
一、被动语态的定义
英语中有两种语态:主动语态 (the active voice) 和被动语态 (the passive voice),分别构成主动句和被动句。
被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系:主语是谓语动作的承受者。一般来说,只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态,需要在被动语态中指出动作的执行者时可用介词 by 引出。
主动句与被动句的核心对比
·主动句:The worker fixes the bike.
结构拆解:主语(The worker,谓语动作的发出者)+ 谓语(fixes)+ 宾语(the bike,谓语动作的承受者)
·被动句:The bike is fixed by the worker.
结构拆解:主语(The bike,原宾语 / 谓语动作的承受者)+ 被动谓语(is fixed)+ 动作发出者(by the worker,原主语)

二、被动语态的核心用法
1. 强调动作的承受者
例句:
·This house was built in 1990. 这座房子建于 1990 年。(强调的是 “房子” 被建造)
·The window was broken last night. 昨晚窗户被打碎了。(强调的是 “窗户” 被打破)
2. 不知道或没必要指出动作的执行者
例句:
·My bike was stolen yesterday. 我的自行车昨天被偷了。(不知道是谁偷的)
·The meeting room is cleaned every morning. 会议室每天早上都会被打扫。(重点是 “会议室被打扫” ,无须指出是谁打扫的)
3. 动作的发出者是物而不是人
例句:
·The roof was blown off by the strong wind. 屋顶被强风吹走了。(the strong wind 是动作的发出者,但无主观意愿)
·The city was destroyed by the earthquake. 城市被地震摧毁了。(the earthquake 是动作的发出者,但无主观意愿)
4. 用于客观、正式的文体 (如:科技文章、新闻报道、官方文件、说明书等),以显得客观中立
例句:
·Samples were heated to 100℃ for one hour. 样本被加热至 100 摄氏度,持续了一小时。(标准实验步骤描述,聚焦于样本承受的动作)
·Several arrests were made following last night’s protests. 在昨晚的抗议活动后,实施了数次逮捕。(客观报道事件结果,不指明执行者,符合新闻报道的中立原则)

三、被动语态的基本结构与动词过去分词变化
1. 被动语态基本结构
be + 及物动词的过去分词
(be 动词随时态、主语的人称和数发生变化,过去分词保持不变)
2. 动词过去分词的变化规则
(1)规则变化
规则 | 举例 |
大多数动词后加 ed | plant—planted;play—played |
以 e 结尾的动词,后面直接加 d | like—liked;hope—hoped |
以辅音字母 + y 结尾的动词,变 y 为 i,再加 ed | study—studied;carry—carried |
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,双写最后的辅音字母,再加 ed | stop—stopped;plan—planned |
(2)不规则变化
规则 | 举例 |
三形同体(原形、过去式、过去分词一致) | cut—cut—cut;read—read—read (读音不同);put—put—put |
过去式与过去分词一致 | bring—brought—brought;send—sent—sent;keep—kept—kept |
三形均不同(原形、过去式、过去分词均不同) | take—took—taken;see—saw—seen;write—wrote—written |

四、各时态被动语态的完整结构
时态 | 被动语态核心结构 |
一般现在时 | am/is/are + 过去分词 |
一般过去时 | was/were + 过去分词 |
一般将来时 | will/shall + be + 过去分词 |
过去将来时 | would/should + be + 过去分词 |
现在进行时 | am/is/are + being + 过去分词 |
过去进行时 | was/were + being + 过去分词 |
现在完成时 | have/has + been + 过去分词 |
过去完成时 | had + been + 过去分词 |
含情态动词 | 情态动词 (can/may/must/should 等) + be + 过去分词 |

五、主动语态变被动语态的转换规则
1. 核心转换步骤
1.找出主动句的宾语,将其变成被动句的主语;
2.将主动句的谓语变成 “be + 及物动词的过去分词”,be 动词根据主动句的时态及被动句主语的数进行相应变化;
3.主动句的主语变成被动句中 by 的宾语 (不需要指明执行者时可省略)。
2. 句式结构对比
·主动句:主语 (执行者) + 谓语动词 + 宾语 (承受者).
·被动句:主语 (原宾语 / 承受者)+ be + 过去分词 + (by + 原主语 / 执行者).
3. 转换示例
·主动句:Millions of people read this newspaper.
·转换过程:
① 找宾语:this newspaper,将其变为被动句的主语;
② 变谓语:主动句为一般现在时,被动句主语为单数,be 动词用 is,read 的过去分词为 read,谓语变为 is read;
③ 原主语 Millions of people 放于 by 后,构成 by millions of people;
·被动句:This newspaper is read by millions of people.

六、主动形式表被动意义的情况
1. 感官系动词
常见词:look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem, appear 等
例句:
·The silk feels smooth. 丝绸摸起来光滑。
·His voice sounded strange on the phone. 他的声音在电话里听着挺怪的。
·It seems a foolish decision now. 现在看来这是一个愚蠢的决定。
2. 主语为物 + 不及物性质的及物动词 + 副词
·常见动词:sell (销售)、write (书写)、read (阅读)、wash (洗)、cut (切割)、wear (穿着)、cook (烹饪)
·常见副词:well, easily, quickly, smoothly 等
例句:
·This kind of T-shirt sells well. 这种 T 恤卖得好。
·The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔写起来很流畅。
3. 表示 “开始、结束、继续、开放、关闭” 等的动词
常见词:begin, start, end, finish, continue, open, close 等
例句:
·What time does the show start? 表演什么时候开始?
·The exhibition continues until 25 July. 展览举行至 7 月 25 日为止。
·The hospital closed at the end of last year. 这所医院去年年底关闭了。
4. 主语为物 + be + 描述事物性质的形容词 + to do
常见形容词:easy (容易的)、difficult (困难的)、hard (艰难的)、interesting (有趣的)、important (重要的)、impossible (不可能的) 等
例句:
·The homework is easy to finish. 这份作业很容易完成。
·The math problem is difficult to work out. 这道数学题很难解出来。
5. 表示 “需要” 的动词 need/want/require + doing
当 need/want/require 后接 doing 时,主动形式的动名词表被动含义,相当于 to be done,主语通常是物。
例句:
·The bike needs repairing. = The bike needs to be repaired. 这辆自行车需要修理。
·The machine requires checking. = The machine requires to be checked. 这台机器需要检查。

七、无被动语态的情况
1. 不及物动词和不及物动词短语
·常见不及物动词:appear (出现), arrive, come, die, disappear, exist, fall, happen, lie (躺) , occur, rise, sit, sleep, stand, stay 等
·常见不及物动词短语:take place, break out, come true, run out, take off 等
例句:
·The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。
·The war broke out in 1939. 战争于 1939 年爆发。
2. 系动词
常见系动词:be, become, seem, appear, feel, look, smell, taste, sound, remain, stay, keep 等
例句:
·The weather gets colder and colder. 天气变得越来越冷。
·She kept silent in the meeting. 她在会议上保持沉默。
3. 表示 “拥有、占有、包含、适合” 等关系的动词
常见词:have, own, possess, belong to, contain,hold, include, suit, fit 等
例句:
·The islands belong to Spain. 这些岛屿隶属西班牙。
·This drink doesn’t contain any alcohol. 这种饮料不含任何酒精。
·This dress suits you. 这条裙子适合你。
4. 宾语是反身代词、相互代词 (each other/one another)、同源宾语、动名词或不定式时
例句:
·She dressed herself quickly. 她快速地穿好衣服。
·They looked at each other and laughed. 他们彼此看了看便笑了起来。
·She lived a happy life. 她度过了幸福的一生。
·I enjoy reading. 我喜欢阅读。
·She wants to leave. 她想离开。

八、练习题 + 答案 + 详解
1.A car accident ______ near our school last night. Luckily, no one was hurt.
A. happened B. was happened C. has happened D. is happening
答案:A
详解:句意:昨晚我们学校附近发生了一起车祸。幸运的是,没有人受伤。考查不及物动词无被动语态的用法。happen 是不及物动词,其动作没有对应的承受者,不能用于被动语态,排除 B;结合时间状语 last night 可知用一般过去时,故选 A。
2.A big fire ______ in the forest last night. Thanks to the firefighters, no one was hurt.
A. broke out B. was broken out C. broke down D. was broken down
答案:A
详解:句意:昨晚森林里爆发了一场大火。多亏了消防员,没有人受伤。break out 是不及物动词短语,意为 “爆发”,无被动语态,排除 B、D;break down 意为 “出故障、分解”,不符合语境,故选 A。
3.The music ______ beautiful that many students stopped to listen.
A. sounded B. was sounded C. felt D. was felt
答案:A
详解:句意:这首音乐听起来如此优美,以至于很多学生都停下来聆听。sound 是感官系动词,无被动语态,排除 B;feel 意为 “摸起来、感觉”,不符合语境,故选 A。
4.荆州将建一座新的长江大桥。(build)
A new Yangtze River Bridge _______ _______ _______ in Jingzhou.
答案:will be built
详解:句子主语 “A new Yangtze River Bridge” 是动作 build 的承受者,用被动语态;“将建” 提示为一般将来时,一般将来时被动结构为 will be + 过去分词,build 的过去分词是 built。
5.下周,我校将在运动日举行各种趣味运动。麦克和汤姆将参加 “二人三足” 赛跑。
A lot of fun games _______ _______ _______ on the Sports Day in our school next week. Mike and Tom will take part in the “three-legged” race.
答案:will be held
详解:句子主语 “A lot of fun games” 是动作 hold 的承受者,用被动语态;next week 提示为一般将来时,被动结构为 will be + 过去分词,hold 的过去分词是 held。
6.He said he would finish the work in two days. (改为被动语态)
He said the work ________ ________ ________ in two days.
答案:would be finished
详解:主句为一般过去时,从句需用过去将来时;从句主语 the work 是动作 finish 的承受者,用被动语态,过去将来时被动结构为 would be + 过去分词,finish 的过去分词是 finished。
7.Our teacher told us that the new library ______ next term.
A. will be built B. would be built C. was built D. is being built
答案:B
详解:句意:老师告诉我们新图书馆将在下学期建成。主句为一般过去时,从句需用相应的过去时态,next term 提示为将来,因此用过去将来时;从句主语 the new library 是动作 build 的承受者,用被动语态,故选 B。