1. to 介词短语（后跟doing）
look forward to doing 期待
pay attention to doing 注意
be used to doing 习惯
stick to doing 坚持
hold on to doing 坚持
2. 跟doing的动词
enjoy 喜欢
consider 考虑
avoid 避免
mind 介意
suggest 建议
practice 练习
finish 结束
spend time doing 花时间做某事
be busy doing 忙于做某事
feel like doing 想要做某事
keep doing 不断做某事
3. 花费时间做某事
Spend time doing
It takes sb some time to do sth
4. 使役动词和感官动词后to要省略
一感：feel
二听：hear；listen to
三让：make；let；have
四看：watch；see；look at；notice
但变被动语态需加上to，常见词组：
sb be made to do
sb be seen to do
5. 形容词变副词（不规则变化）
（1）元音字母+e结尾，去e + ly：true—truly（2）le结尾，去e + y：simple—simply；possible—possibly；terrible—terribly；probable—probably
6. 三个used区分
（1）used to do 过去常常做某事例：My grandfather used to tell me interesting stories about his childhood every evening.
（2）be used to do 被用于做某事例：Knives are used to cut things, but you should be careful when using them.
（3）be used to doing 习惯做某事例：She is used to walking to school every day.
7. if的两种用法
（1）如果，引导条件状语从句，主将从现例：If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go on a picnic in the park.
（2）是否，用于宾语从句例：I don't know if it will rain tomorrow.
8. 现在完成时
结构：have/has done
标志词：ever, never, yet, already, recently, since+过去时间点或一般过去时态的句子；for+时间段；in the past/last few years, so far, by now
例：I haven't seen him since he left for Shanghai.Our school has changed a lot in the past few years.
9. 过去完成时
结构：had done
标志词：
by+过去时间点（by 2023）
by the time + 过去时态句子
by the end of+过去时间点
before+过去时间点
10. 进行时
结构：be + doing
现在进行时标志词：now, right now, look!, listen!, at the moment, these days
过去进行时标志词：at that time, at this time yesterday, from 8 to 9 yesterday, when/while引导的时间状语从句
11. 阻止某人做某事
stop sb from doing
keep sb from doing
prevent sb from doing
12. 让某事被做
get / have sth done
例：Lily should have her hair cut.Teenagers shouldn't be allowed to get their ears pierced.
13. it作形式宾语的结构
think / make / find + it + 形容词 +（for sb）to do sth
例：I think it necessary to finish homework on time.I find it hard to learn grammar well.Modern phones make it easy for us to talk with friends.
14. it作形式主语的结构
It is + adj +（for sb）to do sth 对某人来说做某事是怎么样的
例：It is important for us to learn English well.It is easy for him to finish the work.It is difficult for children to stay up late.It is necessary for us to exercise every day.It is dangerous to swim in the river.
15. 比较级
标志词：（1）than, far, much, even, a little（2）the+比较级，the+比较级 越…就越…
变y为i+er/est的形容词：happy, early, heavy, easy, healthy
16. 最高级
结构：（1）one of the + 形容词最高级 + 名词复数（注意：谓语动词用单数）（2）in… 在…以内（3）of + 同类
例：He is the tallest boy in our class.He is the tallest boy of all the boys.
17. 被动语态
（1）情态动词被动语态：should/could/would/may/might + be + done（注意be动词不进行时态语态变化）
（2）一般过去时被动语态：was/were + done（注意主语单复数）
（3）一般将来时被动语态：will be + done（注意be动词不进行时态语态变化）
18. lie过去式过去分词
lie—lied—lied v. 说谎
lie—lay—lain v. 存在，平躺
lay—laid—laid v. 安置，产卵，下蛋
19. to do/doing意义不同
forget to do 忘记要做某事
forget doing 忘记做过某事
remember to do 记住要做某事
remember doing 记住做过某事
stop to do 停下来去做另一件事
stop doing 停下手中的事
20. 提供
provide sth for sb = provide sb with sth 为某人提供某物
offer sth to sb 为某人提供某物
offer to do sth 主动做…
21. compete与compare
compete：
v. 与…竞争
compete with sb
competition n. 竞争
completely adv. 彻底地，完全地
compare：
v. 与…比较
compare A with B
22. 时间/地点介词
at 用于时间点（at 7:00）
on 用于日期/星期（on Monday）
in 用于月份/年份（in 2024）
arrive in + 大地点（城市）
arrive at + 小地点（学校）
23. 易错名词单复数
child—children
sheep—sheep
Chinese—Chinese
leaf—leaves
man—men
woman—women
German—Germans
24. 冠词
a/an分别用在辅音音素和元音音素之前，表"一（个）"例：an hour, a university
25. 就近原则
neither...nor... 两者都不
not only...but also... 不但…而且…
either...or... 两者中任何一个
there be 有
26. make的用法
① make sb/sth + 形容词 使某人/物（变得）例：make me happy
② make sb/sth + do 使某人/物（做）例：make you cry
27. by的用法
① by + 名词/代词/doing 用…方法、途径例：I learn English by listening to music.
② by sb. 表示"被；由"（被动语态中引出动作执行者）例：The novel was written by Mo Yan.
28. 代词
人称代词：
主格（作主语）：I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
宾格（动词/介词后）：me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
物主代词：后加名词
反身代词（与主语一致）：myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves
29. famous
be famous for + 原因 因…而出名
be famous as + 职业 作为…而闻名
30. to do/doing意义不同（补充）
go on doing 继续做同一件事
go on to do 接着做另一件事
mean doing 意味着做某事
mean to do 打算做某事
regret doing 后悔做过某事
regret to do 遗憾要做某事（常跟say/tell/inform）
try doing 尝试做某事（看效果）
try to do 努力做某事（克服困难）
31. 延续性动词与非延续性动词（现在完成时易错点）
非延续性动词（die, buy, borrow, leave, arrive等）不能与for+时间段连用，需转换成延续性表达：
die → be dead
buy → have
borrow → keep
leave → be away
arrive → be here/there
begin/start → be on
join → be in / be a member of
例：He has been dead for three years.（不能用 has died）
32. so...that / such...that 如此…以至于
so + 形容词/副词 + that
such + 名词短语 + that
例：She is so kind that everyone likes her.She is such a kind girl that everyone likes her.
易考搭配：
so many + 可数名词复数 + that
so much + 不可数名词 + that
33. 主谓一致的特殊情况
（1）动名词/不定式作主语，谓语用单数例：Reading books is fun.
（2）either of / neither of + 名词复数，谓语动词用单数例：Neither of them is right.
（3）the number of + 名词复数 + 谓语用单数（…的数量）例：The number of students is 50.a number of + 名词复数 + 谓语用复数（许多…）例：A number of students are playing outside.
34. 宾语从句三要素（1）连接词：that（陈述句）、if/whether（一般疑问句）、wh-词（特殊疑问句）（2）语序：陈述语序（主语+谓语）（3）时态呼应：主句过去时，从句用相应的过去时态；客观真理永远用一般现在时
例：He said the earth goes around the sun.
35. 感叹句结构
What + (a/an) + 形容词 + 名词 +（主语 + 谓语）！
How + 形容词/副词 +（主语 + 谓语）！
例：What a beautiful flower (it is)!How beautiful the flower is!
36. 不定代词用法区分
few / a few + 可数名词复数：few几乎没有（否定），a few有几个（肯定）
little / a little + 不可数名词：little几乎没有（否定），a little有一点（肯定）
37. hundred/thousand/million等数量词
前面有具体数字时用单数：two hundred
表示概数时加s，跟of：hundreds of 成百上千的
38. 常见的否定转移
think, believe, suppose, expect等词接宾语从句时，否定要前移：
例：I don't think he is right.（而不是 I think he isn't right.）
反意疑问句跟从句走：例：I don't think he is right, is he?
