📖 原文
(1) The Earth comprises three principal layers: the dense, iron-rich core, the mantle made (2) of silicate rocks that are semimolten at depth, and the thin, solid-surface crust. There are (3) two kinds of crust, a lower and denser oceanic crust and an upper, lighter continental crust found over only about 40 percent of the Earth's surface. The rocks of the crust are (5) of very different ages. Some continental rocks are over 3,000 million years old, while (6) those of the ocean floor are less than 200 million years old. The crusts and the top, solid (7) part of the mantle, totaling about 70 to 100 kilometers in thickness, at present appear to (8) consist of about 15 rigid plates, 7 of which are very large. These plates move over the (9) semimolten lower mantle to produce all of the major topographical features of the (10) Earth. Active zones where intense deformation occurs are confined to the narrow, (11) interconnecting boundaries of contact of the plates. (12) There are three main types of zones of contact: spreading contacts where plates move (13) apart, converging contacts where plates move towards each other, and transform contacts where plates slide past each other. New oceanic crust is formed along one or (14) more margins of each plate by material issuing from deeper layers of the Earth's crust, (15) for example, by volcanic eruptions of lava at midocean ridges. If at such a spreading (16) contact the two plates support continents, a rift is formed that will gradually widen and (17) become flooded by the sea. The Atlantic Ocean formed like this as the American and (18) Afro-European plates moved in opposite directions. At the same time at margins of (19) converging plates, the oceanic crust is being reabsorbed by being subducted into the (20) mantle and remelted beneath the ocean trenches. When two plates carrying continents collide, the continental blocks, too light to be drawn down, continue to float and (21) therefore buckle to form a mountain chain along the length of the margin of the plates.
❓ 试题解析
问题 21： The word “comprises” in line 1 is closest in meaning to
A. adapts to
B. benefits from
C. consists of
D. focuses on
✅ 正确答案： C）consists of
📝 解析： “The Earth comprises three principal layers” — comprises = 由…组成。
💡 解题技巧： 词汇题：comprise = consist of = be composed of。
问题 22： According to the passage, on approximately what percent of the Earth's surface is the continental crust found?
A. 15
B. 40
C. 70
D. 100
✅ 正确答案： B）40
📝 解析： “a lighter continental crust found over only about 40 percent of the Earth's surface”。
💡 解题技巧： 细节题定位“40 percent”。
问题 23： The word “which” in line 8 refers to
A. crusts
B. kilometers
C. plates
D. continents
✅ 正确答案： C）plates
📝 解析： “at present appear to consist of about 15 rigid plates, 7 of which are very large” — which 指 plates。
💡 解题技巧： 代词题找介词 of 的逻辑宾语。
问题 24： The word “intense” in line 10 is closest in meaning to
A. surface
B. sudden
C. rare
D. extreme
✅ 正确答案： D）extreme
📝 解析： “intense deformation” — intense = 剧烈的/极端的。
💡 解题技巧： 词汇题：intense = extreme = strong。
问题 25： What does the second paragraph of the passage mainly discuss?
A. The major mountain chains of the Earth
B. Processes that create the Earth's surface features
C. The composition of the ocean floors
D. The rates at which continents move
✅ 正确答案： B）Processes that create the Earth's surface features
📝 解析： 第二段讨论三种板块接触类型及其如何形成海洋、山脉等地表特征。
💡 解题技巧： 段落主旨题看首句分类及后文解释。
问题 26： Which of the following drawings best represents a transform contact (lines 13-14)?
A. (图形选项描述：应选择两个板块相互滑过彼此的图)
✅ 正确答案： 板块平行滑动、相互错过的图
📝 解析： “transform contacts where plates slide past each other” — 板块相互滑过。
💡 解题技巧： 图形推理题结合定义“slide past each other”。
问题 27： The word “margins” in line 14 is closest in meaning to
A. edges
B. peaks
C. interiors
D. distances
✅ 正确答案： A）edges
📝 解析： “along one or more margins of each plate” — margins = 边缘。
💡 解题技巧： 词汇题：margin = edge = border。
问题 28： The word “support” in line 17 is closest in meaning to
A. separate
B. create
C. reduce
D. hold
✅ 正确答案： D）hold
📝 解析： “the two plates support continents” — support = 承载/支撑。
💡 解题技巧： 词汇题：support = hold = bear。
问题 29： According to the passage, mountain ranges are formed when
A. the crust is remelted
B. two plates separate
C. a rift is flooded
D. continental plates collide
✅ 正确答案： D）continental plates collide
📝 解析： “When two plates carrying continents collide ... buckle to form a mountain chain”。
💡 解题技巧： 细节题定位“collide”和“form a mountain chain”。
问题 30： Where in the passage does the author describe how oceans are formed?
A. Lines 2-4
B. Lines 6-8
C. Lines 16-18
D. Lines 19-21
✅ 正确答案： C）Lines 16-18
📝 解析： “a rift is formed that will gradually widen and become flooded by the sea. The Atlantic Ocean formed like this”。
💡 解题技巧： 定位题找海洋形成的过程描述及 Atlantic Ocean 例子。
🌐 中文翻译
地球 comprises 三个主要层：致密的富含铁的地核、由深处呈半熔融状态的硅酸盐岩石组成的地幔，以及薄的固体表面地壳。地壳有两种：较低且较致密的海洋地壳，以及较浅且较轻的大陆地壳——后者仅覆盖地球表面约40%。地壳岩石的年龄差异很大。一些大陆岩石年龄超过30亿年，而洋底岩石年龄不到2亿年。地壳和地幔顶部的固体部分，总厚度约70至100公里，目前似乎由约15个刚性板块组成，其中7个非常大。这些板块在 semi-molten 的下地幔上移动，形成了地球所有的主要地形 features。发生 intense 变形的活跃区域被限制在板块接触的狭窄、相互连接的边界。 有三种主要的接触区类型：板块分开的扩张接触、板块相互靠近的汇聚接触，以及板块相互滑过的转换接触。新的海洋地壳沿着每个板块的一个或多个边缘形成，由来自地球地壳更深层的物质（例如，大洋中脊的熔岩 volcanic eruptions）产生。如果在这种扩张接触中两个板块承载着大陆，就会形成一个 rift，该 rift 将逐渐变宽并被海水淹没。大西洋就是这样形成的——美洲板块和非洲-欧亚板块向相反方向移动。与此同时，在汇聚板块的边缘，海洋地壳通过被 subducted 进入地幔并在海沟下 remelted 而被再吸收。当两个承载大陆的板块碰撞时，大陆块由于太轻而无法被拉下去，继续漂浮，因此沿着板块边缘的长度方向 buckle 形成山脉。
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