历年考研英语真题逐词逐句讲解 | 2024年英语(一)英译汉

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①真题文本来自官方（大纲后面的附录），不存在多词少词的问题。

②作为老师，“教是为了不教”（叶圣陶），教会学习者自学是于慧真题100篇的第一任务！教会学习者自学，也就是教会学习者“倒推”，学习者一旦熟练掌握了“倒推”之技能，便能借助参考译文基于结构理解看不懂的句子。有鉴于此，一旦参考译文脱离原文形式过多，通常就会在解说里给一个照结构的字面意思。照结构的字面意思都知道了，那个句子当然就不需要老师讲解了。

③结构图力求做到概念层次清楚，一目了然，让句法变得简单易学，让句法结构分析真正起到帮助理解句子意思的作用，给全国乃至世界树立句法结构分析标杆。使用世界认可的句法五分法，词、短语及分句充当句子的最大构成单位，主语、谓语、宾语、补语、状语为最大构成单位的功能名称（如结构图中的主干所示）。补语包括主语补语和宾语补语。没有表语这个概念（叫主语补语），没有表语自然就没有“主系表”之说；“主谓补”并非是标新立异，跟传统语法和现代语法也没有关系，补语历史悠久，几百年前都有，而表语源自苏联版的语法书，国内最权威的语法书章振邦《新编高级英语语法》也没有表语这个概念（业内有句话叫“内行看章振邦，外行看张道真”）。没有介词宾语这个概念（叫介词的补足语），说介词宾语很大程度上是受汉语的影响，因为汉语语法有种理论认为介词可以作谓语带宾语。形容词跟的从句不叫宾语从句（叫形容词的补足语，名词性从句充当形容词的补足语），说宾语从句的也是受汉语的影响，因为汉语形容词可以作谓语带宾语（英语却不同，充当宾语的从句才叫宾语从句，连宾语都不是，何来宾语从句）。不定式短语、-ing分词短语、-ed分词短语也叫不定式分句、Ing分句、Ed分句，以便在其内部继续分析主谓宾补状。补语不同于补足语（亦称补足成分），因为补语是有别于主语、谓语、宾语、状语的概念，是句层面的概念，补足语是词组层面的概念，如介词的补足语，形容词的补足语、比较项的补足语等。状语从句是有别于名词性从句和定语从句的概念，宾语从句是有别于主语从句、补语从句（亦称表语从句）等名词性从句的概念。

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

“Elephants never forget” – or so they say – and that piece of folklore seems to have some foundation.

The African savanna elephant, also known as the African bush elephant, is distributed across 37 African countries. They move between a variety of habitats, including forests, grasslands, woodlands, wetlands and agricultural land. (46) They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water, and are very good at working out where other elephants are – even when they are out of sight. Using tracking devices, researchers have shown that they have “remarkable spatial acuity.” When finding their way to waterholes, they headed off in exactly the right direction, on one occasion from a distance of roughly thirty miles. What is more, they almost always seem to choose the nearest waterhole. (47) The researchers are convinced that the elephants always know precisely where they are in relation to all the resources they need, and can therefore take shortcuts, as well as following familiar routes.

Although the cues used by African elephants for long-distance navigation are not yet understood, smell may well play a part.

Elephants are very choosy eaters, but until recently little was known about how they selected their food. (48) One possibility was that they merely used their eyes and tried out the plants they found, but that would probably result in a lot of wasted time and energy, not least because their eyesight is actually not very good.

(49) The volatile chemicals produced by plants can be carried a long way, and they are very characteristic: Each plant or tree has its own particular odor signature. What is more, they can be detected even when they are not actually visible. New research suggests that smell is a crucial factor in guiding elephants – and probably other herbivores – to the best food resources.

The researchers first established what kinds of plant the elephants preferred either to eat or avoid when foraging freely. They then set up a “food station” experiment, in which they gave the elephants a series of choices based only on smell. (50) The experiment showed that elephants may well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat, and secondly to assess the quality of the trees within each patch. Free-ranging elephants presumably also use this information to locate their preferred food.

Their well-developed hippocampal structures may enable elephants, like rats and people, to construct cognitive maps.

说明：①凡是译文都叫参考译文（其他叫法是糊弄门外汉），命题组给的译文也不例外，于慧真题100篇叫官方译文（取自大纲中的附录）是便于区分。②官方译文是十几位全国顶级英语教授封闭近一个月的集体智慧。③结合【句句解说】，细品历年的官方译文，不仅会提高精读能力，还会不知不觉地悟出一些翻译之道。翻译之道，英语（一）和（二）是不会有区别的。

46. They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water, and are very good at working out where other elephants are – even when they are out of sight.

【官方译文】为找到食物或水，它们有时跋涉六十多英里，而且它们非常善于确定其他大象的位置，即便那些大象不在它们的视野中。

【句句解说】官方给的这个参考译文基本上是个照结构的字面意思。具有借用参考译文基于结构理解句意之能力的考生，本题都能轻松获得满分。状语从句even when they are out of sight中的they指代上文的other elephants。

travel底下只标注了“vi.”而省掉义项“行进”是为了突出其词性，并非是偷懒或节约排版空间。“vi.”不及物动词，意味着后面跟的肯定不是宾语。类似的同理，如后面的even底下只标注了“ad.”（副词），when底下只标注了“conj.”，意味着起连接作用的是when而不是even（不可省掉when只用even）。

47. The researchers are convinced that the elephants always know precisely where they are in relation to all the resources they need, and can therefore take shortcuts, as well as following familiar routes.

【官方译文】研究人员确信，大象总能精确地知道它们与自己所需要的一切资源的相对位置，因此除了能走熟路，还能抄近道。

【句句解说】本句照结构的字面意思可以理解成，“研究人员确信（are convinced that），大象总是[能够]精确地知道（know precisely）它们相对于它们需要的一切资源而所处的位置（where=the place that），因此除了（as well as）能沿着熟悉的路行进之外，还能抄近路”等。形容词convinced后接that 引导的从句时意为“确信”。根据译文“精确地知道（know）”进行倒推，precisely (where/how/what)明显是一个状语成分，但是从英语角度，precisely (where/how/what)修饰的是where分句（precisely what/how/where etc为习惯搭配，其中的precisely通常提前译作方式状语，如官方译文）。as well as前、后在结构形式上不对等，且前面还有逗号隔开，所以将as well as…理解成状语成分，取“除了…之外（也）”这条义项。（权威词法学家认为，“as well as是连接词，不是介词，如不可说 He advised me as well as answering my question，该把 answering 改作 answered。He is a painter, engineer, and poet as well as being a sculptor里的being该删去。”——以原文为本、不硬杠命题是教辅的底线，句法严谨、正本清源、不默许错误语法是学术的底线。）

48. One possibility was that they merely used their eyes and tried out the plants they found, but that would probably result in a lot of wasted time and energy, not least because their eyesight is actually not very good.

【官方译文】一种可能是，它们只用眼睛寻找并试吃所找到的植物，但这很可能会浪费大量的时间和精力，相当重要的原因是它们的视力其实并不怎么好。

【句句解说】本句照结构的字面意思可以理解成，“一种可能是，它们只是用眼睛[寻找]，并试用它们找到的植物，但是这可能会导致（result in）大量的浪费的时间和精力，尤其是（not least）因为它们的视力实际上并不是很好”。used their eyes和tried out the plants they found是两个行为，翻译时需要使用增益法（参见《全解分册》P9翻译之道），同时还要符合汉语的习惯说法。a lot of wasted time and energy的字面意思是“大量的浪费的时间和精力”，逆用名词化思想（参见句法第14讲），不能想到译作“浪费大量的时间和精力”。not least的字面意思是“不最不”，起强调作用，作“特别，尤其”解，修饰because分句，翻译时应符合汉语习惯说法，避免硬译。（was底下那个that，跟would头上那个that完全不是一回事，前者是连词引导名词性从句，后者是指代词，这是一个最最基础的语法判断，是不需要被提醒的。）

49. The volatile chemicals produced by plants can be carried a long way, and they are very characteristic: Each plant or tree has its own particular odor signature.

【官方译文】植物释放的挥发性化学物质能播散到很远的地方，而且它们特点鲜明:每一种植物或树木都有其特有的标志性气味。

【句句解说】本句照结构的字面意思可以理解成，“植物产生的挥发性化学物质可以被传播一段很长的路，它们是非常有特征的：每种植物或树木都有它自己的独特的气味特征”。习语a long way（一段长路）是一个度量名词短语，这个名词短语可以用一个疑问副词提问，例如：How far can the volatile chemicals produced by plants be carried?因此，a long way在句中是一个状语成分（参见句法领学班第22讲）。odor signature的字面意思是“气味特征”“气味标识”等，其中的odor作定语修饰signature，而参考译文正好相反，将signature译成了odor的定语。——这跟英语本身没有关系，而是命题老师认为这里地道的汉语是“标志性气味”，不是“气味特征”“气味标识”。

50. The experiment showed that elephants may well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat, and secondly to assess the quality of the trees within each patch.

【官方译文】实验表明，大象很可能利用嗅觉先识别出适合食用的那些树林，接着再鉴别每片树林中树木的品质。

【句句解说】参考译文基本上是个照结构的字面意思。patches of trees的字面意思是“一小片一小片的树林”或“成片的树林”。and并列两个不定式分句，后一个分句中出现了secondly，这说明and并列的这两个不定式分句的动作是有先后的，即先做什么，接着再做什么。

主动形式的不定式，受前面类似ready、easy这样的形容词的影响，既可表示主动，也可表示被动。如不定式to eat在本句中便是主动形式表示被动意思，即“（树林）适合被吃”（eat为及物动词）。再如The chicken is ready to eat.这个句子有两种理解，一是“鸡准备吃东西”（eat为不及物动词），二是“鸡可以（被）吃了”（eat为及物动词）。

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