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①真题文本来自官方(大纲后面的附录),不存在多词少词的问题。
②作为老师,“教是为了不教”(叶圣陶),教会学习者自学是于慧真题100篇的第一任务!教会学习者自学,也就是教会学习者“倒推”,学习者一旦熟练掌握了“倒推”之技能,便能借助参考译文基于结构理解看不懂的句子。有鉴于此,一旦参考译文脱离原文形式过多,通常就会在解说里给一个照结构的字面意思。照结构的字面意思都知道了,那个句子当然就不需要老师讲解了。
③结构图力求做到概念层次清楚,一目了然,让句法变得简单易学,让句法结构分析真正起到帮助理解句子意思的作用,给全国乃至世界树立句法结构分析标杆。使用世界认可的句法五分法,词、短语及分句充当句子的最大构成单位,主语、谓语、宾语、补语、状语为最大构成单位的功能名称(如结构图中的主干所示)。补语包括主语补语和宾语补语。没有表语这个概念(叫主语补语),没有表语自然就没有“主系表”之说;“主谓补”并非是标新立异,跟传统语法和现代语法也没有关系,补语历史悠久,几百年前都有,而表语源自苏联版的语法书,国内最权威的语法书章振邦《新编高级英语语法》也没有表语这个概念(业内有句话叫“内行看章振邦,外行看张道真”)。没有介词宾语这个概念(叫介词的补足语),说介词宾语很大程度上是受汉语的影响,因为汉语语法有种理论认为介词可以作谓语带宾语。形容词跟的从句不叫宾语从句(叫形容词的补足语,名词性从句充当形容词的补足语),说宾语从句的也是受汉语的影响,因为汉语形容词可以作谓语带宾语(英语却不同,充当宾语的从句才叫宾语从句,连宾语都不是,何来宾语从句)。不定式短语、-ing分词短语、-ed分词短语也叫不定式分句、Ing分句、Ed分句,以便在其内部继续分析主谓宾补状。补语不同于补足语(亦称补足成分),因为补语是有别于主语、谓语、宾语、状语的概念,是句层面的概念,补足语是词组层面的概念,如介词的补足语,形容词的补足语、比较项的补足语等。状语从句是有别于名词性从句和定语从句的概念,宾语从句是有别于主语从句、补语从句(亦称表语从句)等名词性从句的概念。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
There has been some exploration around the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in digital marketing. For example, AI can be used to analyse what type of advertising content or copy would be appropriate to ‘speak’ to a specific target customer group by revealing information about trends and preferences through the analysis of big data. (46) AI can also be used to identify the lifestyle choices of customers regarding their hobbies, favourite celebrities, and fashions to provide unique content in marketing messages put out through social media. At the same time AI can also be used to generate content for social media posts and chat sites.
The main disadvantage of using AI to respond to customers is that there are concerns about trusting personal interactions to machines, which could lead not only to the subsequent loss of interpersonal connections, but also to a decrease in marketing personnel. (47) Some believe that AI is negatively impacting on the marketer’s role by reducing creativity and removing jobs, but they are aware that it is a way of reducing costs and creating new information. By allowing AI to develop content some brand marketers may find that they are losing control over the brand narrative. (48) Algorithms used to simulate human interactions are creating many of these concerns, especially as no-one is quite sure what the outcomes of using AI to interact with customers will be.
For AI to be successful, data needs to be accessible, but the use of personal data is becoming more regulated and the automated sharing of data is becoming more difficult. (49) If customers are not willing to share data, AI will be starved of essential information and will not be able to function effectively or employ machine learning to improve its marketing content and communication. Therefore, unless customers are prepared to sign release agreements, the use of AI may become somewhat restricted in the future. Not only can AI help to create the marketing content, but it can also provide a non-intrusive way of delivering the content to the target customers. Data can be gathered on where the customer can be engaged, such as location, devices used, website interactions, and sites visited, to display marketing messages in appropriate forms, including emails, social media posts, pop-up advertisements, and banners at an appropriate frequency. (50) The non-intrusive delivery of the marketing messages in a way that is sensitive to the needs of the target customer is one of the critical challenges to the digital marketer.
46. AI can also be used to identify the lifestyle choices of customers regarding their hobbies, favourite celebrities, and fashions to provide unique content in marketing messages put out through social media.

【官方译文】人工智能还可用于识别客户在爱好、喜欢的名人、时尚等生活方式上的选择,以便在通过社交媒体推送的营销信息中向他们提供特定的内容。
【句句解说】本句照结构的字面意思是,“人工智能也可以被用来识别客户关于他们的爱好、喜爱的名人以及时尚[等方面]的生活方式[的]选择,以便提供被通过社交媒体推送的营销信息的特定的内容”。“主谓宾”提取,即“人工智能也可以被用来识别……[的]选择,以便提供……的内容”,这个照结构的字面意思语法上没有问题,但是读起来费力,尤其是“以便”二字底下。marketing messages put out through social media是一个名词短语,其中的put out through social media是一个-ed分词短语(前面加上主语和被动语态的操作词便成了定语从句),后置修饰 marketing messages,这里照结构的字面意思是,“被通过社交媒体推送的营销信息”,或(转换成主动)“通过社交媒体推送的营销信息”。
47. Some believe that AI is negatively impacting on the marketer’s role by reducing creativity and removing jobs, but they are aware that it is a way of reducing costs and creating new information.

【官方译文】有些人认为,人工智能使创造力下降、工作岗位消失,从而对营销人员的作用产生负面影响;但他们也认识到,人工智能是一种降低成本和生成新信息的手段。
【句句解说】本句照结构的字面意思是,“一些人认为,人工智能正在通过使创造力下降和工作岗位消失的方式消极地对营销人员的作用产生影响(或消极地影响营销人员的作用),但是他们意识到这(it)是一种降低成本和创造新信息的手段”。命题人将宾语从句的前半句译成了两个小句,值得学习。by引导的方式状语,译成小句,很常见——这也是《全解分册》中反复提示值得学习的译法之一。
【语法点滴回头看】形容词aware底下那个that分句,缺乏语法素养的人都会叫它宾语从句,这会致使概念混乱,增添理解难度。充当宾语的从句才叫宾语从句,及物动词充当谓语的时候才跟宾语,that分句前面是形容词(aware),何来的宾语?荒唐至极! 或许是受了汉语的影响,汉语形容词可以作谓语带宾语。 记住:充当宾语的从句才叫宾语从句。
48. Algorithms used to simulate human interactions are creating many of these concerns, especially as no-one is quite sure what the outcomes of using AI to interact with customers will be.

【官方译文】用于模拟人类互动的算法正在引起许多这样的担忧,尤其是对于使用人工智能与客户交互的结果如何,还没人有十足的把握。
【句句解说】主语(Algorithms used to simulate human interactions)是一个名词短语,其中的used to simulate human interactions为ed分词短语作后置定语(前面加上充当主语的引导词that和被动语态的操作词are便成了定语从句)。本句照结构的字面意思是,“被用来模拟人类互动的算法正在引起许多这样的担忧,尤其是当(as)没有人能十分确定(quite sure)使用(using)人工智能与客户交互的结果会是什么的时候”。这个照结构的字面意思是可读的,意思也清楚,稍作处理便可跟命题老师给的参考译文媲美。
【语法点滴回头看】no-one is quite sure what…是一个标准的系补结构(亦称系表结构),quite sure what…为形容词短语作主语补语(亦称表语),quite为副词,修饰后面的形容词sure,而what分句为名词性从句,充当形容词sure的补足语(详见句法第39讲或章振邦语法)。缺乏语法素养的人会叫这里的what分句为宾语从句,甚至还可能说quite是状语成分,这会致使概念混乱,增添理解难度。充当宾语的从句才叫宾语从句,及物动词充当谓语的时候才跟宾语,what分句前面是形容词(sure),何来的宾语?荒唐至极! 或许是受了汉语的影响,汉语形容词可以作谓语带宾语。
49. If customers are not willing to share data, AI will be starved of essential information and will not be able to function effectively or employ machine learning to improve its marketing content and communication.

【官方译文】如果客户不愿分享数据,人工智能就会缺乏基本信息,就会无法有效运行,也无法采用机器学习来改善其营销内容和沟通方式。
【句句解说】命题组给的这个参考译文是个照结构的字面意思。英语中有的名词在汉语中比较抽象,翻译时需要补充(增益法),如句末的不定式中的communication(沟通)译作“沟通方式”,再如“Enough to shatter complacency”中的complacency(自满)译作“(足以打破)自满情绪”。starve of为及物词组动词,starve sb/sth of sth作“使缺乏;剥夺”解。starved为形容词,(be) starved of sth作“非常缺乏;迫切需要”解。employ头上那个or绝不可改成and,因为He did not speak clearly and correctly 与 He did not speak clearly or correctly的意思不同,前者是“他讲得清楚,但不正确”,后者是“他不曾讲得清楚,也不曾讲得正确”(《全解分册》P29 and之用法)。
【语法点滴回头看】be willing to(愿意)和be able to(能 ; 会 )都是很常见的半助动词,没有半助动词这个概念的教辅书(包括考研真题解析书),只好将其当作系表结构理解,如willing为表语,后面的不定式为状语——如此划分,句法结构分析在这里就成了非徒无益而又害之的工作,不仅没有起到帮助理解句意的作用,而且还增添了理解难度。句法结构分析的目的是帮助理解句意,搞形式主义是没有意义的。
50. The non-intrusive delivery of the marketing messages in a way that is sensitive to the needs of the target customer is one of the critical challenges to the digital marketer.

【官方译文】敏锐感知目标客户需求,从而不扰人地推送营销信息,是数字营销人员面临的关键挑战之一。
【句句解说】本句照结构的字面意思是,“以(in)一种(a)对(to)目标客户需求敏感的方式(way)、不侵扰的营销信息之推送,是(is)对(to)数字营销人员的关键挑战之一”。主语是一个复杂的名词短语,其照结构的字面意思几乎不可读,至少让人读起来特别费力,这里应该很自然地想到逆用名词化思想(将名词短语想象成分句),把含有动词意思的名词delivery想象成谓语,把形容词non-intrusive和介词短语in a way that is sensitive to the needs of the target customer都想象成状语(只是“想象”),即“以一种对目标客户需求敏感的方式不侵扰地推送营销信息,是对数字营销人员的关键挑战之一”。这样一来就可读了,意思也清楚,接下来还需不需要处理(如参考译文那样),取决于个人的汉语水平,跟英语本身就没有关系了。
【语法点滴回头看】句末的介词短语to the digital marketer,很可能被一些人想当然地视为状语成分。the critical challenges to the digital marketer(对数字营销人员的关键挑战)是一个名词短语,其中的to the digital marketer作critical challenges的后置定语。将to the digital marketer视为(表示对象的)状语,句法结构分析在这里又成了非徒无益而又害之的工作,不仅没有起到帮助理解句意的作用,还让懂句法的人莫名其妙。很多人对状语的概念没有真正理解,认为凡是表示地点、表示时间、表示对象等意义的就是状语,实际上并不是这样的,表示地点、表示时间、表示对象等意义的也有可能是某单位的构成成分,如名词短语的构成成分。
附录链接:
2017年英语(一)英译汉
2017年英语(二)英译汉
2018年英语(一)英译汉
2018年英语(二)英译汉
2019年英语(一)英译汉
2019年英语(二)英译汉
2020年英语(一)英译汉
2020年英语(二)英译汉
2021年英语(一)英译汉
2021年英语(二)英译汉
2022年英语(一)英译汉
2022年英语(二)英译汉
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