与其说B,不如说A
swampn.湿地,沼泽地
v.浸没,吞没;(喻)压倒,淹没;使疲于应对,使应接不暇;(大批人等)涌入(某处),包围(某人);极大地影响(某人),使崩溃;<非正式>(衣服)太大而不适合
【swarmn.一大群(移动中的昆虫);(移动着的)一大群人;(多指发生在火山附近的)地震群;(天文)一大群小型天体同时在空中出现
v.(昆虫)成群飞行;(人)蜂涌,涌动;挤满,云集;成群地包围;爬(梯子等),攀】
【swapv.交换,交易; 用……替换,把……换成;交换(工作或岗位); 交流(各自的经历、想法等);停下(手头的事)改做
n.交易,交换;交易物,交换物;交换工作;(财政)换期,互惠信贷】
entailv.使必要,需要;<旧>遗赠(财产),限定继承;使人承担
n.限定继承,限嗣继承的财产
Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying开始养成(某种习惯):指开始养成某种习惯或经常性的行为expert performers in a wide range of pursuits事业,消遣,业余爱好;追求,寻找;继续;追逐,追捕;实行,贯彻;(自行车赛和滑冰竞赛中的)追逐赛;(生理学)追视, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertionn.断言,明确肯定;使用,主张:the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or,put another way, expert performers – whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming– are nearly always made, not born.
因此,埃里克森和他的同事们开始研究包括足球在内的很多领域的优秀人士。他们收集所有能收集到的资料,不仅包括工作表现统计数据和生平资料,还包括在他们自己的实验中对取得卓越成就者的研究结果。他们的研究得出了一个相当惊人的论断:我们通常称之为“天赋”的这一特性被高估了。(24)或者,换句话说,不管是在记忆力还是外科手术领域,在芭蕾舞还是在计算机编程方面,表现优秀的人几乎都是后天培养的,而不是天生的。
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