
一、定语从句的定义
在句子中起定语作用的从句,用于修饰、限定先行词(名词或代词)。
例句:
·The friend whom I often play basketball with is moving to another city. 那个我经常一起打篮球的朋友要搬到另一个城市去了。
·The final exam which/that will be held next week makes everyone nervous. 下周将要举行的期末考试让每个人都紧张。
简单句合并示例
·原简单句:The math teacher gave us too much homework. / He is not coming to school today.
·合并为定语从句:The math teacher who gave us too much homework is not coming to school today.

二、定语从句的基本结构
核心结构:先行词 + 引导词 + 定语从句
·先行词:位于引导词前,被从句所修饰的名词或代词。
·引导词:分为关系代词和关系副词两类,连接先行词和定语从句,同时在从句中充当句子成分。
例句:
·A doctor is a person who looks after a patient. 医生是照顾病人的人。
·Nobody knows the reason why he didn’t come to the meeting. 没人知道她不来开会的原因。

三、定语从句的引导词
(一)关系代词
常见的关系代词:that, which, who, whom, whose,在从句中可充当主语、宾语、表语、定语。
1. which
·用法:代替前面的先行词,先行词只能是物,可在从句中作主语、表语、宾语。
·例句:I like the picture which Steve gave you. 我喜欢史蒂夫给你的那张照片。
2. who
·用法:只代替人,可在从句中作主语、表语、宾语成分。
·例句:The boy who is playing basketball is David. 正在打篮球的那个男生是大卫。
3. whom
·用法:在定语从句中充当宾语(动词宾语或介词宾语),只代替人。
·作动词宾语例句:
oThe lady whom we met yesterday is a famous writer. 我们昨天遇见的那位女士是位著名作家。
oHe is the man whom I want to recommend for the job. 他就是我想推荐做这份工作的人。
·注意:作动词宾语时,whom 常常被省略,或用 who 和 that 代替(口语和非正式文体中)。
4. whom 作介词宾语的两种情况
·情况 A:介词前置:将介词提前,放在关系代词 whom 之前。必须且只能使用 whom。
例句:
oThe girl to whom you are talking is my cousin.
oWe need to find a person on whom we can rely.
·情况 B:介词后置:介词保留在从句中原本的位置。此时,关系代词可以用 whom,更常用 who/that,或直接省略。
例句:
oThe girl who/whom/that/ 省略 you are talking to is my cousin.
oWe need to find a person who/whom/that/ 省略 we can rely on.
5. that
·用法:既可指代人,也可指代物,可在从句中作主语、表语、宾语。
·例句:
oHe is the man that I met yesterday. 他就是我昨天遇到的那个男人。
oI like the cup that your mother gave you. 我喜欢你妈妈送你的那个杯子。
6. whose
·用法:与名词连用表所属关系,意为 “…… 的”。
·例句:
oThat’s the student whose father is a fireman. 他就是那位爸爸是消防员的学生。
oI live in a room whose window faces south. 我住在一间窗户朝南的房间里。
只能用 that 的特殊情况
在以下情况中,关系代词通常要用 that,而不用 who 或 which:
1.先行词是不定代词时,如:all, much, everything, anything, nothing, little, few, none 等。
例句:
oAll (that) I have is yours. 我所有的一切都是你的。
oMy dog is interested in everything that smells better than I do. 我的狗对所有比我闻起来香的事物都非常感兴趣。
2.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
例句:
oThis is the best movie (that) I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
oThis is the first piece of news (that) I heard today. 这是我今天听到的第一则消息。
3.先行词被 the very, the only, the last 等修饰时。
例句:
oHe is the only person that can help us. 他是唯一能帮我们的人。
oIt was the last meal that I had in Spain. 那是我在西班牙吃的最后一餐。
4.先行词既包括人又包括物时。
例句:He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited. 他谈论了他参观过的学校和老师们。
(二)关系副词
常见的关系副词:when, why, where,在从句中充当状语,不可省略。
1. when
·用法:表时间,在从句中作时间状语,先行词为表示时间的名词。
·例句:I still remember the year when you graduated from the No.7 Middle School. 我仍然记得你从七中毕业的那一年。
2. why
·用法:表原因,在从句中作原因状语,先行词只能是 reason。
·例句:I know the reason why he left. 我知道他为什么离开。
3. where
·用法:表地点,在从句中作地点状语,先行词为表示地点的名词。
·例句:That is the school where I studied 3 years ago. 那是我 3 年前就读的学校。

四、定语从句解题口诀
核心四步解题法
1.一看先行词是人还是物?
2.二看成分主宾还是状?
3.三看是否有特殊情况(只能用 that)?
4.四看宾语能否省?
分步详解
1.一看先行词是人还是物?
o人:who, whom, that
o物 / 动物:which, that
2.二看关系词在从句中作何成分?
o作主语:用 who, which, that
o作宾语:用 whom, who, that, which (通常可省略)
o作定语:用 whose (表示 “... 的”)
o作状语:用 when, where, why (分别表示时间、地点、原因)
3.三看是否有特殊情况?(只能用 that)
4.四看宾语能否省略?(作宾语的关系词可省略)

五、定语从句在作文中的应用
1. 初级用法(保底)
用定语从句合并简单句,使文章更连贯。
·原句:I have a friend. He loves playing basketball.
·升级:I have a friend who loves playing basketball.
2. 高级用法(提分)
在文章开头或结尾使用较长的定语从句,展示语言能力。
·开头示例:The person who has influenced me most is my English teacher.
·结尾示例:I will never forget the experience which taught me the importance of teamwork.
重要提醒
宁缺毋滥!确保写出的定语从句是正确的。不确定时,退而求其次用简单句。

六、非限定性定语从句(中考核心考点)
3 个核心考点
1.核心考点:关系词 which 和 who 的基本用法
owhich: 指代前面整个句子或一件事(最高频考点)。
例句:He passed the exam, which made his parents happy.
owho: 指代前面的某个人。
例句:Mr. Li, who teaches us English, is very kind.
2.核心标志:逗号与 that 的禁用
o逗号是判断非限定性定语从句的关键标志。
o铁律:非限定性定语从句中绝对不能使用关系词 that。
3.核心能力:识别与理解
o主要题型:在阅读理解和完型填空中准确理解其含义(which 指代整句话是关键)。
o次要题型:在单选中,能够从选项中选出正确的 which 或 who,并排除 that 的干扰。
中考考查要求
中考不要求复杂运用,只要求掌握 which(指代句子)和 who(指代人)的基本用法,并能识别其与限制性定语从句的区别(有逗号,不用 that)。

七、练习题 + 答案 + 详解
(一)单项选择题
1.The book _______ has a blue cover is about Chinese history.
A. who B. which C. what D. whose
答案:B
详解:句意:封面是蓝色的那本书是关于中国历史的。先行词 The book 是物,且在从句中作主语,用 which 引导,故选 B。
2.—Do you know the girl ______ is talking to our English teacher?
—Yes. She is my cousin.
A. when B. which C. whom D. who
答案:D
详解:句意:—— 你认识正在和我们英语老师说话的那个女孩吗?—— 认识,她是我的表妹。先行词 the girl 是人,且在从句中作主语,用 who 引导,故选 D。
3.This is the school _______ I studied three years ago.
A. that B. who C. where D. when
答案:C
详解:句意:这是我三年前就读的学校。先行词 the school 是地点,且从句结构完整,关系词在从句中作地点状语,用 where 引导,故选 C。
4.Is this the museum ______ you visited last week?
A. where B. which C. when D. what
答案:B
详解:句意:这是你上周参观的那个博物馆吗?先行词 the museum 是物,且在从句中作 visited 的宾语,用 which 引导,故选 B。
5.— Our volleyball team won the match yesterday.
— Really? That’s great! This means we will have a chance to compete in the final, ______ is the best news I’ve heard this week.
A. that B. which C. what D. who
答案:B
详解:句意:—— 我们排球队昨天赢了比赛。—— 真的吗?太棒了!这意味着我们有机会进入决赛,这是我这周听到的最好的消息。逗号后是非限定性定语从句,先行词是前面整句话,且从句中作主语,用 which 引导,非限定性定语从句不能用 that,故选 B。
6.We all respect Mr. Zhang, ______ always helps us with our science projects patiently.
A. which B. whom C. he D. who
答案:D
详解:句意:我们都很尊敬张老师,他总是耐心地帮我们做科学项目。逗号后是非限定性定语从句,先行词 Mr. Zhang 是人,且在从句中作主语,用 who 引导,故选 D。
(二)词形填空(用合适的关系词填空)
1.The girl __________ is crying over there is my sister. (女孩在从句中作主语:The girl is crying. )
答案:who /that
详解:先行词 The girl 是人,且在从句中作主语,可用 who 或 that 引导。
2.The man ______________ I met yesterday is my uncle. (男人在从句中作宾语:I met the man yesterday. 口语中常用 who 或省略)
答案:who/whom/that/ 不填
详解:先行词 The man 是人,且在从句中作宾语,可用 whom/who/that 引导,也可省略。
3.I like the book __________ is on the desk.(书在从句中作主语:The book is on the desk.)
答案:which/that
详解:先行词 the book 是物,且在从句中作主语,可用 which 或 that 引导。
4.That’s the student _______ mother is a doctor. (学生的妈妈,whose 作定语表示 “… 的”)
答案:whose
详解:先行词 the student 和空后的 mother 是所属关系,用 whose 引导。
5.You should remember everything about grammar _____ the teacher said in class.
答案:that / 不填
详解:先行词是不定代词 everything,只能用 that 引导,that 在从句中作宾语,也可省略。
6.This is the most interesting novel ______ I have ever read.
答案:that / 不填
详解:先行词被形容词最高级 the most interesting 修饰,只能用 that 引导,that 在从句中作宾语,也可省略。
7.The only thing _____ matters now is your health.
答案:that
详解:先行词被 the only 修饰,只能用 that 引导,that 在从句中作主语,不可省略。
8.We talked about the people and places in Beijing ______ impressed us most during the trip.
答案:that
详解:先行词既有人 the people 又有物 the places,只能用 that 引导。
9.I’ll never forget the day ______ we first met. (在那天我们第一次相遇,从句结构完整,when 作时间状语,先行词是是时间名词 time/day 等)
答案:when
详解:先行词 the day 是时间名词,从句结构完整,关系词在从句中作时间状语,用 when 引导。
10.This is the factory _______ my father works.(在工厂里我爸爸工作,从句结构完整,where 作地点状语,先行词是地点名词 place/school 等)
答案:where
详解:先行词 the factory 是地点名词,从句结构完整,关系词在从句中作地点状语,用 where 引导。
11.That’s the reason _____ he was absent today.(因为那个原因他今天缺席了,从句结构完整,why 作原因状语,先行词是 reason)
答案:why
详解:先行词是 the reason,从句结构完整,关系词在从句中作原因状语,用 why 引导。
12.I can’t forget the day __________ we spent together on the farm.
答案:that/which/ 不填
详解:先行词 the day 是物,且在从句中作 spent 的宾语,可用 that/which 引导,也可省略。
13.We are living in a world __________ is changing fast because of technology.
答案:that/which
详解:先行词 a world 是物,且在从句中作主语,可用 that/which 引导。
14.The stories ___________ the writer told in his speech were very encouraging.
答案:that/which/ 不填
详解:先行词 The stories 是物,且在从句中作 told 的宾语,可用 that/which 引导,也可省略。